Conversion Of Sulfide Research Articles

Synthesis of a highly stable Mo-Fe bimetallic metal-organic framework and its catalytic activity for the selective oxidation of sulfides under mild conditions.

A novel Mo-Fe bimetallic metal-organic framework [Fe2(4,4'-bipy)Mo2O8]·2H2O (1) was synthesized and characterized by X-ray single crystal diffraction, infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), and its magnetic properties were studied. The compound demonstrates insolubility in most solvents and exhibits significant chemical stability across a wide pH range. Typically, exceptional selectivity and efficient conversion of sulfides to sulfoxides using 1 with H2O2 have been verified under ambient conditions.

A core-shell structured crystalline@amorphous MnO2 with enhanced plasma catalytic degradation performance for volatile organic sulfur compounds and degradation mechanism exploration

A crystalline@amorphous MnO2 (HT@RT) plasma catalyst was successfully constructed in this study to address the problem of odor pollution, especially from volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs) with low olfactory thresholds. Complete conversion of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) at 140 J/L was achieved, and the ozone concentration in the exhaust gas was maintained below 5 ppm. Deeper mineralization of DMS was achieved in the HT@RT sample than in the individual HT and RT samples. A comprehensive analysis of multiple characterization techniques revealed that the HT@RT sample exhibited excellent DMS adsorption capacity, appropriate electric field responsiveness, high oxygen vacancy content, and abundant reactive oxygen species, which play key roles in the degradation of DMS. In addition, the DMS degradation process was investigated using in situ plasma diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy. Combined with the results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, degradation pathways for DMS were proposed. The HT@RT sample combined the advantages of both amorphous and crystalline materials, significantly enhancing the activity and stability of the catalyst. Therefore, the crystalline@amorphous structured catalysts constructed in this study not only offer new insights for improving the performance of plasma catalysis but also provide an effective solution for eliminating odorous gases.

Supercritical carbon dioxide likely served as a prebiotic source of methanethiol in primordial ocean hydrothermal systems

Abiotic synthesis of methanethiol through CO2 reduction is a presumptive initiation reaction of protometabolism in primordial ocean hydrothermal systems. However, reported artificial means of methanethiol production indicate the necessity of gas-phase condition, rather than aqueous-phase setting, for this prebiotic reaction to occur. Here we show that, under supercritical CO2 with a geochemically feasible concentration of hydrogen, up to 7.9% conversion of hydrogen sulfide to methanethiol is attained through a 14-day reaction at 200 °C on molybdenum sulfide catalyst deposited in a carbonate-NaCl solution. On the present ocean floor, discharges of liquid/supercritical CO2 occasionally occur in close vicinity to hydrothermal vents. Geological records of ancient seafloor suggest prevalence of such CO2 fluxes associated with hydrothermal activities. Our experimental results link these facts with the protometabolism scenario, leading to the possibility that the generation and transportation of methanethiol through the subseafloor CO2 fluxes constituted the beginning step of protometabolism in primordial ocean hydrothermal systems. Thus, the supply of supercritical-CO2-derived materials likely assisted the chemical evolution of life in combination with the known geochemical processes at the vent-ocean interface.

Tungsten-needle intensifies microwave-sustained plasma accelerating direct H2S conversion to H2

Direct sustainable conversion of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) enables collaborative recovery of H and S resources via a metal-enhanced microwave plasma strategy, avoiding the hydrogen waste in the traditional Claus process. However, the metal size effect on microwave plasma property, the optimal process parameters, and the enhancement mechanism remain unclear in H2S conversion. Herein, the optimal tungsten needle (diameter: 1 mm, length: 60 mm, and tip angle: 10°) is experimentally proven for intensifying microwave discharge in multi-mode cavities. Theoretical calculations and plasma distribution reveal that the optimized tungsten needle achieves the ideal coupling with the microwave field, exhibiting extreme electric field augmentation around the needle tip. Tungsten-needle intensifies microwave-sustained plasma, realizing 40.2 % (90.1 %) conversion of 100 % (10 %) concentration H2S to H2 at a low microwave power of 300 W with a good stability of 30 hrs. Low power, large flow rate, and high H2S concentration are beneficial for improving energy efficiency. The excitation of microwave plasma is accompanied by a massive generation of highly energetic electrons. The direct high-energy electron-H2S collision contributes a lot to H2S splitting, especially for high-concentration H2S. In-situ optical emission spectroscopy confirms the vital S and H radicals in the plasma. The free radical reactions triggered by electron collisions are responsible for the production of H2 and S. This work opens an avenue to sustainable and low-carbon hydrogen production from the direct conversion and utilization of H2S.

