Aqueous Sulfate Solutions Research Articles

Influence of brief immersion in an aqueous solution of sodium chloride and/or copper sulphate on the physiological state of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca (L.)) selects

Abstract The study was conducted with the aim of determining the influence of brief immersions in aqueous solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl) and/or copper sulphate (CuSO4) on the physiological state (hematological and blood plasma biochemical indicators) of pikeperch selects (body weight 509.89 ± 99.56 g; body length 33.9 ± 2.0 cm). Immersion was conducted in a water temperature similar to that of spawning (15.1°C). The fish were divided into three experimental groups and one control group: NaCl group (NaCl concentration – 5 g l−1), CuSO4 group (CuSO4 concentration – 1.5 mg l−1), and NaCl+CuSO4 group (NaCl concentration – 5 g l−1; CuSO4 concentration – 1.5 mg l−1). Blood was drawn immediately after immersion (0 h), 24, and 48 h following the conclusion of immersion. Immediately after immersion, elevated values were noted in white and red blood cell counts, hematocrit, and hemoglobin, while mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration values were elevated only in the NaCl group 24 and 48 h following the conclusion of immersion. Changes in blood plasma biochemical indicators were noted only immediately after the conclusion of immersion with elevated values of glucose (NaCl, CuSO4, and NaCl+CuSO4 groups), lactate (NaCl and CuSO4 groups), and ammonia, sodium, and chlorine ions (CuSO4 group). Greater aspartate aminotransferase activity was noted in the fish from the CuSO4 group immediately after immersion, while the least significant changes following immersion were noted in specimens from the NaCl+CuSO4 group.

Preparation of Films by Irradiation of a Copper Sulfate Aqueous Solution by Infrared Laser Radiation

The methodology, technique, and results of studies of the formation of films on the glass surface during laser irradiation of water solutions of copper sulfate with radiation are presented. The nanosecond radiation of an yttrium-aluminum garnet laser with a generation wavelength λ = 1.06 μm was used. Solutions with different concentrations of copper sulfate were applied. The structure of the films obtained in this case was compared with the structure of the films obtained as a result of drying solutions without exposure to laser radiation. The resulting films have both ordered and disordered structures. The characteristic dimensions of the structural elements of the films are 0.5–10 μm. The transmission of films in the visible spectral region (400–800 nm) was studied. In general, the resulting films are transparent in this area. Their transmission practically does not depend on the wavelength, but is different for different concentrations of the used solutions of copper sulfate.

Rapid simultaneous determination of coumarins and organic acids in notopterygium by an isocratic micellar liquid chromatography based on Box-Behnken design

This work has developed an isocratic micellar liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of nodakenin, isoimperatorin, psoralen, ferulic acid, and chlorogenic acid in notopterygium and notopterygium processed products for the first time. Analytes were successfully separated within 15 min. The optimized chromatographic conditions were obtained by Box-Behnken design optimization, and the mobile phase consisted of 0.064 M sodium lauryl sulfate aqueous solution and 8.15% n-pentanol with a pH value of 3.04. The analytes were eluted isocratically through a C18 column at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The linear ranges, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, recovery, intra-day and inter-day precision of the proposed method were validated according to ICH guidelines. The proposed method was successfully applied to the quantitative the 5 active components in notopterygium and its processed products. It is a simple, efficient, and low-cost analytical method that provides an alternative method for the determination of the 5 active ingredients in notopterygium.

Gegen Qinlian Decoction Relieves Ulcerative Colitis via Adjusting Dysregulated Nrf2/ARE Signaling.

