Planting Research Articles

Morphological Characterization of Coffee Plants (Coffea Sp.) in Leihitu District, Central Maluku Regency

Coffee plants are one of the plantation commodities that have been cultivated for generations by farmers in Leihitu District, Central Maluku Regency. So far, there has not been much information about various studies related to the morphological diversity of these commodities. The research aims to analyze the morphological and descriptor characteristics of coffee plants cultivated in Leihitu District, Central Maluku Regency. The research was carried out in three coffee plant distribution locations in Leihitu District, Central Maluku Regency, namely Seith, Hitulama, and Hitumessing Villages in December 2023 - February 2024. The results of the morphological analysis of coffee plants which were characterized using Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) based on 69 morphological characters showed two groups with a dissimilarity coefficient of 20%, where the first group consisted of 29 accessions that were clustered with 84% similarity, while the second group only consisted of one accession with dissimilarity coefficient of 20% to the first group. The results of Principle Component Analysis (PCA) on coffee plants showed characteristic characters in the form of leaf length, leaf area, leaf width, stipule diameter, plant height, green bean weight and mature bean length. The characterization results provide information that the type of coffee cultivated by farmers in Leihitu District, Central Maluku Regency is Robusta coffee.

Recommendations for the Development of Coffee Plantations in Rejang Lebong Regency to Improve the Quality and Quantity of Production Results

Rejang Lebong Regency in Bengkulu Province, Indonesia is known for its extensive coffee plantations. The selection of robusta coffee varieties suited to highland areas is crucial. Fertile soil and cool climate determine appropriate varieties. Coffee farming is important economically and culturally. Care of plants through fertilizing, pest control and pruning enhances production and fruit quality. Timely harvest selectively picks ripe fruit. Post-harvest processing, whether dry or wet, maintains quality. Environmental sustainability through polyculture adds farmer value. Careful planning and consistency optimizes Rejang Lebong's coffee production and achieves maximum results sustainably. This study surveyed coffee farmers in Karang Jaya Village, Rejang Lebong Regency from 2022-2024 using observation, interviews and secondary data to comprehensively examine post-harvest management. Descriptive analysis identified characteristics of the coffee farming system. Recommendations formulated alternatives strategies based on strengths, weaknesses and external opportunities and threats. Coffee cultivation in Rejang Lebong typically involves land clearing, seed selection, planting, maintenance and harvesting. Recommendations to boost production quality and quantity: develop organic farming with local genotypes, use local genotypes to minimize pests and diseases, construct terraces in plantations, provide appropriate shade, and improve systems for highland coffee plants

RACE, MILIEU, AND MOMENT IN GONE WITH THE WIND BY MARGARET MITCHELL

Abstract The purpose of creating this research is to reveal race, milieu, and moment in the novel “Gone with the Wind” written by Margaret Mitchell. In this research, researchers focused on applying historical approach by Hippolyte Adolphe Taine in Guerin et al. (2005) that consists race, milieu and moment to analyze “Gone with the Wind” novel as the data source. Besides applying the theory, descriptive qualitative research by Sugiyono (2012) was also applied by researchers due to the phenomena that were found in written form. To collect the data, researchers applied library research method by George (2008) by following four steps, they are: took “Gone with the Wind” novel as the data source, read the novel carefully, find the race, milieu, and moment, and collect and divide the data found. In analyzing the data, researchers focused on analyzing the extrinsic element explained by Wellek & Warren (1949) by applying race, milieu, and moment theory and presented them descriptively. For the findings, researcher found the race or racial differences on the skin color and their nationality in United States of America on North Georgia, in the Old South region. The milieu was discovered in the character’s occupation where they worked as businessman, plantation owner, breeding farm owner, student, farmer, soldier, maid, horse coachman, doctor, and prostitute. In addition, researchers also found the moment in the incident of Civil War and the slavery. Keywords: Historical approach, Racial Differences, Slavery.

