Iron Sulfate Research Articles

Synthesis of Green Iron Nanoparticles Using Henna Plant Extract for Seed Germination and Vegetative Growth of Trigonella foenum-graecumL

This paper presents the green synthesis of iron nanoparticles (FeNPs). Iron sulfate served as the substrate and henna extract as the reducing agent in the synthesis of FeNPs. FeNPs were analyzed using a variety of techniques, including UV-visible spectroscopy, nano zeta-sizer analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). By using UV-visible spectroscopy, the electron transition band of iron oxide, or the peak at 291 nm, was found to be the source of the FeNPs. The characteristic bands of iron oxide were detected at 790 by FTIR. These bands are associated with the stretching vibration of Fe-O at 1022 and 1516 cm-1. to determine how applying different combinations of nano-fertilizers affects the growth and yield of fenugreek. The experiment consisted of nine treatments. The results demonstrated that T8 performed better than the other treatments in terms of all elements of vegetative development and yield contents. The T8 yields plant height of 43.12 cm, fresh weight of 30.41g, dry weight of 2.44g, seed weight of 5.09g, and pod weight of 7.39g with an increase rate of (55.56, 82.97, 162.36, 105.24, and 122.59)%.

Optimization of mineral nutrients to improve rhamnolipid production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa6 K‐11

AbstractBACKGROUNDRhamnolipids are biosurfactants that have their main application in bioremediation processes. They are able to increase the biodegradation and detoxification rates from industrial effluents. The north of Peru and Iquitos have been not only major oil producers but also have been responsible for oil spills. This study therefore focused on the optimization of mineral nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous, calcium and iron to improve rhamnolipids production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6 K‐11, which was isolated from oil soil in Peru.RESULTSPseudomonas aeruginosa 6 K‐11 was reactivated in Trypticase Soy Broth by scaling from 5 to 200 mL of culture medium for 8 h at each stage. The culture was centrifuged and placed in 100 mL Siegmund–Wagner medium for 36 h in a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask. First, it was determined that sodium nitrate, monopotassium phosphate, calcium chloride and iron sulfate were the best sources of mineral nutrients. Then, by using corn oil as carbon source, the ratios obtained for carbon‐to‐nitrogen and carbon‐to‐phosphorous were 21.172 and 16.279, respectively. In addition, it was found that the optimal concentration for calcium was 0.046 g L−1 and for iron was 0.003 g L−1. The most influential variables were carbon‐to‐nitrogen and carbon‐to‐phosphorus ratio. Finally, 35.124 g L−1 rhamnolipids was produced after 168 h of fermentation with the optimal parameters.CONCLUSIONThe optimization of mineral nutrients was an important achieved goal for rhamnolipid production. In addition, this optimization can be used for modifying the culture medium to grow the biosurfactant producer strain. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Iron conversion and ammonium salt calcination whitening process and mechanism of pre-calcined coal gangue

The resource utilization of coal gangue is of great significance for the reduction of bulk solid waste and the decrease of environmental risk. In this study, we changed the existence of iron-bearing substances (mainly hematite, Fe2O3) contained in the pre-calcinated coal gangue into iron sulfate (Fe2(SO4)3) by ammonium sulfate calcination. The results suggested that after being calcined with 40 % of (NH4)2SO4 at 500 °C and removing soluble iron salts (Fe2(SO4)3) by rinsing, the whiteness and specific surface area of raw coal gangue was upgraded from 38.5 % and 12.85 m2/g to 85.3 % and 34.79 m2/g, respectively, and the total amount of iron-bearing substances was reduced to 0.08 %. Moreover, the gas products obtained from the ammonium sulfate calcined coal gangue process were analyzed by simultaneous Thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-Mass spectrometer (TG-FTIR-MS), and the main compounds released from CG860 + 40 % (NH4)2SO4 in the whole calcination process were NH3, H2O, SO, SO2, and NO.