Objective Oxidative stress has been proven to be essential in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effect of Gegen Qinlian decoction (GQ) on the Nrf2 pathway in the treatment of UC and explore the potential mechanism. Methods The UC rat model was induced by 5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) aqueous solution, and UC rats were treated with GQ orally. The effect of GQ on UC rats was recorded. Human clonal colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were employed in this study. After being stimulated with TNF-α for 2 hours, Caco-2 cells were cultured with GQ or its major components (puerarin, baicalin, berberine, and liquiritin) for 22 hours. In addition, the Nrf2 gene of Caco-2 cells was silenced and then cultured with GQ for 22 hours. The contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in colonic tissues and Caco-2 cells were detected by assay kits. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Caco-2 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot were employed to detect the mRNA and protein expression of Nrf2 and its related target genes in colon tissues and Caco-2 cells. Results GQ alleviated the injured colonic mucosa and activated the expression of Nrf2 in UC rats. In TNF-α stimulated Caco-2 cells and Nrf2 silenced Caco-2 cells, GQ also reversed the inhibitory effect of Nrf2. Furthermore, the major components of GQ could activate Nrf2 signaling in TNF-α stimulated cells as well. Moreover, the contents of SOD, GSH, MDA, and ROS were restored to normal after treatment with GQ or its major components. Among these components, puerarin, berberine, and liquiritin appear to have a better effect on activating Nrf2 in vitro. Overall, GQ can alleviate UC by increasing the activity of Nrf2/ARE signaling and enhancing the effect of antioxidant stress.

Nanocrystalline FeNi alloy powder prepared by electrolytic synthesis; characterization and its high efficiency in removing Remazol Red dye from aqueous solution

The electrodeposition technique used for the preparation of nanostructure powder looks to be advantageous since it is simple, quick to apply, inexpensive, works at room temperature, and enables chemical structure prediction. The galvanostatic electrochemical synthesis of ncFeNi alloy powder from an aqueous sulphate solution containing NO3− ions is successfully achieved. The effect of operating conditions, like current density, pH, temperature, and NO3− anion concentrations on the electrodeposition process was investigated. EDX analysis showed a wide range of Fe content in the ncFeNi powder, it was ranging from 47 to 71% depending on the operating conditions and the Fe2+/Ni2+ ratio. For example, the Fe content in the powder alloy increase with increasing the applied current density or decreasing the bath temperature. At all ratios of [Fe2+]/[Ni2+] in the bath, the Fe content is permanently greater than Ni content indicating anomalous codeposition. Powdered ncFeNi alloy synthesized at current densities and overpotentials around the limiting diffusion current density plateau and/or at greater, where the concurrent H2 evolution reaction takes place. The presence of NO3− ions enhance the appearance of diffusion current. Instantaneous nucleation accompanied by 3D growth under charge transfer control has characterized the deposit of ncFeNi powder. The powder is a crystalline phase of FeNi3. TEM analysis of the resulting ncFeNi discovered a particle size average of 12.11 nm. The greater the concentration of Fe in the bath the high the decrease in coercivity and the higher the saturation magnetization. On the other hand, the ncFeNi powder is used as an efficient adsorbent for Remazol Red dye (RRD) removal. Moreover, the powder obtained from bath 1 exhibited higher removal efficiency than that obtained from bath 3 owing to its larger pore volume and surface area. The adsorption kinetics followed Freundlich isotherm and were well suited to the pseudo-second-order model.

Dye degradation study of Malachite green and Congo red by using ZnIn2S4

In this manuscript, we demonstrate photocatalytic study of ZnIn2S4 powder sample under visible light irradiation on Malachite green and Congo red dye. The powder sample was synthesized usingIndium (III) sulphate, thioacetamide andZinc sulphate in aqueous solution. X-ray diffraction and FESEM were used to identify the hexagonal crystal structure and microspheres shape, while UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to acquire absorption and reflectance spectra under visible-light (λ = 420 nm) irradiation, the effects of process factors such as contact duration and adsorbent dose were studied on Malachite green and Congo red. Degradation efficiency of Malachite green and Congo red are 96.33%, 99.79% respectively.The results revealed that visible light photocatalytic degradation of dyes was highly efficient.

Towards Use of Persulfate Electrogenerated at Boron Doped Diamond Electrodes as Ex-Situ Oxidation Approach: Storage and Service-Life Solution Parameters