High Areal Capacity Cation and Anionic Redox Solid-State Batteries Enabled by Transition Metal Sulfide Conversion.

Pure sulfur (S8 and Li2S) all solid-state batteries inherently suffer from low electronic conductivities, requiring the use of carbon additives, resulting in decreased active material loading at the expense of increased loading of the passive components. In this work, a transition metal sulfide in combination with lithium disulfide is employed as a dual cation-anion redox conversion composite cathode system. The transition metal sulfide undergoes cation redox, enhancing the electronic conductivity, whereas the lithium disulfide undergoes anion redox, enabling high-voltage redox conducive to achieving high energy densities. Carbon-free cathode composites with active material loadings above 6.0 mg cm-2 attaining areal capacities of ∼4 mAh cm-2 are demonstrated with the possibility to further increase the active mass loading above 10 mg cm-2 achieving cathode areal capacities above 6 mAh cm-2, albeit with less cycle stability. In addition, the effective partial transport and thermal properties of the composites are investigated to better understand FeS:Li2S cathode properties at the composite level. The work introduced here provides an alternative route and blueprint toward designing new dual conversion cathode systems, which can operate without carbon additives enabling higher active material loadings and areal capacities.

Synthesis of flower-like covalent organic frameworks for photocatalytic selective oxidation of sulfide

BackgroundCovalent organic frameworks (COFs)-based photocatalysts have garnered significant attention for their potential in highly efficient and selective sulfide oxidation. However, the current synthesis methods of COF-based catalysts involve complex multi-step procedures, and better methods need to be upgraded for synthesis. MethodsIn this study, a flower-like COF-based photocatalyst (f-COFs) was synthesized by one-pot method at room temperature using zinc chloride (ZnCl2) as catalyst. The photocatalytic performance of f-COFs was investigated using methyl phenyl sulfide as substrate. Significant FindingsZinc ions remain on the f-COFs synthesized by this method. EDX analysis and XPS techniques were used to confirm the presence of zinc ions. The presence of zinc ions controls the self-assembly of COFs to form unique flower-like microstructure. Its flower-like microstructure provides a strong light absorption capacity. At the same time, the recombination of charge is inhibited, thus promoting the energy and electron transfer during the photocatalytic reaction. These properties allow reactive oxygen species to be prevalent in the reaction process of f-COFs as a photocatalyst, driving the conversion of methyl phenyl sulfide to sulfoxide within 5 h with excellent performance of 95 % conversion and 99 % selectivity.

Insights into the Electrochemical CO2RR Performance and Binding of Small Molecules on Quaternary Thiospinels Ag2FeSn3S8 and Cu2FeSn3S8.

Using a mechanical synthesis method in the form of ball milling and an additional annealing step, a novel and accelerated route for the synthesis of the thiospinels toyohaite (Ag2FeSn3S8) and rhodostannite (Cu2FeSn3S8) was discovered. Both thiospinels display faradaic efficiencies of up to 73% for CO2 reduction to CO using an organic electrolyte in an H-type cell. The materials were furthermore implemented in a zero-gap electrolyzer, with toyohaite producing 22% CO and 52% H2 at 100 mA cm-2 and rhodostannite 28% CO and 37% H2. The catalytically active sites are studied using density functional theory, revealing strong CO binding interactions on both Ag and Cu, whereas Sn is found to contribute to the decomposition of Ag2FeSn3S8 and Cu2FeSn3S8 by coordination with oxygen. Postmortem analysis of the thiospinel-based electrodes by means of SEM-EDX, XRD, XPS, and Mössbauer spectroscopy showed sulfur leaching from the catalysts after applying 100 mA cm-2. These spectroscopic results-in conjunction with DFT calculations of the oxidized surfaces-suggest that the catalytically active species consists of metal oxides. As a conversion of the metal sulfides into the corresponding metallic species was observed via XRD, the decomposition pathways of both catalysts were also computed using DFT; thus, elucidating the energetically most favorable decomposition products and expanding the possible composition of the catalysts postelectrolysis.