Pemanfaatan Alat Pengupas Kulit Kopi untuk Membantu Kerja Manual Petani Kopi di Dusun Selelos, Kecamatan Gangga Lombok Utara

The use of smallholder plantation land in the North Lombok district is seen from the types of plants carried out by agricultural or plantation groups consisting of coconut plantations with an area of 10,574.62 tons and a production yield of 11,397.08 tons. Coffee plants with a planting area 1,315.57 with a production yield of 780.46 tons. Specifically for coffee plantations, farmers usually only process post-harvest through drying, after which they are immediately sold. To increase the selling value, it is necessary to utilise technological results such as using a coffee skin peeler. This tool helps increase the productivity of coffee farmers. The dedication will be carried out in Selelos Hamlet, Gangga sub-district, North Lombok district. The implementation of this service program includes making a coffee peeler, presentation, and counselling on using the tool, along with demonstrations. As a result, the coffee skin peeler has a production capacity of 100 kg per hour. The quality of the coffee beans produced is clean and free of impurities. The productivity of using a coffee skin peeler machine is greater and shorter when compared to the manual process.

Response of mineral formulation towards different growth phases of arabica coffee in lowland

Arabica coffee cultivation is limited by altitude, which affects its production. Some farmers in Jember Regency are innovating to grow arabica coffee in the lowland, but the potential for leaf rust disease is quite high. Plant natural resistance can be enhanced by adding minerals formulation (containing silica, iodine, and calcium). This research aimed to determine which phase is more effective for applying mineral formulation that induces plant resistance. The formulation was tested on arabica coffee plants grown at the lowland (460 masl) in Jember Regency on 12 years old (y.o) mature and 1 y.o immature plants. One formulation was dissolved in 14 L of water and applied by foliar feeding. The effect was analyzed using two-way T-test of two samples assuming unequal variances at 95% confidence level to determine the differences. The analysis showed that the plants supplemented with the formulation could increase the variables that supported the natural resistance of plants (both mechanically and through the production of chemical compounds), such as polyphenol content, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, total dissolved protein, vitamin C, reducing sugar, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and iodine content in the plant. The response of the formulation application showed that the most resistance variables was better in 1 y.o immature plants than in 12 y.o mature plants. The application of mineral formulation in immature phase will have a better impact on increasing natural resistance, and it has the potential to be used as a supplement for arabica coffee plants cultivated in the lowland.

ANALISIS PENDAPATAN PETANI PENYADAP GETAH PINUS (Pinus merkusii) METODE KOAKAN PADA HKM NUSANTARA HIJAU

Household income in rural areas generally does not come from one source, but comes from two or more sources. One of the non-timber forest product (NTFP) commodities that provides a lot of potential and function to increase income is tapping pine resin. This research aims to calculate the income of pine sap tapping farmers and income from other sectors. This research was conducted in September 2023 at the HKm Nusantara Hijau work area, Laiya Village, Cenrana District, Maros Regency, South Sulawesi Province. Determining the population and sample for this study used the purposive sampling method by taking 20 people as respondents. Respondents were selected with the consideration that they had been tapping for more than one year, people who lived around the forest area and were members of the Nusantara Hijau forest farmer group, and made their main job as pine sap tapper. The total income obtained from tapping pine sap was IDR. 453,480,000/year. Pine sap tapping activities have provided an increase in the welfare of people who work as tapping farmers as evidenced by the difference in income from pine sap tapping activities and income from other sectors, where the average income from pine sap tapping is IDR. 22,674,000/year, higher than the average income from other sectors, namely Rp. 2,510,500/year.

Potential of siam weed extract in combination with Trichoderma harzianum to stimulate seed germination of Coffea arabica

The Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) beans feature a solid and thick seed shape that obstructs the germination process. Seed germination is an important feature of coffee plant cultivation and significantly impacts on the growth and development of the coffee plant. Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata L.) has the potential to be used as an organic fertilizer due to its nutrients and secondary metabolite compounds which can help accelerate plant growth. The optimal use of organic fertilizer can be achieved by using Trichoderma harzianum. This research aims to determine the effect and optimal concentration of Siam weed extract (Chromolaena odorata L.) and Trichoderma harzianum on the germination of Arabica coffee seeds. The research used a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in the form of siam weed extract concentrations of 8 ppm and 16 ppm and concentrations of Trichoderma harzianum of 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm, and 20 ppm. The research finding indicated that the C2T1 treatment had the best results in terms of germination, growth speed, growth synchrony, hypocotyl length, and number of leaves on coffee plants. Meanwhile, the C2T4 treatment had the highest chlorophyll content.