To date, a wide range of synthetic and real effluents have been treated using in situ electrochemically driven BDD-SO4 2−/SO4 ·−/S2O8 2− systems to eliminate persistent organic pollutants and microorganisms. Although reactive sulfate-based species are electrochemically generated in situ with free heterogenous ·OH radicals, SO4 2−/SO4 ·−/S2O8 2− species have a half-life greater than that of the ·OH radicals. However, no information has been published regarding the properties of the oxidant solution after its electrochemical synthesis. Here, an electrochemical BDD-SO4 2−/SO4 ·−/S2O8 2− system was evaluated in terms of solution oxidation power as a function of storage temperature, storage time, and ex situ applicability. Results clearly show that storage temperature has an influence on the storage and service-life of the solutions called fresh-persulfate (25 °C) or cold-persulfate (10 °C). Greater stability in the cold-persulfate solution was observed, as a function of time, and it was effective in degrading organic pollutants as an ex situ oxidation approach, eliminating 80.73%, 79.25%, and 63.25% after 120 min for methyl orange dye, 1,4-benzoquinone (1,4-BQ), and caffeine, respectively. Cold-persulfate solution also proved to be a feasible off-grid technology after 14 days storage. These results contribute to understanding of the fundamentals of sulfate aqueous solutions as precursors of sulfate-based oxidizing solutions and their applications.

Synthesis and study of gas sensitive ZnFe2O4-modified ZnO nanowires

Currently, new nanostructured materials based on composite metal oxides is of great interest for the development of gas sensors with improved functional characteristics. In this work, zinc oxide nanowires were synthesized by hydrothermal method. Hierarchical ZnO/ZnFe2O4 nanostructures were obtained by immersion of zinc oxide layers in ferrous sulphate aqueous solution. The mechanism of zinc ferrite formation during the interaction of zinc oxide with iron sulphate is considered. The crystal structure of ZnO and ZnO/ZnFe2O4 were studied by Raman spectroscopy. The sensitivity of ZnO and ZnO/ZnFe2O4 nanostructures to isopropyl alcohol vapors was analyzed. It was shown that there is an optimal concentration of ferrous sulphate used to modify zinc oxide nanowires and synthesize ZnO/ZnFe2O4 composite nanostructures.

Electrochemical synthesis of sulfur-doped iron oxide in aqueous ferrous sulfate solution

Electrochemical synthesis of sulfur-doped iron oxide in aqueous ferrous sulfate solution

Rhenium(VII) extraction from sulfuric aqueous solutions using ionic liquids as diluent and extractant: insights on the extraction stoichiometry and process parameters

AbstractBACKGROUNDRhenium(Re) is a highly valuable metal recovered from molybdenite leach liquors by solvent extraction (SX) using toxic organic solvents. This work proposes an extracting phase free of volatile organics composed by the ionic liquid (IL) trioctylmethylammonium benzoate [TOMA][BA] as the extractant, due to its ability to extract Re(VII), and the IL 1‐octyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [omim][Tf2N] as the diluent, due to its high hydrophobicity where the extraction stoichiometry and process parameters such as the initial pH, the extractant concentration in the diluent and stripping using ammonium hydroxide () and sodium hydroxide () were assessed.RESULTSThis extracting phase yielded high extraction percentages: 95% with only 3% (v/v) of [TOMA][BA] in [omim][Tf2N]. A detailed study of the SX stoichiometry was carried out through slope analysis, showing that the SX occurs in two steps: first, the extraction of acid; then, the extraction of the metal ion via anion exchange with the transfer of IL‐diluent anion to the aqueous phase. Additionally, the extracting phase was tested in a synthetic molybdenite leached pregnant leach solution, showing selectivity towards Re(VII) over Cu(II) and Fe(III) at very low extractant concentration. The stripping of Re(VII) from the loaded phase was also studied achieving 60% stripping in only one equilibrium step when using .CONCLUSIONThis novel extracting phase, free of volatile organic, shows promising Re(VII) extraction for future industrial applications. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Impact of electromagnetic ultra-broadband oscillations on aqueous solutions of sulfates

Impact of electromagnetic ultra-broadband oscillations on aqueous solutions of sulfates

Prediction of metastable zone widths of ammonium sulphate: modification of the nucleation potential model in an electrolyte system

The metastable zone widths of ammonium sulphate in aqueous solution during cooling crystallization were predicted by modifying of the nucleation potential model in an electrolyte system.

