Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised Research Articles

Assessment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders and its Associations with Suicidal Behaviour among Adults Following Movement Control Order During COVID-19 Pandemic in Malaysia

A rapid review of previous outbreaks shows that a quarantine policy had greater effects on one’s psychological state including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), confusion and anger caused by various stressors. This study aimed to assess the levels of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and its associations with suicidal behavior among Malaysian adults following Movement Control Order (MCO) during the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia. This cross-sectional study was distributed using an online standardized questionnaire composed of three parts, the socio-demographic characteristics, PTSD assessment using PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 and the suicidal behavior assessment using Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R). Almost half of the respondents had high PTSD symptoms (41.7 %) and low PTSD was 58.3 % among Malaysian adults. Furthermore, 69.6 % of participants had no suicidal behavior but, 30.4 % from the participants has suicidal behavior. This study found single status with highest PTSD (83.3 %) and marital status had significant correlation with PTSD which p-value was < 0.05. Malay was high percentage in high PTSD (74.6 %) and significant correlation between race and PTSD (p < 0.05). Employment status also had significant correlation with PTSD with p-value was 0.002 and students was counted highest PTSD (65.7 %). This study identified some socio-demographic factors and suicidal behavior associated with PTSD among Malaysian adults, which may lay ground for further interventions.

Prevalence of Suicidal Ideation and Planning in Senior Medical Students

Objective: Medical students have considerably higher prevalence rates of depression and suicidal thoughts as compared to their age-fellows from the general population. Only a limited number of studies have previously investigated the suicidal thinking/planning in Pakistani medical students. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence rates of suicidal thoughts and planning in medical students studying at a private medical college in Lahore, Pakistan. Place and duration: Fourth year and final year medical students at Azra Naheed Medical College, Lahore were invited to voluntarily take part in this study. The study was conducted from 15th of June to the 15th of July 2022. Study design: Cross-sectional descriptive study Methodology: Suicide behavior questionnaire revised (SBQ-R) was used as the study instrument. Data collection was anonymous and the study was approved by the local institutional review board. The study was approved by the Institutional review board of Azra Naheed Medical College, Lahore. Descriptive statitstics were employed to report the findings and SPSS version 26 was used to store and analyze the data. Results: A total of 248 medical students (51.5% female) participated in the study. The prevalence of suicidal thoughts/plans in the past was 36.3% and the prevalence of suicidal thoughts in the past year was 31%. More than 16% of students communicated their intent to commit suicide to someone else in the past and 7% of the students reported that it was likely, rather likely or very likely that they will attempt suicide in the future. Conclusions: The prevalence of suicidal thoughts/ planning in medical students is worryingly high. Medical teachers should routinely assess their students for the presence of depressive symptoms/suicidal thoughts and offer support for students who screen positive for these. Key words: Suicide, Medical students, Prevalence

Frequency and correlates of suicidal ideation and behaviors in treatment-seeking Post-9/11 Veterans

ObjectivePost-9/11 U.S. veterans and servicemembers are at increased risk for suicide, indicating an important need to identify and mitigate suicidal ideation and behaviors in this population. MethodUsing data modeling techniques, we examined correlates of suicidal ideation and behavior at intake in 261 Post-9/11 veterans and servicemembers seeking mental health treatment. ResultsOur sample endorsed high rates of suicidal ideation and behavior. Approximately 40% of our sample scored in a range on the Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R), indicating high clinical risk for suicide. Results from multivariate analyses indicate that greater state and/or trait depression severity, greater anger and anger expression, less impulse control, and lower rank were consistently associated with suicidal ideation and behavior across our models. Negative posttraumatic thoughts about the self, gender, and military branch of service were also significantly associated with suicidal ideation and behavior. ConclusionsSuicidal ideation and behaviors are common in veterans seeking mental health treatment. State and/or trait depression, anger and impulse control were predictors of increased risk for suicidal ideation and behavior across models. Consistencies and differences across models as well as limitations and practical implications for the findings are discussed.

Depression, suicidal ideation and suicide risk in German veterinary medical students compared to the German general population.