Girmityas' Portrayal in Ashwin Desai’s Inside Indian Indenture: An Apprehensive Study

Indentured system was highly tormented form of slavery began when the Britishiers faced the lack of labourers at the sugar, cotton and tea plantation due to the end of African slavery . In this system millions of Indians were contracted to work in the 19 British colonies included Fiji, Trinidad, Guyana, South Africa on low wages.Girmityas refers to those bonded indian slaves who agreed to migrate to british colonies in order to escape from the poverty and famine of british india with dream of getting a life of roses without having any idea of difficulties that they were going to face .Some were also defrauded into Migration without any complete knowledge. They were recruited on different plantations by signing a contract of four to five years with the condition of providing the return amenities at the end of their contract however only seldom time it happened. Many died during the journey that took 10 to 20 weeks and many tried to return to their homeland however , failed. In Literature the representation of these turmoiled indentured labourers were first began in Caribbean literature by ARF. Webber, V.S Naipaul, Ashwin Desai etc. In Ashwin Desai’s Inside Indian Indenture we get the realistic and authentic portrayal of the biography of indentured labourers who were ignored by the history. This book seeks to give voice to those unvoiced people whose stories still remained unknown to the masses . This book is a journey through all those silenced, ignored indentured labourers who were tormented by the hardships showered on them by the proprietors.

Globalization, welfare, and inequality: Evidence from transoceanic market integration, 1815–1913

Abstract This article contributes to the growing historical literature on the ‘first globalization’ (1815–1913) and income inequality in countries that exported agricultural products. International market integration is expected to increase the demand for exports and therefore their prices. We estimate the effects of increased prices from international market integration on national welfare and income inequality between and within regions in three major exporters of agricultural products—British India, Colonial Indonesia, and the United States—using the prices of eleven key primary commodities. Market integration significantly increased aggregate welfare, but the gains were unevenly distributed. Producing regions gained up to nearly 6% of their GDP. Since the regions that made most welfare gains were also the poorest in their countries, market integration mitigated inequality between regions. Within the southern United States and Java, plantation owners obtained most gains, causing a substantial increase in inequality between persons.

Ian Fleming Introduces Jamaican Plants: Gardens, Plantations, and Natural Threats in <em>Dr. No</em> and <em>The Man with the Golden Gun</em>

Ian Fleming’s Dr. No (1958) and The Man with the Golden Gun (1965) – published before and after Jamaican independence in 1962 – each connect the botanical concerns of the island of Jamaica to its colonial past. This article takes a plant humanities approach to these novels, to reveal that Fleming’s interest in Jamaican flora and fauna is inseparable from his interaction with Jamaica as a colony and his reaction to independence. Fleming’s description of Jamaica in Dr. No opens that novel, focusing on the trees and flowers from the Hope Botanical Gardens bordering the beautiful English lawns of Kingston’s wealthiest homes. The gardens at Hope were just one of the colonial botanic gardens in Jamaica established in the nineteenth century by the British government to exploit the island by improving its agricultural industries. Bond’s encounter with a basket of poisoned, glasshouse-grown tropical fruit in Dr. No is a precursor to another threat disguised by a natural product: guano, a garden fertiliser front for Dr No’s operation at Crab Key, while the scale of the threat posed by Scaramanga’s burning of sugar plantations in The Man with the Golden Gun emphasises the dependence of Jamaica’s economic security on agricultural plants. As this article will argue, Fleming’s interaction with plants demands more attention within Bond scholarship, as a way of engaging a new readership with the breadth of his work in a time of ecological crisis.

Pembuatan Desain Brosur Pembelajaran Proses Penanaman Sampai Pengolahan Kopi Berbasis Augmented Reality Di Gombengsari

Video is a combination of multimedia elements that can display visuals, audio and text at one time. This research aims to create an Augmented Reality-based coffee planting brochure design using markers to produce educational videos that present realistic visualizations and can help provide supporting information that is easy to absorb and understand. The method used in making this learning media is the Multimedia Development Life Cycle with six stages, namely conceptualizing, designing, collecting material, assembling, testing, distributing. The application of augmented reality-based videos aims to increase the impression of learning the process of planting and processing coffee by presenting realistic visuals. For this reason, making a learning brochure on the process of planting and processing coffee based on augmented reality produces markers that can be read in lighting of 10 lux and above, markers in wet conditions, markers in crushed conditions, markers in scratched conditions, a maximum height of 90 cm, and different from smartphones. Problems with markers that cannot be read include torn markers, lighting below 10 lux, and a height of more than 90 cm.