Antiradical and immunomodulatory effects of gynecological capsules developed for complex treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system

Aim of the study was to evaluate the antiradical and immunomodulatory effects of gynecological capsules (ovules) developed for the complex treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system.Material and methods. Antiradical activity of gynecological capsules (ovuli) was evaluated in cell-free model systems by the ability to suppress the hyperproduction of free radical agents caused by the introduction of iron sulfate. Immunomodulatory activity was determined in the whole blood by their effect on the ability of phagocytic cells to generate reactive oxygen species.Results. In cell-free model systems, the studied drug composition suppressed the activation of free radical oxidative processes induced by the iron sulfate, while at the same time enhancing the production of reactive oxygen species by leukocytes.Conclusions. The results obtained may indicate that the developed gynecological capsules have antiradical and immunomodulatory activity, which allows us to consider them as a promising tool for the treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system.

Effect of foliar spray of zinc sulphate and iron sulphate on yield, quality and nutrient uptake of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Vertisols

A field experiment was conducted at farmer’s field in Yattingudda village (Dharwad district) to study theBiofortification of zinc sulphate and iron sulphate though foliar spray on yield, quality and nutrient uptake of chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.) in Vertisol during rabi 2020. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block design(RCBD) with nine treatments and three replications combination with different levels of zinc sulphate and iron sulphate.The results revealed that, among the different treatments, foliar spray of ZnSO4. 7H2O and FeSO4.7H2O @ 0.5% at the timeof pre flowering, flowering and pod setting along with recommended package of practices recorded the significantly highernumber of pods plant-1 (37.62), pod weight per plant (11.89 g plant-1), 100 seed weight (23.96g), seed yield (18.21 q ha-1)and haulm yield (25.14 q ha-1). This treatment also recorded significantly higher crude protein content (24.12 per cent), zinccontent (41.12 mg kg-1), iron content (134.25 mg kg-1) and also higher uptake of nitrogen (90.39 kg ha-1), phosphorus(11.03 kg ha-1), potassium (48.89 kg ha-1), sulphur (11.94kg ha-1) zinc (146.38 g ha-1) and iron (449.16 g ha-1).

Effects of Solution pH on Chemical Bath Deposited Iron-Sulfide-Oxide with Tartaric Acid Presence

A chemical bath deposition (CBD) contained sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3), iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O), and L(+)-tartaric acid (C4H6O6) as the complexing agent has been used to deposit the iron-sulfide-oxide (FeSxOy) films. The effects of different solution pH (5.0-9.0) on film properties were investigated. The thicknesses of the film analysed from the cross-sectional images of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed the thickness of the film is increasing with increasing pH. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern and the hot probe method revealed that all the deposited films are crystalline, and possess n-type semiconductor behaviour due to high oxygen content (around 72-82%). Larger crystallite sizes with extra peaks of goethite and hematite were present for the films with pH > 7.0, while, better film uniformity and grains distribution, as well as clear absorption edge in transmittance measurement, were obtained for the film with pH 5.0.

Impact of iron and sulfur cycling on the bioavailability of cadmium and arsenic in co-contaminated paddy soil

The biogeochemical cycling of iron (Fe) or sulfur (S) in paddy soil influences the cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) migration. However, the influence of coupled reduction effects and reaction precedence of Fe and S on the bioavailability of Cd and As is still not fully understood. This study aimed to reveal the influence of Fe and S reduction on soil Cd and As mobility under various pe + pH conditions and to elucidate the related mechanism in subtropical China. According to the findings, higher adsorption from Fe reduction caused high-crystalline goethite (pe + pH > 2.80) to become amorphous ferrihydrite, which in turn caused water-soluble Cd (62.0%) to first decrease. Cd was further decreased by 72.7% as a result of the transformation of SO42- to HS-/S2- via sulfate reduction and the formation of CdS and FeS. As release (an increase of 8.1 times) was consequently caused by the initial reduction and dissolution of iron oxide (pe + pH > 2.80). FeS had a lesser impact on the immobilization of As than sulfate-mediated As (V) reduction in the latter stages of the reduction process (pe + pH < 2.80). pe + pH values between 3 and 3.5 should be maintained to minimize the bioavailability of As and Cd in moderate to mildly polluted soil without adding iron oxides and sulfate amendments. The practical remediation of severely co-contaminated paddy soil can be effectively achieved by using Fe and S additions at different pe + pH conditions. This technique shows promise in reducing the bioavailability of Cd and As.