Various studies from different countries indicated that veterinarians have a significantly increased risk of depression, suicidal ideation and of death by suicide. For German veterinarians a recent study has demonstrated a three times higher rate for depression, two times higher rate for suicidal ideation and a five times higher suicide risk compared to the German general population. For veterinary students, recent studies in the US and UK indicated higher mental distress. To date, empirical studies on depression, suicidal ideation and suicide risk among veterinary students in Germany were lacking so far. This study investigates depression, suicidal ideation and suicide risk of veterinary students in Germany. 913 German veterinary students (14.3% response rate, 90.7% women, mean age 23.6 years) between 18 and 46 years were included and compared with representative German general population samples from 2007 (N = 1097, 55.4% women, mean age 33.9) and 2015 (N = 1033, 56.1% women, mean age 32.8) of the same age range using the depression module of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Suicide Behaviors questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R). The general population samples were collected with the assistance of a demographic consulting company. The prevalence of depression among German veterinary students was 45.9% (compared to 3.2% in the general population), suicidal ideation was 19.9% (compared to 4.5% in the general population) and suicide risk was 24.0% (compared to 6.6% in the general population). In this study, German veterinary students have a 22.1 times higher risk to be screened positive for depression, a 4 times higher risk for reporting current suicidal ideation and they are 4.2 times more likely to have an increased suicide risk compared with the general population in Germany of the same age range.

Late Diagnostics of Bipolar Disorder: Impact on Main Characteristics of Disease, Suicidal Behaviour and Social Adaptation Level of Patients

The aim was to study the impact of late diagnostics of bipolar disorder (BD) on the main clinical and dynamic indicators, suicidal behavior, the subjective evaluation of social adaptation level, and employment status of patients. Patients and methods: 121 in-patients (38 males, 31.4% and 83 females, 68.6%) with a veried diagnosis of bipolar disorder (according to the ICD-10 criteria) were examined. A comparative evaluation of indicators that could reect the causes and consequences of delayed diagnostics of bipolar disorder was performed. The rst group ( n = 46) included patients with BD veried during the initial visit to a psychiatrist, and the second group ( n = 75) made up patients with late diagnosis of BD. Clinical, psychopathological, follow- up, psychometric, statistical methods were used. Results: delay in the diagnosis of BD was 38%. Comorbid anxiety disorders were the most signicant confounding factor of late diagnostics of BD. Suicidal attempt incidence and the total SBQ-R (The Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised) score were higher in cases of late diagnosis of BD ( p < 0.05). In the group with late diagnosis of BD, 17 patients (22.7%) were unemployed due to affective disorder compared to 4 patients (8.7%) with BD diagnosed at the rst visit to psychiatrist ( p < 0.05), and a lower level of subjective evaluation of their social adaptation was revealed ( p < 0.05). Conclusions: late diagnostics of bipolar disorder increases suicide risk and negative impact on the employment status and reduces social adaptation of patients.

The Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R) and its Chinese version (C-SBQ-R): Further validity testing using the culture, comprehension, and translation bias procedure.

The Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R), a 4-item instrument for assessing and screening suicide-related thoughts and behaviors, has been translated into several different languages. In this study, we examined the psychometric properties of the SBQ-R and a new Chinese version of the instrument (C-SBQ-R) for college student samples. We used the culture, comprehension, and translation bias (CCT) procedure to examine the responses of independent Chinese college student samples who completed the C-SBQ-R (N₁ = 298) and the SBQ-R (N₂ = 292) and a U.S. college student sample (N₃ = 320) who completed the SBQ-R. We found that the samples' C-SBQ-R and SBQ-R scale scores showed acceptable internal consistency reliability estimates, factor structures, and concurrent validity estimates. Measurement invariance was established across groups differing in (a) language but not culture, (b) culture but not language, and (c) both language and culture. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis results showed that the cutoff score of 7 was similar for both the C-SBQ-R and the SBQ-R in screening for suicide-related thoughts and behaviors. Our findings provided empirical support that the psychometric properties of the C-SBQ-R and the SBQ-R are similar; both could be used to assess the suicide-related thoughts and behaviors constructs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Reasons for Living for Young Adults-II (RFL-YA-II): Psychometric Properties Among Iranian Students