Confining polyoxometalates in porphyrin-based porous cationic polymer toward boosting visible-light-driven synthesis of sulfoxides and detoxification of mustard gas simulants

Visible-light-driven oxidation of sulfides has attracted the profound attention to synthesize sulfoxides and purify mustard gas simulant. In this work, a series of visible-light-responsive polyoxometalate-based porous cationic polymers, i.e. SiW12-PCP 1, PW12-PCP 2, SiW11-PCP 3, SiW10-PCP 4, SiW9-PCP 5 (PCP = porphyrin-based porous cationic polymer), were synthesized by ion exchange process. These POM-PCPs exhibit excellent ability of trapping visible light due to their built-in porphyrin units, which can rapidly oxidize sulfides and degrade 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) in the presence of a 10 W white LED light and O2. Benefiting from the synergistic effect between [SiW12] and PCP, hybrid 1 has the highest photocatalytic efficiency, attaining 99 % conversion of sulfides within 16 min and 99 % CEES purification in 8 min, much higher than PCP precursor. The reaction mechanism reveals that both O2•− and 1O2 are involved in the photocatalytic process. What's more, hybrid 1 has remarkable applicability to numerous sulfides and robust six-round recycling with no reduction in catalytic efficiency.

Hydrogen-donating capacity of hydrothermal system in catalytic and non-catalytic desulfurization of sulfur compound of unconventional crudes and residues: Deuterium tracing study

This research tries to figure out the role of water as a green and environmental hydrogen-donor solvent for catalytic and non-catalytic hydrothermal desulfurization (HT-DS) of dibenzyl sulfide (DBS) as a sulfur model compound of unconventional crudes and petroleum residues using deuterium tracing techniques. In addition, the ordinary water (H2O) was replaced by heavy water (D2O) to ease the evaluation of the donating capacity of water as a hydrogen donor during HT-DS process of selected sulfur model compound. The hydrothermal conversion (HTC) of dibenzyl sulfide and donating performance of heavy water were deeply investigated through comprehensive analysis of the initial and converted obtained products encompassing gas, liquid, and solid phase (if obtained), using different techniques GC, GC–MS, FTIR, high resolution deuterium (2H) NMR, and isotope analysis. The results of the non-catalytic and catalytic HTC of DBS show high conversion degree of 75.79 and 97.34 %, respectively, resulting in the formation of desulfurized compounds consisting of bibenzyl and stilbene. Additionally, the results of the deuterium tracing study proved the role of water as a green and environmental hydrogen-donor solvent during HT-DS of DBS, verified by considerable deuterium substitution (H/D exchanges) in both liquid (converted) and gases products. The results of the GC–MS as a tracing technique showed by molecular weight data the formation of the individual deuterium containing products in liquid and gas phases for both catalytic and non-catalytic HT-DS. Simultaneously, both experimental and DFT results showed that the application of nickel (II) stearate as an oil-soluble catalyst promoted both HTC of DBS. The important finding about the role of water in catalytic and non-catalytic HT-DS of DBS not only enriches the theoretical basis in this area, but also provides a strong support for the combined use of water and catalysts for improving conversion and desulfurization performance, thereby offering insights into the optimization of hydrothermal processes for unconventional sources of energy.

Investigating the biodesulfurization potential of isolated microbial consortia: Impact of sulfide loading, pH and oxidation-reduction potential on sulfur recovery

Acid rain is regarded as one of the major concerns due to the release of sulfur-containing wastewaters from petrochemical and other allied industries. Biological desulfurization, an ecofriendly process offers no secondary pollution and allows for the recovery of elemental sulfur as a valuable product in a useable form as fertilizer and can be used as raw material in various industries. Therefore, this work explores the bio desulfurization potential of mixed microbial consortia that was isolated from various sources for the removal of sulfur containing compounds from synthetic wastewater at varying influent sulfide loading rate. Further, this study focused on optimizing the critical process parameters such as influent sulfide loading rate, ORP and pH to achieve maximum sulfur recovery. The experiments were performed at varying sulfide loading of 3000, 4000, 5000 and 6000 mg/L using the isolated mixed consortia at an ORP of −300 ± 20 mV and −360 ± 20 mV for an incubation period of 70 h. Results revealed that the isolated microbial consortia belong to the genera 73% Pseudomonas, 24% Alishewanella and 3% Zobellella. The maximum sulfide conversion efficiency to sulfite 309 mg/L, elemental sulfur 1152 mg/L and sulfate 1813 mg/L was exhibited by microbial consortia at an initial sulfide load of 6000 mg/L and ORP of −360 ± 20 mV.