Artificial vitriols: a contemporary interpretation of historical ingredients.

"Vitriol" is a term that appeared during the Middle-Ages to indicate a wide range of ingredients widely used both in medicinal and alchemical recipes. Green, blue, or white vitriols are easily associated with iron(ii), copper(ii), and zinc sulphate respectively thanks to the historical sources composed in the time period when the ancient and modern nomenclatures overlapped. However, other colours of vitriols are attested throughout history, such as yellow, red, or black. The identification of these compounds is significantly less straightforward, and often chalked up to Decknamen (code names) or unspecified impure ores. Moreover, from several sources it is apparent that some of these compounds are artificial, or at least the result of technical operations rather than mineral ores used as they are. By thermal manipulation of iron(ii) sulphate, we managed to identify several compounds that fit with historical descriptions, which were later characterized through XRPD. Moreover, by using a Kofler bench and variable temperature XRPD, we were able to further investigate the transitions between these phases.

Low‐Dose Prophylactic Oral Iron Supplementation (Ferrous Fumarate, Ferrous Bisglycinate, and Ferrous Sulphate) in Pregnancy Is Not Associated With Clinically Significant Gastrointestinal Complaints: Results From Two Randomized Studies

Background: Many pregnant women are reluctant to follow the recommendation concerning oral iron prophylaxis due to concerns about gastrointestinal (GI) side effects.Objective: To assess the frequency of GI complaints during low‐dose oral iron prophylaxis and compare three iron formulas in equipotent doses: ferrous fumarate versus ferrous bisglycinate versus ferrous sulphate, in healthy women with an uncomplicated single pregnancy.Methods: Results from two randomized, double‐blind studies are reported: the Gentofte study comprising 404 women allocated into four groups taking 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg of elemental iron as ferrous fumarate/day and the Naestved study comprising 78 women allocated into two groups: 25 mg of elemental iron as ferrous bisglycinate/day and 50 mg of elemental iron as ferrous sulphate/day between meals from 15 to 19 weeks of gestation to delivery. GI complaints (nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain/pyrosis, belching, meteorism, borborygmi, intestinal colic, flatulence, loose stools, constipation, and use of laxatives), as well as black stools, were recorded by interview at the time of inclusion and at regular intervals during gestation.Results: At inclusion, the frequency of total combined GI complaints in all women (n = 482) was 21%. The Gentofte study showed that in the groups taking 20–60 mg iron/day as fumarate, there was no association between the iron dose and the frequency of GI side effects. An iron dose of 80 mg as fumarate was associated with significantly higher frequencies of constipation and the use of laxatives. Comparing the three equipotent doses of iron formulas, which can prevent iron deficiency, ferrous bisglycinate 25 mg iron had the most favourable GI side effect profile, while ferrous fumarate 40 mg iron and ferrous sulphate 50 mg iron had higher but similar GI side effect profiles. The frequency of black stools increased with the iron dose. Ferrous bisglycinate 25 mg iron had a lower frequency of black stools (8%) than ferrous fumarate 40 mg iron (22%) and ferrous sulphate 50 mg iron (31%).Conclusion: Low‐dose iron supplementation appears to have no clinically significant GI side effects, as none of the included women presented with GI complaints of such severity that it necessitated either reduction of iron dose, change to an alternative iron formula, or discontinuation of iron supplement. However, ferrous bisglycinate 25 mg iron/day is associated with significantly fewer GI complaints than ferrous fumarate 40 mg iron/day and ferrous sulphate 50 mg iron/day. Ferrous bisglycinate may be preferred for iron prophylaxis, especially in women experiencing GI side effects when taking other conventional iron formulas.