Objective: The prevalence and increase of suicidal ideation and attempts among young people and students have been one of the concerns of researchers and mental health care professionals. The present study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Reasons for Living for Young Adults-II (RFL-YA-II) in a group of Iranian students. Methods: This study was conducted on a sample of 250 students of Kurdistan University, Iran in the academic year 2021-2022. The instruments used in this study were RFL-YA-II, suicide behaviors questionnaire-revised (SBQ-R), oxford happiness questionnaire-short form (OHQ-SF), beck hopelessness scale (BHS), and ryff scale of psychological wellbeing (RSPWB). Results: The results of confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated a four-factor structure of the Persian version of RFL-YA-II, while the goodness of fit indices of the one-factor model were not satisfactory. The factor loads of items related to all four factors ranged from 0.41 to 0.91. The findings also provided evidence for the convergent (0.17 to 0.57) and discriminant (-0.20 to -0.56) validity, and Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranged from 0.86 to 0.91. Conclusion: The Persian version of RFL-YA-II is a valid and reliable tool for assessing the reasons for living in Iranian university samples and it can be used in research and treatment settings.

Adaptation and validation of Polish Version of Reasons for Living Inventory (RFL-48) by M.M. Linehan et al.

The aim of the study was to develop the Polish version of the Reasons for Living Inventory (RFL-48) of Linehan et al. The questionnaire is a self-descriptive tool designed to measure six factors protecting against committing suicide: "Survival and Coping Beliefs", "Responsibility to Family", "Fear of Suicide", "Moral Objections", "Fear of Social Disapproval", "Child-Related Concerns". The original version of the method was characterized by good psychometric properties. A sample of 431 adults (236 women and 195 men), aged 18-65 years (mean age was 33 years, SD = 11.33), was recruited as a non-clinical group from various regions of Poland. The Beck's Depression Inventory, Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised and Positivity Scale were also used to evaluate the construct validity of the RFL-48. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis supported an assumed six-dimensional structure of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.70 ("Fear of Suicide") to 0.95 ("Survival and Coping Beliefs") and amounted to 0.92 for the total score. The findings indicate that the Polish adaptation of the RFL questionnaire by Linehan et al. has good psychometric characteristics and can be used in both research and clinical practice.

Suicide Behavior Results From the U.S. Army's Suicide Prevention Leadership Tool Study: The Behavioral Health Readiness and Suicide Risk Reduction Review (R4).

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe U.S. Army developed a new tool called the Behavioral Health Readiness and Suicide Risk Reduction Review (R4) for suicide prevention. A 12-month evaluation study with the primary objective of testing the hypothesis (H1) that Army units receiving R4 would demonstrate improved outcomes in suicidal-behavior measures following the intervention, relative to control, was then conducted. The results of analyses to answer H1 are herein presented.Materials and MethodsThe R4 intervention (R4-tools/instructions/orientation) evaluation study, Institutional Review Board approved and conducted in May 2019-June 2020, drew samples from two U.S. Army divisions and employed a repeated measurement in pre-/post-quasi-experimental design, including a nonequivalent, but comparable, business-as-usual control. Intervention effectiveness was evaluated using self-report responses to suicide-related measures (Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire—Revised/total-suicide behaviors/ideations/plans/attempts/non-suicidal self-injuries) at 6-/12-month intervals. Analyses examined baseline to follow-up linked and cross-sectional cohorts, incidence/prevalence, and intervention higher-/lower-use R4 subanalyses.ResultsBoth divisions demonstrated favorable in-study reductions in total-suicide burden, with relatively equivalent trends for total-suicide behaviors, total-suicide risk (Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire—Revised), suicidal ideations, and non-suicidal self-injuries. Although both demonstrated reductions in suicide plans, the control showed a more robust trend. Neither division demonstrated a significant reduction in suicide attempts, but subgroup analyses showed a significant reduction in pre-coronavirus disease 2019-attempt incidence among those with higher-use R4 relative to control.ConclusionsThere is no evidence of harm associated with the R4 intervention. R4 effectiveness as a function of R4 itself requires confirmatory study. R4 is judged an improvement (no evidence of harm + weak evidence of effectiveness) over the status quo (no safety data or effectiveness studies) with regard to tool-based decision-making support for suicide prevention in the U.S. Army.