Cloud point extraction of Telon Orange anionic azo-dye from aqueous sulphate solutions using Aliquat 336 ionic liquid/Tween 40 as extracting system: factorial design optimization methodology

Cloud point extraction of Telon Orange anionic azo-dye from aqueous sulphate solutions using Aliquat 336 ionic liquid/Tween 40 as extracting system: factorial design optimization methodology

Enhanced interfacial salt effect on extraction and separation of Er(III) from Mg(II), Al(III), Fe(III) sulfate aqueous solutions using bubble-supported organic liquid membrane

Understanding the essence of specific salt effect on mass transfer of metal ions acrossing liquid–liquid interface is of crucial importance to intensify extraction and separation of target metal ions. In present work, the effect from various typical coexisting electrolyte salt cations, Mg(II), Al(III), Fe(III) cations, in the in-situ leaching solutions of ion-adsorption type rare earth ores on extraction and separation of heavy rare earths (Er(III) ions as a representative) by our previously suggested new method, bubble-supported organic liquid membrane (BSOLM) extraction, was investigated. It is found that extraction and separation of low concentration Er(III) ions can be significantly enhanced, even when the concentrations of Mg(II), Al(III) and Fe(III) cations are low enough. It cannot be explained by the traditional salt effect theory. Experiments revealed that BSOLM extraction results in an enhanced interfacial salt effect due to its essence of mass transfer only occurring on the surface of thin-layer organic extractant liquid membrane. It is benefit for intensifying the interfacial competitive adsorption of coexisting salt cations. The competitive hydration of those salt cations at interface promotes the extraction of low concentration Er(III) ions, whereas their competitive adsorption is unfavorable of the separation of Er(III). The present work highlights the microscopic nature of specific interfacial effect of various coexisting electrolyte salt cations on extraction of target rare-earth ions. It is benefit for development of new methods to intensify extraction and selective separation of low concentration rare-earth ions from the electrolyte salt in-situ leaching solutions of ion-adsorption type rare earth ores.

Detailed velocity and heat transfer measurements of an advanced insert for impingement cooling

This work reports the results of paired experiments for the aft section of a complex internal cooling flow within a gas turbine vane using Magnetic Resonance Velocimetry (MRV) and steady-state Infrared (IR) thermography. The aft cooling insert for the vane with two-pass impingement was designed at a scale five times larger than the original and built using stereolithography (SLA) fabrication methods. The MRV technique was used to measure the three-dimensional, three-component velocity field for a test case with a Reynolds number range of 2,600 to 7,600 based on diameter of the impingement holes. Flow distribution, impingement hole performance, and cross flow effects are discussed for the experiment in which a dilute aqueous copper sulfate solution was used as the working fluid. A paired experiment with a geometrically similar design employed electrical heating of a thin stainless steel shim to model a constant heat flux boundary condition of an interior wall of the turbine vane. The modeled vane insert was then operated with air as the working fluid at two test conditions with Reynolds numbers in the range of approximately 1,200 to 7,600 based on the diameter of the impingement holes. An IR camera was used to measure the surface temperature of the shim. Using energy balances and the known heat flux, the temperature data were used to determine heat transfer characteristics of the impinging jets for the pressure and suction side surfaces, including the Nusselt number. The MRV and IR data sets provide detailed insight into the surface effects of the flow distribution and the result on the local and area-averaged heat transfer performance. A strong coupling between the velocity field and temperature data provide insight into design feature performance, and serve as a validation data set for matched computational simulations. Finally, a comparison with internal heat transfer correlations is presented using the data from Florschuetz et al. [1]. The results showed a lack of agreement with Florschuetz, leading to the development of a novel methodology for estimating the heat transfer performance of an impinging hole with crossflow. Measurement uncertainty was estimated to be ±5% for velocity and ±5% for the spatially averaged Nusselt number distributions.

Eutectic freeze crystallization for recovery of NiSO4 and CoSO4 hydrates from sulfate solutions

In this study, eutectic freeze crystallization (EFC) was investigated to recover NiSO4 and CoSO4 hydrates from aqueous and dilute sulfuric acid solutions of metal sulfates. Binary phase diagrams were established using a combination of thermodynamic modeling and experimental data. The mixed-solvent electrolyte (MSE) model was employed to model solid–liquid phase equilibria. The predicted binary phase diagrams from the model were in good agreement with the experimental results. Experimental eutectic temperatures and eutectic metal sulfate concentrations for the NiSO4-H2O and CoSO4-H2O systems are −3.3 °C and 20.8 wt% and −2.9 °C and 19.3 wt%, respectively. For NiSO4-H2SO4-H2O and CoSO4-H2SO4-H2O systems, the eutectic temperature and eutectic metal sulfate concentration decrease with increasing H2SO4 concentration. Batch experiments were performed to study the EFC of different sulfate solutions, including 25- wt% NiSO4 in H2O, 20- wt% NiSO4 in 0.5 mol/kg H2SO4, 25- wt% CoSO4 in H2O, and 20- wt% CoSO4 in 0.5 mol/kg H2SO4. The results show that controlling the supersaturation allows high-quality ice and salt crystals to be recovered as separate phases under eutectic conditions, with the crystalline salts in the form of heptahydrates. This study shows that EFC can be a promising alternative to evaporative crystallization for recovering NiSO4 and CoSO4 hydrates from sulfate solutions.