Исследование возможности получения лигносульфонатного реагента на основе комплексных соединений для регулирования параметров бурового раствора

Investigation of the possibility of obtaining a reagent for regulating the parameters of drilling mud based on complex compounds by introducing complex-forming Fe (II) cations into the composition of sodium lignosulfonate, followed by additional modification with phosphonic compounds and obtaining a polyelectrolyte complex based on anionic polyelectrolyte-sodium lignosulfonate and modified cationic starch. The presence of functional groups of the studied sodium lignosulfonate capable of complexation was established by IR spectrometry. The determination of the optimal ratios of the initial components for the production of complex compounds based on lignosulfonate, iron sulfate and phosphonic compounds was carried out.Studies of the surface activityof experimental samples were carried out by the stalagmometric method (the method of counting drops). In order to study changes in the structure of a macromolecule of sodium lignosulfonate and a polyelectrolyte complex based on sodium lignosulfonateand cationic starch, the particle size distribution method was investigated. Obtaining a stable polyelectrolyte complex, by selecting the molar ratios of anionic and cationic components, consisted in measuring the dependence of the impedance of an electrochemical cell on the frequency of alternating current. The possibility of using the obtained lignosulfonate reagent based on complex compounds as a reagent for regulating the parameters of the drilling fluid at temperatures from 20 to 160-180°C.

Technological analysis of liquid waste parameters in treatment system for phosphorus production

This study considers the problem of analyzing a complex hierarchical system of phosphorus production wastewater treatment, which is characterized by considering the process of sedimentation of elemental phosphorus sludge particles and mechanical impurities. The study presents a framework for decision-making on the purification of wastewater from phosphorus production, which is contaminated with toxic impurities and must meet sanitary norms. The framework considers the reagents introduced, as well as the increased mineralization of water, which cannot be discharged into the water body for ecological reasons. Instead, it is reused in production. It is demonstrated that for mechanical treatment of sewage from elemental phosphorus and suspended solids, as well as to improve sedimentation of particles, iron sulphate is used as a coagulant. The action of this coagulant is similar to that of sulphuric acid aluminum, which is widely used for water treatment. Thus, a complex engineering approach is presented for a complex system of phosphorus production wastewater treatment.

Investigation of Genes Encoding Siderophores in Escherichia coli Isolated from Cystitis Patients

Pathogenic bacteria represented a challenge in acquiring iron as it is typically bound to heme or by proteins like transferrin or lactoferrin in the body, to overcome this challenge, uropathogenic Escherichia.coli uses various strategies to capture iron, with siderophores being one of these strategies. Therefore, in this study aimed to identify the specific gene types (iucA, iroN and irp2) responsible for siderophore production in uropathogenic E.coli in the presence of FeSO4. And potential implications for understanding the role of siderophores in cystitis. A total of 300 urine samples were collected from patients with signs and symptoms of UTIs. The boiling method was used for DNA extraction, followed by the analysis of the presence of 3 siderophore genes using PCR. FeSO4 preparation performed using serial dilution method to prepare solution known concentration (10-1, 10-2, 10-3, 10-4, and 10-5), Iron sulfate was prepared and tested on EMB medium, the bacteria were cultured by spreading method and impregnated fitter paper, and bacterial growth was measured using a colony counter instrument. A total of 45 isolates of E.coli are recovered from (300) patients suffering from UTIs. Based on the results, it was found that 26 out of the 45 bacterial isolates contained the irp2 gene, while 5 isolates contained the iroN gene. While the third gene, iucA, was not present in any of the bacterial isolates. Additionally, the data showed in the presence of FeSO4 at concentrations of 10-4 showed a more prominent effect in increasing bacterial growth rate, however, cultures supplemented with iron at concentrations of 10-3 and 10-5 showed moderate growth and low growth at concentration 10-2, while a concentration of 10-1 had an inhibitory effect on growth of the E.coli. A set of 45 urine sample of E.coli isolated from outpatient in Al- Najaf center, it was found that the irp2 gene is one of the most prevalent genes in bacterial isolates, indicating its importance as a virulence factor in UTIs caused by E.coli. I found this study as well, the concentration of FeSo4 plays a significant role in its impact on the growth rate and gene expression of E.coli.