Epidemiological Risk Factors of Suicidal Behavior and Effects of the Components of Coping Strategies on Suicidal Behavior in Medical Students: A North-Indian Institution-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Mental stresses and adoption of poor coping strategies can be a cause of suicidal behavior in medical students. Objective The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of suicidal behavior, and effects of the components of coping strategies on suicidal behavior among medical students Methodology An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students of a college located in North India for a period of 2 months from February to March 2021. A total of 531 study participants (calculated sample size) were selected, and then allocated proportionally to each academic year, both through stratified random sampling technique. Then, the participants were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire consisting of sociodemographic characteristics, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R), and coping inventory. A pretest was done to modify the coping inventory and then exploratory factor analysis was performed on it to classify the components of coping strategies. Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to determine the risk factors and their association with suicidal behavior. Results A total of 104 (19.6%) respondents had reported SBQ-R cutoff score > 7 and had suicidal behavior. The rate of lifetime suicidal ideation, plan, and attempt was 20.3, 10.3, and 2.3%, respectively, among medical students, with 1-year prevalence of suicidal ideation at 33%. The mean age of the participants was 21.26 years (standard deviation = 1.99). The identified risk factors significantly associated with higher suicidal behavior were depression (odds ratio [OR] = 9.6), dissatisfaction with academic performances (OR = 4.9), and coping with mental disengagement (OR = 4.6), while coping with supportive strategies (OR = 0.57) was investigated as a preventive factor for the suicidal behavior. Conclusion The prevalence of suicidal behavior is found to be highly alarming, revealing that depression and poor coping strategies are risk factors among medical students. The analysis recommends that quantification of the problems, treatment at an early stage, and proactive student counseling to help them embrace the appropriate coping strategies, should be the first steps in prevention of suicidal behavior.

Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality for Teens: A Promising Frontline Intervention for Addressing Adolescent Suicidality.

This pilot open trial examined the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes of the Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality for teens (CAMS-4Teens) who presented to outpatient care with suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Participants were 22 adolescents (13-17; 59% identified as female) with clinical elevations (≥7) on the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R). Primary outcomes were feasibility and acceptability. We also explored outcomes of suicidal thoughts and behaviors, as well as mixed effects modeling for weekly assessments of the Suicide Status Form (SSF) Core Assessment constructs. Our main implementation outcomes suggest that the intervention is acceptable, appropriate, and feasible to deliver. Clinicians were adherent to the model with high ratings of adherence. In addition, preliminary evaluation of suicidal thoughts and behaviors found a large effect size for reduction in suicidal thoughts. Benchmarking to other adolescent suicide specific interventions and the Collaborative Assessment of Management of Suicidality with adult populations provide promise that suicidal adolescent responses may be on par with established interventions. Findings from the study are preliminary in nature and intended to inform if CAMS with adolescents is a promising approach to engage and treat patient-defined "drivers" of suicide. The results suggest that a future investigation with power to detect significant change over another active intervention is warranted.

Possible utility of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of suicidal risk in mood disorders

Introduction Correlations between neutrophil/lymphocyte, platelet/lymphocyte, and monocyte/lymphocyte ratios (NLR, PLR, and MLR, respectively) and psychopathological and clinical variables in the context of mood disorders are increasingly emerging in international scientific literature, being the former one of the most studied. The estimation of suicidal risk associated to affective disorders could benefit from such rapidly and easily available biomarker of inflammation, if significant in this regard.ObjectivesThe present review would like to focus on any existing correlations between NLR and suicidal risk in patients with mood disorders.MethodsWe sourced articles on the topic found in major scientific literature databases, combining the keywords “neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio”, “NLR”, “mood disorders”, “major depressive disorder”, “bipolar disorder” and “suicide risk”.ResultsThere are congruent findings of significantly higher NLR values in depressed patients attempting suicide than in depressed patients with no suicidal behaviors or healthy controls. In addition, violent means appear typical in this subgroup of depressed suicidal patients, suggesting that patients with higher levels of NLR are at risk of attempting suicide and to be successful in self-harming. Similar results have been found in patients with bipolar disorder, showing a positive correlation between NRL and suicide risk, evaluated by the Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R). Moreover, in patients with a positive family history for suicide attempts, NRL was found to be a significant positive predictor of suicide risk.ConclusionsThese findings, although limited, support the notion that NLR might be a useful marker for suicide vulnerability in both BD and MDD patients.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Impulsivity and psychiatric comorbidity as risk factors for suicide attempts in borderline personality disorder.