Training on making compost blocks using agroforestry waste for the Pujo Makmur forest farmers group, Pesawaran Regency, Lampung

Protected forests serve as the fundamental protection for the support system of life, regulating water resources, preventing floods, controlling erosion, mitigating saltwater intrusion, and preserving soil fertility. However, in reality, many protected forests are converted into agricultural land. To address this issue, the government grants land use permits through the Community Forest (HKm) system. The HKm system typically involves planting a combination of agricultural and forestry crops (agroforestry). The variety of crops grown in one area yields abundant harvests, but it also generates a significant amount of waste. Consequently, waste becomes a problem, although plant waste can be utilized to make compost. The objective of this community service activity is to provide education and training on making compost blocks. The method employed in this activity is education and training provided to farmers. The results of this community service activity enhance the knowledge of the Pujo Makmur Farmer Group regarding the benefits of compost blocks, the process of making them, and their usage.

Unravelling the role of key genes involved coffee leaf rust resistance

The biotrophic fungus Hemileia vastatrix is the pathogen responsible for coffee leaf rust, a devastating disease in several coffee-producing countries. Despite the importance of studying the interaction between Coffea and H. vastatrix, a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms involved in this pathosystem is necessary. The role of eight candidate genes was analyzed aiming at identifying and validating new important coffee resistance genes and understanding their interaction with H. vastatrix. These genes were identified in the most important sources of coffee resistance, the Híbrido de Timor CIFC 832/2 and CIFC 832/1. Previous works found six resistance genes and, in our research, other two new genes were identified in BAC clones and validated by RT-qPCR during compatible and incompatible interactions between Coffea and H. vastatrix. An interactome approach was performed using Coffea-H. vastatrix and Coffea-Coffea proteins to better understand the biological process and the interaction of the host-pathogen. Two networks of interactions from the compiled data were built focused on candidate genes associated with pre-haustorial resistance (12 and 24 h.a.i) in coffee plants against the pathogen. The results showed, for the first time, differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) positively regulated in the incompatible interaction Coffea-H. vastatrix. These coffee proteins interact with each other and with secreted and/or transmembrane pathogen proteins. The obtained results also show that DEPs found are involved in important plant defense pathways such as pathways associated with the response to wounds, signaling, regulation of the innate immune response and the transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase pathway. The present work shows the involvement of genes in both pathogen recognition and signaling cascades, which act in pre-haustorial defense mechanisms of HdT coffee. Therefore, the candidate genes analyzed, together with the biological processes elucidated, have the potential to contribute to the development of new control strategies against the fungus H. vastatrix within coffee breeding programs aiming to develop cultivars with durable resistance.

Hiding Away The Ghost of AMITY: The Narrator’s Fake Endings as Screen Memories in Andrea Levy’s The Long Song (2010)

Although studies on trauma have grown exponentially since 1990s with Trauma Studies, in different shapes and identities, trauma has been a part of personal and cultural space for much longer. After the formal recognition of post-traumatic stress disorder as an ailment that affects both the body and the mind, Trauma Studies has expanded to other fields of study including literature. Trauma studies in Literature is a movement that focuses on how trauma is handled in literature both thematically and functionally. Literature can play a performative role in its representation of trauma through literary and narrative devices. This essay aims to explore how Andre Levy imitates the effect of screen memories, which are a symptom of trauma, with her experimentation with metanarration in The Long Song (2010). Screen memories are essentially substitute memories which replace the traumatic events in memory. They are attempts of self-preservation of the mind. Levy’s narrator July tries to replace some traumatic parts of her life in her autobiographical story in order save herself the pain of reliving them through narration. This results in abrupt and unexpected endings to her story at two different parts of the novel, where she tries to break off the narration with a seemingly happy ending. However, her disputes with her son, Thomas, prove that there is more to the story as she picks the story back up only to reveal an increasingly painful and traumatic proceeding. Therefore, this makes her attempts to end the story prematurely screen memories that hide the traumatic truth, not from the reader, but from July herself through a self-imposed alienation from her previous life as a slave in a Jamaica sugar plantation.