Исследование физико-химических свойств препаратов протеин сукцинилат железа (III) и гидроксид полимальтозат железа (III)

The variety of dosage forms of iron-containing drugs and the complex metabolism of iron in the body cause certain difficulties in prescribing the drug and analyzing its effectiveness. There are numerous clinical studies on the benefits of various oral iron preparations, however, there is no convincing clinical data to suggest the superiority of one particular iron preparation over another. When analyzing the literature on clinical studies of iron deficiency therapy with preparations based on iron (II) sulfate and complex salts of iron (III) polymaltose hydroxide ("Maltofer") and iron (III) succinylate protein ("Ferlatum"), there are conflicting data. As a rule, existing publications do not focus on the relationship between the physico-chemical properties of drugs and side effects, bioavailability. From the analysis of the literature data on clinical trials, it is advisable to note that side effects and bioavailability depend on the following physico-chemical properties of the preparations: – ability to hydrolyze Fe (II) and (III); – strength of the iron-containing compound; – redox and surface-active properties of Fe (II) and (III). In this work, for the first time, two preparations of trivalent complex iron salts were compared according to their physico-chemical properties. The objects of the study were the drugs "Maltofer" (iron (III) hydroxydopolymaltosate) and "Ferlatum" (iron (III) protein succinylate). The physicochemical properties were studied by methods of trilonometry, conductometry, stalagmometry, potentiometry, and iodometric titration. According to the results of the study, the following conclusions were obtained: – complex compounds that are part of the medicines "Maltofer" and "Ferlatum" are hydrolyzed. This suggests that the probability of a side effect in the form of constipation will be less when using the drug "Maltofer". – aqueous solutions of "Ferlatum" have lower values of surface tension, which will contribute to better penetration of the drug through the cell membrane. – complex compounds of iron (III) hydroxydopolymaltosate and iron (III) protein succinylate are durable. The strength of the complex can lead to a slow release of iron ions during assimilation, and affect redox properties. The strength decreases when diluted to lower concentrations of the drug in aqueous systems, therefore, it is advisable to take this property into account when prescribing doses of drugs for their effective assimilation. – the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ in the composition of drugs is possible only at a concentration of 10 mg/l in an aqueous system in an acidic environment at pH = 1-2. At higher concentrations, the oxidation state of Fe3+ is stable. Therefore, it is necessary to additionally introduce a reducing agent for the effective absorption of medicines. The obtained data on the physico-chemical properties of the drugs "Maltofer" and "Ferlatum" explain some of the results of clinical studies published in the scientific literature, and can be a criterion for clinical evaluation of their effectiveness.