BackgroundAddressing the risk of suicidality in borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a crucial issue. The notion that impulsive individuals are more likely to plan for suicide attempts is important for many reasons in both theoretical and clinical decision-making.AimThe aim of this study was to investigate potential risks of suicidality in BPD and to correlate it to impulsivity.SettingThe study was conducted at the Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University and Al Mashfa Private Hospital.MethodsNinety-one participants were included in the study: 30 patients were diagnosed as BPD without axis I comorbidities, 31 BPD patients had psychiatric comorbidities and 30 healthy subjects were assessed by using Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders (SCID-II), Suicide Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R), the Arabic version of Barratt’s Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11) and Global Assessment of Functioning scale.ResultsThere was a significant difference in suicidality using the SBQ-R between the healthy controls and BPDs without and with comorbidities. Healthy controls showed low suicidality in only 3.3%, while it was higher in both groups of BPD. The total score of BIS was as follows: 62.5 (±10.1 SD) in group A, 79.4 (±12 SD) in group B and 80.3 (±12.5 SD) in group C, which denote mild, moderate and moderate-to-severe degree of impulsivity in group A, B and C, respectively. Suicidality was positively correlated with (AI item: lack of span Attention in Attentional Facet) (r = 0.489, p = 0.006), (PI item: lack of self-control in planning facet) (r = 0.401, p = 0.028), as well as (MII item: lack perseverance in holding off impulsive acts in motor facet) (r = 0.471, p = 0.009).ConclusionProper assessment of associated psychiatric comorbidities and impulsivity among BPD patients will help preventing of future suicidal attempts.

Gender Self-Confidence as a Protective Factor for Suicide Risk: Analysis of the Sample of Lithuanian Men.

BackgroundAlong with other suicide risk factors, masculinity has been analyzed as an important subject for suicidal behavior in men. This study examines masculinity as a gender self-confidence which is the intensity of an individual's belief that he meets his standards for masculinity. We use Hoffman and her colleague's concept, which provides two theoretical constructs as elements of gender self-confidence: gender self-definition and gender self-acceptance. Gender self-definition relates to how salient masculinity is in one's identity; gender self-acceptance relates to how positively one views his masculinity.MethodsThe quantitative research approach was applied in the study. The survey with a nonprobability quota sampling design was implemented to collect the data. The sample consisted of 562 Lithuanian men from various age groups and regions. The age of participants varied from 18 to 92 years (M = 42.99, SD = 17.18); 40.9% of men were from cities, 28.1% from towns, and 30.8% from rural locations. We used the Hoffman Gender Scale to measure gender self-definition and gender self-acceptance. Suicide risk was estimated with the Suicide Behavior Questionnaire—Revised. Patient Health Questionnaire-2 was used to measure depression symptoms as a controlled variable. Statistical analysis of regression and moderation was used to test the hypothesis.ResultsHigher gender self-definition and higher gender self-acceptance were associated with lower suicide risk. The moderation analysis showed that in men with relatively low gender self-definition, the effect of gender self-acceptance on suicidality was larger than in men with high or moderate gender self-definition.DiscussionWe conclude that a stronger gender self-confidence is an important protective factor in male suicide risk. Both, a smaller part of masculinity in one's identity and a negative view of one's masculinity have a cumulative effect on increased suicide risk. The findings have been discussed in accordance with the theories that explain suicidal behavior through the lenses of self-concept.