BUDIDAYA LEBAH MADU DI DESA TEGAL YOSO LAMPUNG TIMUR

Tegal Yoso Village in Purbolinggo District, East Lampung, is the focus of empowerment by the TNWK Center through the Wana Karya Forest Farmers Group (KTH). Research in this village, carried out from 15 May to 13 June 2023, aims to identify the food types of Heterotrigona itama bees, understand feeding and communication behavior, and assess the economic value of selling bees and their impact on the economy. Villages were chosen because they represent communities that have significant bee logs. Apart from KTH, people can buy bee logs from individuals for around Rp. 750,000.00, or using trees with bee hives that are not used by the land owner, and can even obtain bee colonies by breaking them down. Explanation of the division of tasks in Heterotrigona itama bees, namely the Queen Bee Strata. The main task of the Queen Bee is to be responsible for reproduction in the bee colony. It is a female bee that was specially developed to be the leader of the colony. The Queen Bee's duties include laying eggs.

Revolutionizing Coffee Farming: A Mobile App with GPS-Enabled Reporting for Rapid and Accurate On-Site Detection of Coffee Leaf Diseases Using Integrated Deep Learning

Coffee leaf diseases are a significant challenge for coffee cultivation. They can reduce yields, impact bean quality, and necessitate costly disease management efforts. Manual monitoring is labor-intensive and time-consuming. This research introduces a pioneering mobile application equipped with global positioning system (GPS)-enabled reporting capabilities for on-site coffee leaf disease detection. The application integrates advanced deep learning (DL) techniques to empower farmers and agronomists with a rapid and accurate tool for identifying and managing coffee plant health. Leveraging the ubiquity of mobile devices, the app enables users to capture high-resolution images of coffee leaves directly in the field. These images are then processed in real-time using a pre-trained DL model optimized for efficient disease classification. Five models, Xception, ResNet50, Inception-v3, VGG16, and DenseNet, were experimented with on the dataset. All models showed promising performance; however, DenseNet proved to have high scores on all four-leaf classes with a training accuracy of 99.57%. The inclusion of GPS functionality allows precise geotagging of each captured image, providing valuable location-specific information. Through extensive experimentation and validation, the app demonstrates impressive accuracy rates in disease classification. The results indicate the potential of this technology to revolutionize coffee farming practices, leading to improved crop yield and overall plant health.

Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) fruit consumption and preference by cloud forest birds: Implications for woody native species regeneration

Secondary forests from abandoned shade coffee plantations are commonly found close to Neotropical cities. These peri-urban forests provide important environmental services; however, their abandonment and proximity to the city can promote an increase of exotic species that could potentially change the structure and function of the system by creating novel ecosystems. The loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) is a tree native to Asia and is recognized as a potentially invasive species in the tropical montane cloud forest region of Central Veracruz, Mexico. We analyzed the consumption of and preference for loquat fruits in cloud forest frugivorous birds. In November 2020, we established six feeding stations with camera traps in a peri-urban cloud forest fragment in Xalapa, Mexico. To determine which bird species could consume and disperse E. japonica, fruits of this and another four native species (Psychotria nervosa, Hoffmannia excelsa, Picramnia antidesma, and Xylosma flexuosa) were exposed separately. After 444 camera-days, we recorded eight frugivorous bird species, seven of which consumed E. japonica fruits. Chlorospingus flavopectus was the only species to present a level of loquat fruit consumption greater than that expected by chance. We conducted experiments to assess whether the birds preferred to consume E. japonica fruits compared to those from three native species (Cestrum miradorense, P. nervosa, and X. flexuosa) that were offered simultaneously. All bird species exclusively consumed E. japonica fruits when contrasted against P. nervosa or X. flexuosa. The only native species fruits that were consumed were those of C. miradorense, although the birds also preferred to consume loquat fruits rather than this native species. The loquat therefore represents an important food resource and could act to influence the consumption and dispersal of native cloud forest plant species. The implications for cloud forest management are discussed.