Impact of foliar application of iron and zinc fertilizers on grain iron, zinc, and protein contents in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Micronutrient deficiencies, particularly iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), are prevalent in a large part of the human population across the world, especially in children below 5 years of age and pregnant women in developing countries. Since wheat constitutes a significant proportion of the human diet, improving grain Fe and Zn content in wheat has become important in improving human health. This study aimed to quantify the effect of foliar application of iron sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O) and zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4.7H2O) and their combination on grain Fe and Zn concentrations, as well as grain protein content (GPC). The study also aimed to assess the utility of these applications in large field conditions. To address this issue, field experiments were conducted using 10 wheat cultivars and applying a foliar spray of FeSO4.7H2O (0.25%) and ZnSO4.7H2O (0.50%) separately (@400 L of solution in water per hectare during each spray) and in combination at two different crop growth stages (flowering and milking) for three consecutive crop seasons (2017-2020). The study used a split-plot design with two replications to assess the impact of foliar application on GFeC, GZnC, and GPC. In addition, an experiment was also conducted to assess the effect of soil (basal) @ 25 kg/ha ZnSO4, foliar @ 2 kg/ha, ZnSO4.7H2O (0.50%), and the combination of basal + foliar application of ZnSO4 on the grain micronutrient content of wheat cultivar WB 02 under large field conditions. GFeC increased by 5.1, 6.1, and 5.9% with foliar applications of FeSO4, ZnSO4, and their combination, respectively. GZnC increased by 5.2, 39.6, and 43.8% with foliar applications of FeSO4, ZnSO4, and their combination, respectively. DBW 173 recorded the highest increase in GZnC at 56.9% with the combined foliar application of FeSO4 and ZnSO4, followed closely by HPBW 01 at 53.0% with the ZnSO4 foliar application, compared to the control. The GPC increased by 6.8, 4.9, and 3.3% with foliar applications of FeSO4, ZnSO4, and their combination, respectively. Large-plot experiments also exhibited a significant positive effect of ZnSO4 not only on grain Zn (40.3%, p ≤ 0.001) and protein content (p ≤ 0.05) but also on grain yield (p ≤ 0.05) and hectoliter weight (p ≤ 0.01), indicating the suitability of the technology in large field conditions. Cultivars exhibited a slight increase in GFeC with solitary foliar applications of FeSO4, ZnSO4, and their combination. In contrast, a significant increase in GZnC was observed with the foliar application of ZnSO4 and the combined application of FeSO4 and ZnSO4. In terms of GPC, the most significant enhancement occurred with the foliar application of FeSO4, followed by ZnSO4 and their combination. Data demonstrated the significant effect of foliar application of ZnSO4 on enhancing GZnC by 39.6%. Large plot experiments also exhibited an increase of 40.3% in GZnC through the foliar application of ZnSO4, indicating the effectiveness of the technology to be adopted in the farmer's field.

Revealing the effect of conductive carbon materials on the sodium storage performance of sodium iron sulfate.

Na2Fe2(SO4)3 (NFS), as a promising cathode for sodium-ion batteries, is still plagued by its poor intrinsic conductivity. In general, hybridization with carbon materials is an effective strategy to improve the sodium storage performance of NFS. However, the role of carbon materials in the electrochemical performance of NFS cathode materials has not been thoroughly investigated. Herein, the effect of carbon materials was revealed by employing various conductive carbon materials as carbon sources. Among these, the NFS coated with Ketjen Black (NFS@KB) shows the largest specific surface area, which is beneficial for electrolyte penetration and rapid ionic/electronic migration, leading to improved electrochemical performance. Therefore, NFS@KB shows a long cycle life (74.6 mA h g-1 after 1000 cycles), superior rate performance (61.5 mA h g-1 at a 5.0 A g-1), and good temperature tolerance (-10 °C to 60 °C). Besides, the practicality of the NFS@KB cathode was further demonstrated by assembling a NFS@KB//hard carbon full cell. Therefore, this research indicates that a suitable carbon material for the NFS cathode can greatly activate the sodium storage performance.

Selecting iron and zinc nano-fertilizers for rice traits in drought by statistical analysis.