Relationship between Psychopathology and Sources of Meaning in Psychotherapeutically Treated Patients: A Naturalistic Cross-Sectional Analysis

Introduction: The experience of meaning seems to be crucial for psychic well-being. In the literature, there are reports of relationships between personality, illness, and life meanings. The objective of this study was to investigate types of experiences of meaning (meaningfulness, crisis of meaning, existential indifference) and their associations with some psychopathological categories in a clinical population. Methods: In a naturalistic and cross-sectional design, 56 German patients in outpatient psychotherapy (29 women, 27 men; mean age = 42.8 years, standard deviation = 13.8) were assessed by the Sources of Meaning and Meaning in Life Questionnaire (SoMe) Questionnaire (meaning of life, hedonism, eudaemonia). Psychopathology (Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Clinical Global Impression scale, Symptom Checklist (SCL)-90), self-esteem (Rosenberg scale), neuroticism (NEO-Five-Factor Inventory), and suicidality (Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire Revised (SBQ-R)). Results: Three distinct groups concerning the experience of meaning emerged: meaningfulness (33.9%), crisis of meaning (21.4%), and, as the largest group, existential indifference (42.9%). Eudaemonia as well as the hedonistic SoMe variables of fun and wellness were shown to be inversely related to psychopathology such as suicide risk (SBQ-R), general symptom distress (SCL-90), and depressive symptomatology (BDI-II). Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of a differential consideration of existential factors, sources of meaning and life orientations for psychopathology in mental health, which should be more considered in standard psychotherapeutic situations.

Using network analysis to identify central symptoms of college students' mental health

BackgroundMental health problems are becoming increasingly common among college students, including depression, anxiety and sleep disturbances, which can affect their daily life and learning and even lead to suicide. The purpose of this study was to explore the gender differences in mental health symptoms among Chinese college students. MethodsThe study population included 29,099 college students. All participants were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R). We assessed and compared network and centrality in females and males separately, as well as students with suicidal ideation. ResultsSatisfaction with current sleep pattern (I4), worry about different things (A3) and irritable (A6) appeared to be the most central symptoms in the female network. In the male network, satisfaction with current sleep pattern (I4), tired or little energy (D4) and feeling down, hopeless (D2) were the most central symptoms. In both suicidal ideation networks, the top five central symptoms included four anxiety symptoms and one sleep symptom. LimitationsThis study used cross-sectional data and could not examine the dynamic relationship between symptoms. ConclusionThere were gender differences in college students' mental health network. In addition to poor quality sleep, the central symptoms of the female network were anxiety symptoms, while those of the male were mainly depression symptoms. There were no gender difference in the suicidal ideation network and the central symptoms were anxiety symptoms and difficulty falling asleep.

When the United States says you do not belong: Suicide-related thoughts and behaviors among immigrant young adults varying in immigration legal status.

The number of immigrants in the United States and the risk of suicide among minoritized individuals have increased. Little research has examined the impact of immigration legal status on suicide-related thoughts and behaviors (SRTB), despite theoretical and empirical work suggesting that feelings of burdensomeness and failure to belong (prominent among immigrants) are risk factors. We examined a diverse sample of foreign-born young adults (18-25; N=366). Data collection utilized the Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire Revised and items probing belongingness and immigration status (undocumented/Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), permanent, and citizen). DACA/undocumented status was associated with increased SRTB compared with permanent and citizen categories. Increased SRTBs were associated with reduced feelings of acceptance in the United States, increased deportation fears, and increased fear of being harassed or hurt. Of these belongingness variables, only the interpersonal-not feeling welcome in the United States-partially mediated the risk relation between DACA/undocumented immigration legal status and SRTBs, whereas physical and legal threat, like deportation, did not. Our results highlight the interpersonal nature of SRTB risk in DACA/undocumented immigrants and the need for targeted culture and context-appropriate interventions, as well as advocacy and policy to reduce risk in this historically marginalized population.