Breeding Programs Against Coffee Leaf Rust in Brazil: A Review

Leaf rust caused by Hemileia vastatrix Berk & Br. is the main disease that attack coffee plants all over the world. The disease causes 35-50% of yield loss in average in Brazil. The disease is present in all the countries that cultivate coffee (Coffea arabica L. and C. canephora L.). Resistance of coffee to leaf rust is the main method of disease control. But the great variability of the pathogen makes it very difficult. In the world and in Brazil there are more than 50 and 16 races of the pathogen, respectively. In Brazil there are seven research institutions that have been working with breeding programs against coffee leaf rust. The main source of resistance to coffee leaf rust used by all the research institutions in Brazil came from ‘Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro-CIFC’ in Oeiras, Portugal. They are: Híbrido de Timor (HdT) CIFC 832-1 and HdT CIFC 832 and HdT CIFC 2570. Crosses were made at CIFC with a variety Caturra and Vila Sarchi and sent to Brazil, Colombia and some countries of Central America and Caribean. The countries that received the germplasm of CIFC back crossed them with varieties Catuai and Mundo Novo. Crossing HdT with Caturra originated the group Catimor and HdT with Vila Sarchi the group Sarchimor. Other source of resistance to leaf rust came from Coffea canephora crossed with C. arabica originating the cultivar Icatu. But the great majority of the resistant cultivar came from Catimor and Sarchimor. More than 50 coffee varieties have been launched with resistance to the leaf rust in the last 40 years in Brazil. But only few of them remain with vertical resistance to all the races of H. vastatrix. Horizontal resistance is more common on C. canephora var. conilon and C. canephora var. robusta than in C. arabica. This revision has the purpose to relate to the scientific comunity the breeding programs against coffee leaf rust in Brazil.

Geospatial Inventory of the Galakand Forestry Area Utilizing GIS Database and Remote Sensing Techniques

This study investigated the dramatic reduction of forested areas in Azerbaijan, exceeding 50% over the past two centuries, largely due to increased wood production. Focusing on the period between 1880 and 1990, it analyzed the impact of timber harvesting on the composition of dominant tree species, with a special focus on beech trees, in the Galakand forestry area. Utilizing GIS databases and remote sensing techniques, the research assessed the changes in forest cover and species distribution, highlighting the critical transition from lush beech and oak forests to areas dominated by hornbeam, east hornbeam, oak-hornbeam, and juniperus-bush light forests. The study demonstrated the negative consequences of historical overexploitation, advocating for forest farming practices that promote the recovery and preservation of native forest ecosystems. Key findings revealed a marked decline in valuable wood species due to intensive logging activities, particularly between 1880 and 1914, and the detrimental effects of forest renewal cabins established from 1930 to 1970. The outlined measures in the study highlighted that the forest primarily comprises wooded areas (reserves with a completeness of 0.1-0.2, clearings, and clearings), non-forest lands repurposed as pastures and forested pastures with a density ranging from 0.3 to 0.4. Overall, the findings underscore the importance of sustainable forest management practices to reverse the adverse effects of historical overexploitation and preserve the biodiversity of Azerbaijan's ecosystems. The paper emphasized the necessity of sustainable forest management to reverse the damage and protect Azerbaijan's biodiversity to enhance measures for sustainable forestry, along with the critical role of advanced GIS and remote sensing in monitoring and conserving forest resources.

Analysis of the Impact of Temperature Changes on the Productivity of Arabica Coffee Plants (Coffea arabica) Based on Coffee Farmer Adaptation Response

The productivity of coffee plants is highly dependent on changes in environmental temperature. This change caused several problems with its productivity, including: crop failure, decreased coffee bean quality, and decreased crop quantity. In addition, coffee farmers do not understand the impact it causes so that farmers are unable to make appropriate adaptation responses to the threat of changes in environmental temperature. This study aims to determine the impact caused by changes in environmental temperature on Arabica coffee plants based on the response of coffee farmers in Cipaganti village, Garut regency, Indonesia. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. Data collection was carried out using interviews, observation and documentation studies. Sampling using purposive sampling technique with the criteria of respondents who have their own land and have been farming for at least 5 years. The results showed that all farmers knew and felt changes in environmental temperature at the study site with an indicator of temperature rise. Changes in temperature have caused a decrease in productivity, a decrease in fruit quality, an increase in pest and disease attacks such as fruit borer, stem borer and leaf rust.