Optimum use of fertilizer plays an important role in increasing the performance of traits in rice and other agricultural products. The use of nano-fertilizers can be very important in the optimal use of fertilizer and in increasing the quantity and quality of agricultural products. To investigate the effect of iron and zinc nano-fertilizers on the physiological and morphological characteristics of rice plants (Tarom Hashemi variety) under drought stress conditions, a split plot experiment was carried out in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications in Mazandaran region. The results of the combined analysis indicated that the effect of iron nano-fertilizer and zinc nano-fertilizer has a significant difference at the level of 0.01 and 0.05 in terms of all the evaluated traits. In the means comparison, it was concluded that normal humidity conditions can have a positive effect on the performance of the traits, but in the S1 stress conditions (drought stress at the rate of 50% of normal irrigation), the traits showed a good performance trend. Furthermore, increasing the amount of iron nano-fertilizer at the F2 level (Iron sulphate 100 kg/ha + 1 foliar spraying of iron chelate 2%) can be very effective in the growth of yield and the desirability of traits. In examining the amount of zinc nano-fertilizer consumption on the traits, showed the most positive performance on the traits at the level of Z2 (Use of 5 mg of zinc nano-fertilizer per kg of experiment soil), but with the increase to the level of Z3 (Use 7.5 mg of zinc nano-fertilizer per kg of experiment soil), this favorability was greatly reduced. The result of the correlation coefficients between the traits and the correlation diagram also showed a positive and significant correlation between the traits. In the graphical analysis, treatments tr33, tr8, tr19, tr24, tr7, tr6, and tr2 were selected as desirable treatments from the polygon graph. Treatments tr19, tr9 and tr6 were recognized as favourable treatments in terms of the treatment ranking diagram in terms of all traits. Based on the treatment selection diagram based on ideal treatment, tr19, tr9 and tr6 treatments were identified as desirable treatments. In general, it is possible to use tr19 (S1×F1×Z2), tr6 (N×F1×Z1) and tr9 (N×F2×Z0) treatments as treatments with high efficiency and power to increase the performance of traits and optimal use of nano-fertilizers in rice cultivation.

Development of the method for obtaining and studying vitriol of the iron sulphate based on iron-containing wastes

Especially in recent years, a ferric sulfate solution has occupied the attention as a useful water treatment agent and, particularly, a ferric sulfate solution and a basic ferric sulfate solution have a quick sedimentation speed for the resulting flocs and show good deodorizing ability as compared with a water treatment agent of an aluminum type such as an aluminum sulfate solution and la basic aluminum chloride solution whereby they have been widely used as a water treatment agent for waste water from paper manufacturing industry, from food industry, from chemical industry, leather industry. The purpose and task of the research is to develop the technology for the production of iron sulfate salts. For this purpose used iron filings and sulfuric and hydrochloric acid acid were used for this purpose. Processes of dissolution of ferric waste in acid are well studied and are shown.

Study on biodegradation mechanism of Fusarium solani NK-NH1 on the hull wood of the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck.

The Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck is an ancient wooden ship in the Southern Song Dynasty. Currently, serious challenges of microbial diseases exist on the hull wood. This study aimed to obtain microbial samples from the ship hull in December 2021 and analyze the microbial diseases through scanning electron microscopy and high-throughput sequencing to preserve the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck. The biodegradation mechanism of diseased microorganisms was explored through whole genome sequencing and the detection of enzyme activity and gene expression levels of diseased microorganisms under different conditions. The results showed that there was obvious fungal colonization on the surface of the hull wood and Fusarium solani NK-NH1 was the dominant disease fungus on the surface. NK-NH1 has strong cellulose and lignin degradation ability. Its whole genome size is 52,389,955 bp, and it contains 17,402 genes. It has a variety of key enzyme genes involved in cellulose and lignin degradation. The NK-NH1 dominant degrading enzyme lignin peroxidase has the highest enzyme activity at pH = 4, NaCl concentration of 30%, and FeSO4 concentration of 50 mg/L, while laccase has the highest enzyme activity at pH = 4, NaCl concentration of 10%, and FeSO4 concentration of 100 mg/L. The above research results prove that NK-NH1 is a key fungus to the biodegradation of ship hull wood when it is exposed to air, low pH, high salt, and rich in sulfur iron compounds. This study provides a theoretical basis for the preservation of the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck.