Polysulfides for presulfiding of hydrogenation catalysts: synthesis, mechanism and applications

Presulfiding agents are widely used in oil refining and chemical industry, how to produce safe and efficient presulfiding agent by more environmentally friendly synthesis process are still problems to be solved. In this study, the organic polysulfide FSA-55 was synthesized by a practical one-pot process using isobutene and sulfur as raw materials and organic amine as a catalysts. The product components were analyzed and the possible catalytic reaction pathways in the thermal conversion of sulfides were elucidated. The amine catalysts showed a catalytic activities in inducing the ring opening of the cyclic molecular structure of sulfur at high temperature, thereby releasing the reactive sulfur radicals, which react with unsaturated double bonds through addition reactions. Different molecular structures of polysulfide were generated through molecular rearrangement and cyclization reactions. The suitability of the product as a presulfiding agent was investigated by analyzing the thermal properties and studying the presulfiding effect on hydrogenation catalysts. The polysulfide has a wide decomposition temperature range (100–260 °C), which can effectively avoid the occurrence of concentrated exothermic phenomena during presulfiding of hydrogenation catalysts. The presulfiding degree of the catalysts can reach 58.32%, which shows the great potential of oil processing as a presulfiding agent.

Self-Assembly of a Water-Soluble Pd16 Square Bicupola Architecture and Its Use in Aerobic Oxidation in Aqueous Medium.

Designing supramolecular architectures with uncommon geometries has always been a key goal in the field of metal-ligand coordination-driven self-assembly. It acquires added significance if functional building units are employed in constructing such architectures for fruitful applications. In this report, we address both these aspects by developing a water-soluble Pd16L8 coordination cage 1 with an unusual square orthobicupola geometry, which was used for selective aerobic oxidation of aryl sulfides. Self-assembly of a benzothiadiazole-based tetra-pyridyl donor L with a ditopic cis-[(tmeda)Pd(NO3)2] acceptor [tmeda = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine] produced 1, and the geometry was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. Unlike the typically observed tri- or tetrafacial barrel, the present Pd16L8 coordination assembly features a distinctive structural topology and is a unique example of a water-soluble molecular architecture with a square orthobicupola geometry. Efficient and selective aerobic oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides is an important challenge as conventional oxidation generally leads to the formation of sulfoxide along with toxic sulfone. Cage 1, designed with a ligand containing a benzothiadiazole moiety, demonstrates an ability to photogenerate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in water, thus enabling it to serve as a potential photocatalyst. The cage showed excellent catalytic efficiency for highly selective conversion of alkyl and aryl sulfides to their corresponding sulfoxides, therefore without the formation of toxic sulfones and other byproducts, under visible light in aqueous medium.

Molecular Level Simulation of the Conversion and Distribution of Sulfides in the Fluid Catalytic Cracking and Hydrotreating Processes to Improve the Cleanliness of Gasoline and Diesel

Molecular Level Simulation of the Conversion and Distribution of Sulfides in the Fluid Catalytic Cracking and Hydrotreating Processes to Improve the Cleanliness of Gasoline and Diesel

Synthesis and Characterization of 6-Ti-Substituted Polyoxomolybdate with High Catalytic Activity for Sulfide Oxidation.

A 6-Ti-substituted polyoxometalate, (NH4)5Cs7Na3H2[Cs@(Ti2GeMo10O39)3]·34H2O (1), was synthesized by reacting (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O, GeO2, and TiOSO4 through the conventional aqueous method. Polyanion 1a is composed of three {Ti2GeMo10} segments linked by Ti-O-Ti linkages and shows a trefoil-shaped structure. Furthermore, one Cs+ cation is encapsulated in the cavity of 1a. Notably, it possesses the highest number of Ti centers among the reported polyoxomolybdates. In addition, serving as a high-efficiency heterogeneous catalyst, 1 enables the conversion of methyl phenyl sulfide within 20 min, yielding 96.4% of the corresponding sulfoxide with good recyclability.