Efficient deposition of indium by cementation from chloride solutions

The possibility and the main characteristics of cementation applied for indium recovery from aqueous chloride and sulphate solutions were considered theoretically and examined experimentally. Aluminium and zinc, in the forms of plates and powders were examined as reducing agents. It was found that indium can be cemented on Al or Zn surfaces best in chloride solutions. Zinc plate proved to be inefficient, however Zn powder performed well. In the case of aluminium, both the plate and the powder worked well, and virtually complete recoveries of indium could be achieved within 10–60 min - depending on the pH and temperature of the solutions. The produced sponge can be detached easily from the Al plate and efficiently melted under protective atmosphere, vacuum or salt flux. The purity of the produced sponges can be generally above 99.9%, and the cementation on Al plate produces the purest indium.

Effect of Nanopatterning on Concentration Polarization during Nanofiltration.

Membranes used for desalination still face challenges during operation. One of these challenges is the buildup of salt ions at the membrane surface. This is known as concentration polarization, and it has a negative effect on membrane water permeance and salt rejection. In an attempt to decrease concentration polarization, a line-and-groove nanopattern was applied to a nanofiltration (NF) membrane. Aqueous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) solutions were used to test the rejection and permeance of both pristine and patterned membranes. It was found that the nanopatterns did not reduce but increased the concentration polarization at the membrane surface. Based on these studies, different pattern shapes and sizes should be investigated to gain a fundamental understanding of the influence of pattern size and shape on concentration polarization.

Thin Al2O3 Coatings Produced by Electrochemical Method, Subjected to Thermo-Chemical Treatment

The article presents the effect of the anodizing parameters, as well as the thermo-chemical treatment, of Al2O3 layers produced on an aluminum alloy on the characterization of structure, geometrical structure of the surface (SGS), the thickness of the oxide layers, the phase composition, and their microhardness. The oxide layers were produced by the method of direct current anodizing in a three-component electrolyte. Then, thermo-chemical treatment was carried out in distilled water and aqueous solutions of sodium dichromate and sodium sulphate. The anodizing parameters and compounds for the thermo-chemical treatment were selected on the basis of Hartley’s plans. The research showed the effect of anodizing parameters on the thickness of the Al2O3 layers and the increase in the thickness of the layers as a result of the thermo-chemical treatment. The research showed a significant increase in the microhardness of the layers as a result of thermo-chemical treatment and its influence on the phase composition of Al2O3 layers. A significant influence of the thermo-chemical treatment on the geometrical structure of the surface was also found.

Study of the Effect of Nitrate and Sulfate Solutions on the Properties of Copper Nanopowder Synthesized by Electrochemical Method

The electrochemical method is efficient, cost effective, and environmentally friendly process. Copper nanopowder has been known, as a nontoxic, inexpensive, highly conductive, excellent microbial agent, catalytic, and sensors applicable. Copper nanopowder was prepared by an electrochemical method under various conditions. The effect of type and concentration of electrolyte solution, and the sample treated with thiourea and ascorbic acid on the size and purity of copper nanopowder was investigated. Two different salts copper: sulfate and nitrate aqueous solutions (CuSO4.5H2O), Cu(NO3)2.5H2O were used to produce copper nanopowder. The synthesized copper nanopowder was identified using X-ray diffraction (XRD), the scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Energy Dispersive Spectrum (EDS). The results of XRD patterns revealed a high degree of crystallinity, monophasic nature, and pure copper powder with no impurities or oxides observed for both electrolyte solutions after treated with 2 percent of ascorbic acid. It was confirmed that particle size at room temperature was as small as 25nm when the copper nitrate is used as an electrolyte solution compared to copper sulfate (41nm).