STRUCTURE FORMATION OF IRON-CONTAINING DISPERSIONS OF ORGANOMONTMORYLONITE

The aim of the work is to study the processes of structure formation of organomontmorillonite in iron-containing dispersions by studying the rheological and colloid-chemical properties of such systems. To modify the surface of montmorillonite, a cationic surface-active substance, a quaternary ammonium salt, hexadecyltriammonium bromide, was used. With the help of X-ray diffraction analysis, we confirmed the penetration of molecules of surface-active substances into the interlayer space of the mineral and its increase to 1.86 nm during the modification mineral surfactant/ cation exchange capacity (S/CEC)=1. The analysis of the results of rheological studies showed that the changes in the characteristics of montmorillonite dispersions depending on the concentration of surfactants are extreme and reach a maximum (6.7 Pa) at the degree of modification of the mineral S/CEC=0.3. The high values of ultimate shear stress confirm the formation of a continuous network between the mineral particles with an "edge–face" orientation. When the surfactant content in the system increases, the ultimate shear stress of the suspension gradually decreases and reaches practically zero values. These results lay the foundation for determining the optimal parameters for the synthesis of iron-containing dispersions based on organomontmorillonite. nZVI was obtained by its reduction on the solid surface of organomodified montmorillonite from a solution of iron(II) sulfate salt. X-ray diffraction data confirmed the fixation of nZVI on the surface of organophilized montmorillonite. Analysis of the results of rheological studies showed that changes in the characteristics of dispersions of iron-containing material based on organomontmorillonite depending on the content of nZVI are extreme and reach a maximum at (6.8 Pa) when the iron content in the sorbent is 0.01 mass fraction in the solid phase of the sorbent. When the content of nZVI is increased to 0.05 mass fraction of the solid phase of the sorbent, it is possible to obtain dispersions with high values of ultimate shear stress (3.3 Pa) and clearly expressed hysteresis loops, which indicates the formation of thixotropic structures and confirms the possibility of its use in permeable reaction barriers. Experimental data confirm that with an increase in the content of nZVI above 0.1 mass fraction in the samples, the ultimate stress and plastic viscosity decrease, which leads to the failure of the suspensions. These results lay foundation for determining the optimal parameters of sorbents synthesis and regulation of their properties by changing the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of source systems.

Investigation of the process of formation of a chemical current source in the «red-ox» Fe(II) – Fe(III) system in a sulfuric acid environment

Among the technologies designed to save energy, flow-through batteries deserve special attention. Their principle of operation is based on the use of systems of variably valent ions. The aim of the work is to create a chemical current source based on the use of the "red – ox" Fe(II)/Fe(III) system and to determine the patterns of formation of electromotive force (EMF) and short-circuit current (SCC) in acidic solutions depending on the concentration of ions. The experiments are carried out by measuring the EMF formed between graphite electrodes and SCC. A special installation has been assembled, consisting of an electrolyzer with separated electrode spaces, an ammeter, a voltmeter and graphite electrodes. Acidified solutions of iron (II) and iron (III) sulfates served as the electrolyte. In an electrolyzer, the electrode spaces of which are separated by an anionite membrane, when one space is filled with iron (II) sulfate and the other with iron (III) sulfate, an EMF occurs between graphite electrodes. When making contact between graphite electrodes, iron (II) oxidation occurs in the first electrode space, and iron (III) reduction occurs in the second. A chemical current source is being formed. At a concentration of iron (III) equal to 20 g/l, a change in the concentration of iron (II) in the range of 1-40 g / l contributes to a shift in the potential of the graphite electrode to negative values. At a concentration of Fe(III) equal to 1 g/l, the potential value is 509 mV, and at 40 g / l – 475 mV. At a constant concentration of iron (II), the addition of Fe(III) leads to a shift in the EMF value to the right. It was found that as a result of these changes, an increase in EMF and SCC is observed.