Ultrasonic-enhanced selective arsenic removal and sulfide conversion from iron slag

There are numerous valuable metals and the hazardous element arsenic in the iron slag produced in the zinc hydrometallurgy. The arsenic must be removed for comprehensive recovery of valuable elements. Generally, the alkaline arsenic removal produces large amounts of iron hydroxide colloids and iron slag agglomeration. Here, ultrasonic enhancement of NaOH–Na2S system is proposed to selectively remove arsenic from iron slag. Ultrasound destroys the agglomeration and encapsulation of zinc-containing iron slag and promotes the liquid-solid interfacial reaction. The arsenic removal percentage is 92.24% under ultrasonic power of 400 W, which is 12.14% higher than the conventional alkaline arsenic removal. The apparent activation energy of ultrasonic-enhanced alkali leaching for arsenic removal is calculated to be only 8.84 kJ/mol by kinetic experiments. Diffusion is proved to be the limiting link in the ultrasonic-enhanced leaching process for arsenic removal. This study proves that ultrasonic-enhanced Na2S–NaOH system has a good prospect for selective removal of arsenic from iron slag.

Electric-field-controlled energy barrier and reaction pathway ensure high sulfur product selectivity in Cu/γ-Al2O3 catalyst-assisted DBD plasma conversion of carbonyl sulfide

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is a major organic pollutant causing atmospheric aerosols, however, current removal technologies fail to meet the efficiency and by-product selectivity requirements. Here we address this issue by utilizing dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma catalysis which combines the high reaction activity of a plasma and the high reaction selectivity of a catalyst. In this study, we investigated the conversion of carbonyl sulfide (COS) using a combination of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) and a Cu/γ-Al2O3 catalyst, comparing it with the conversion achieved through thermal catalysis and DBD alone. The removal efficiency of COS reached 98.9% at 4.5 kJ/L with no gaseous sulfur byproduct (H2S and SO2) generated at the first 4 hours when COS was treated by DBD combined with Cu/γ-Al2O3. The CuO on the Cu/γ-Al2O3 catalyst is converted to Cu2S and CuS upon reacting with COS. According to the density functional theory calculations, the reaction energy barrier can be controlled by the electric field. The cycle reaction with the thus reduced energy barrier between Cu2S, CuS, and COS enhanced selective plasma-catalytic conversion of COS to sulfur. The outcomes contribute to the development of advanced plasma-electrified catalytic technologies for environmental remediation.

TEMPO radically expedites the conversion of sulfides to sulfoxides by pyrene-based metal-organic framework photocatalysis

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are well-documented for visible light photocatalysis because of their tailorable structures and tunable absorptions through organic linkers. By employing a highly conjugated linker, 4,4’,4’’,4’’’-(pyrene-1,3,6,8-tetrayltetrakis(ethyne-2,1-diyl))tetrabenzoic acid, the optical absorption of the MOF NU-1100 is effectively tuned to visible light below 600 nm region. Under green light irradiation, NU-1100 triggers charge separation and modulates electron transfer from the linkers to the Zr6O4(OH)412+ clusters, driving the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides. Notably, adding a redox mediator radically expedites the oxidation of sulfides by NU-1100 photocatalysis, TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl) and 4-carboxy-TEMPO. At least 2.7 and 5.2 times of conversions of phenyl methyl sulfide are achieved by NU-1100 photocatalysis with TEMPO and 4-carboxy-TEMPO, respectively. A series of characterizations illustrate that 4-carboxy-TEMPO is adsorbed onto the exterior surface of Zr6O4(OH)412+ clusters of NU-1100 to mediate hole transfer and achieve higher charge transfer efficiency. Mechanistic studies indicate that superoxide is the essential reactive oxygen species and that the oxidation of sulfides is driven by an electron transfer pathway. This study demonstrates the integration of redox mediators with MOFs can drive more efficient visible light photocatalytic reactions.