Diminished frontal pole size and functional connectivity in young adults with high suicidality

BackgroundSuicide rates among young people have been increasing in recent years, yet no validated methods are available for identifying those who are at greatest risk for suicide. Abnormalities in the medial prefrontal cortex have been previously observed in suicidal individuals, but confounding factors such as treatment and chronic illness may have contributed to these findings. Thus, in this study we tested whether the size of the medial prefrontal cortex is altered in suicidal young adults who have received no treatment with psychotropic medications. MethodsSuicidality was evaluated using the Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R) and surface areas of four regions-of-interest (ROIs) within the medial prefrontal cortex were measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a cohort of college students (n = 102). In addition, a secondary seed-based functional connectivity analysis was conducted using resting-state functional MRI data. Areas and functional connectivity of the medial prefrontal cortex of young adults with high suicidality (HS; SBQ-R score > 7; n = 20) were compared to those with low suicidality (LS; SBQ-R score = 3, n = 37). ResultsCompared to the LS group, the HS group had a significantly lower surface area of the right frontal pole (p < 0.05, Bonferroni-corrected) and significantly lower functional connectivity of the right frontal pole with the bilateral inferior frontal cortex (p < 0.001, Monte-Carlo corrected). LimitationThese findings require replication in a larger sample and extension in younger (adolescent) populations. ConclusionDiminished frontal pole surface area and functional connectivity may be linked to elevated levels of suicidality in young people.

A comparative study of suicidal and self-harm behaviors and the guilt and shame proneness among individuals with the "Dark Tetrad Personality Traits" and the "Vulnerable Dark Triad": A cross-sectional study

Introduction: Suicidal and self-harm behaviors are among the topics that have long been considered by clinical psychologists. Aim: The present study aimed to compare suicidal and self-harm behaviors and the guilt and shame proneness among individuals with the "dark tetrad personality traits" and the "vulnerable dark triad" Method: The present cross-sectional study is a type of structural equation modeling that has been conducted using a large sample. The statistical population in the "general population" consists of all young people aged 18-40 in Tehran. The "clinical population" also included all people with suicidal and self-harm behaviors of the same age range. A total of 1876 people were included in the present analysis among which 1696 individuals were selected for the general population using online surveys and 180 ones in purposive sampling for the clinical population from psychiatric hospitals, and prisons located in Tehran. The research tools in the present study included the Short Dark Tetrad (SD4), Scales for vulnerable dark personality traits, the Guilt and Shame Proneness Scale (GASP), the Self-Harm Inventory (SHI) and Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R). Data were analyzed by SPSS-26 and AMOS-24 using a comparison of path coefficients and invariance Testing. Results: The findings indicated that only a statistically significant difference observed between the dark tetrad of personality traits and the vulnerable dark triad was self-harm behaviors (not Suicidal Behaviors) (P&lt;0.001, t=6.603, Δβ=0.13). Also, people with vulnerable dark triad possessed more pathological shame (P&lt;0.001, t=7.346, β=0.21) compared to those with dark tetrad of personality traits. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the vulnerable dark triad (Factor 2 psychopathy, vulnerable narcissism and BPD) is associated with an increasingly greater risk of self-harm behaviors and pathological shame compared to a dark tetrad of personality (Sadism, Psychopathy, Machiavellianism and Narcissism).

Age Moderates the Relation between Sleep Problems and Suicide Risk

ABSTRACT Objectives This cross-sectional study examined whether age moderates the relation between sleep problems and suicide risk and investigated whether sleep problems are differentially associated with suicide risk in younger (18–40) and older (60+) adults. Methods MTurk workers (N = 733) completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Suicidal Behavior Questionnaire–Revised, Patient Health Questionnaire, and demographic questions. Analysis of variance and linear regressions were utilized. Results Older adults scored lower on four PSQI components, symptoms of depression, and suicide risk than younger adults. Age significantly moderated the relation between sleep problems and suicide risk after controlling for gender and depressive symptoms, F(5, 635) = 72.38, p < .001. Sleep problems significantly related to suicide risk in younger adults (t = 6.47, p < .001) but not in older adults (t = 0.57, p = .57). Sleep medication use was related to suicide risk in both groups, whereas daytime dysfunction was related to suicide risk in older adults and sleep disturbances were related to suicide risk in younger adults. Conclusions The relation between sleep problems and suicide risk differs between younger and older adults. This study adds to the literature suggesting that sleep medications may not be appropriate for older adults. Clinical Implications Sleep problems are significantly related to suicide risk in younger adults but not older adults. Sleep medication use is associated with suicide risk regardless of age.