Redox performance of trivalent iron iminodisuccinic acid in converting hydrogen sulfide to sulfur: A new complexed iron catalyst

A novel iron complex formed with tetrapotassium iminodisuccinate (IDSK4) was developed for catalytic conversion of hydrogen sulfide from industrial gases to monomeric sulfur, and a small-scale apparatus for the conversion of hydrogen sulfide in the laboratory was set up.The voltammetric curves of the system were generated with an electrochemical workstation, which indicated a quasireversible process. The catalytic capacity of the catalyst was saturated at 93.8% of the theoretical value for the trivalent iron complex.The open-circuit potential of the system was in the range −0.3 to −0.2 V, which provided full conversion of hydrogen sulfide, and after regeneration by air, it was restored to the initial potential.Full-cycle experiments showed that with increasing numbers of cycles, the open-circuit potential of the regenerated system was not fully restored to the initial value, thus requiring the design of a continuous absorption–regeneration system for industrial use. For safe treatment of hydrogen sulfide in industrial exhaust gases, a single-tower unit with absorption–regeneration cycles was used, and for safe treatment of hydrogen sulfide in combustible industrial gases, a double-tower unit with absorption–regeneration separation was used. The oxidation performance of the system was quickly monitored by measuring the open-circuit potential.

Single crystal structure features of a new Cu (II) coordination polymer as an efficient homogeneous catalyst in the selective conversion of sulfides

This study reports the synthesis of a new coordination polymer of Cu (II) formulated as [Cu (Tu)3]n[Cu(Tu)3]·2(pzdc) (1) where tu = thiourea, and (pzdc)2− = 2,3-pyrazinedicarboxylate. Complex 1 was characterized by elemental analysis (CHN), Fourier transformed-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS or EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The molecular structure of complex 1 has been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD). The SC-XRD results show that complex 1 crystallized in a monoclinic crystal system with space group P21/c and metal centers Cu1 and Cu2 adopted slightly distorted tetrahedral and triangular geometry, respectively. The molecular structure of complex 1 is stabilized by a dense network of hydrogen bonds such as NH⋯O, besides electrostatic attraction. Complex 1 was used as a catalyst for the selective oxidation of thioanisole and a number of sulfides to the corresponding sulfoxides or sulfones with high conversion and high selectivity in the presence of hydrogen peroxide as a green oxidant. The results showed that complex 1 accelerates the conversion of sulfides. The influence of varying parameters such as catalyst dosage, temperature, solvent, and H2O2/substrate molar ratio were examined in an attempt to optimize the conversion of thioanisole and, in particular, to improve the selectivity of the desired products (sulfoxides). Then, the optimized conditions were used to investigate the generality of catalytic activity of complex 1 to oxidize several other sulfides to its sulfoxide's analogues, that corresponding sulfoxides were obtained with excellent selectivity in most cases (up to 84 %) through high conversion of sulfides (up to 82 %).

A comparison between Claus and THIOPAQ sulfur recovery techniques in natural gas plants

A sulfur recovery process is one of the most important processes in the oil and gas industry to get rid of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) which is produced from the acid gas removal process of sour natural gas to convert it into sweet natural gas. Actual data from a gas field is used to obtain a realistic comparison between two sulfur recovery techniques, through which researchers and/or manufacturers can obtain information that will help them choose the most appropriate and cheapest method. A total feed acid gas flow rate of 5.1844 MMSCFD with an H2S concentration of 24.62% by mole percent was produced from amine acid gas removal units. Claus sulfur recovery technique is a traditional chemical process that uses thermal and catalytic reactors. Therefore, an acid gas enrichment unit is applied to increase the H2S concentration to approximately 50% mole to provide reliable and flexible operation in the thermal and catalytic reactors. Moreover, a tail gas treatment unit is applied to increase the overall conversion efficiency to 99.90% with the Claus technique instead of 95.08% without it to achieve high sulfur recovery and reliable operation through the conversion of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and mercaptans. Studies on the safety and simplicity of the Claus technique revealed many important hazards and a large number of transmitters (379) and control loops (128) in one Claus train. THIOPAQ sulfur recovery as a new technology is a biological desulfurization process that uses a natural mixture of sulfide-oxidizing bacteria. It is also a unique H2S removal process with an efficiency of 99.999%. In addition, studies on the safety and simplicity of the THIOPAQ technique have shown that the hazards, the number of transmitters (74), and the number of control loops (29) of a one THIOPAQ train are lower. The THIOPAQ technique showed higher efficiency, was safer, simpler, and had lower CAPEX and OPEX. This study was conducted using Aspen HYSYS V11 and actual data.