Sugar Balance Research Articles

RhLHY-RhTPPF-Tre6P Inhibits Flowering in Rosa hybrida Under Insufficient Light by Regulating Sugar Distribution.

Light is crucial for flower bud development in plants, serving as both signal and energy source. However, the mechanisms by which daylength and light intensity regulate flowering in modern roses remain unclear. In Rosa hybrida 'Carola', insufficient light delays flowering and reduces the sugar content in terminal buds. RNA sequencing identified the Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase F (RhTPPF) gene as a key responder to insufficient light, modulating Tre6P metabolism. Overexpression of RhTPPF in rose calli enhanced sugar accumulation and suppressed the synthesis of RhCO/FT. In tobacco, overexpression of RhTPPF delayed the transition from vegetative growth to flowering, while silencing RhTPPF in roses accelerated flowering. Silencing RhTPPF in roses elevated trehalose-6-phosphate (Tre6P) levels and decreased trehalose. Transcriptome data showed that the expression level of RhTPPF was highly correlated with the circadian rhythm gene LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (RhLHY). Yeast one-hybrid assays, dual luciferase assays and EMSA revealed that RhLHY directly binds to the RhTPPF promoters. Overexpression of RhLHY suppressed flowering, while silencing RhLHY promoted flowering. Furthermore, altering the expression of RhLHY influenced Tre6P synthesis and the expression of sucrose-related transport genes. These findings suggest a RhLHY-RhTPPF-Tre6P regulatory module that maintains sugar balance and inhibits flower formation under reduced light conditions by modulating sugar distribution.

Asuhan Keperawatan pada Keluarga Tn.K dengan Gangguan Sistem Endokrin : Diabetes Melitus di Desa Kalibuntu Rt 04 Rw 02 Kecamatan Losari Kabupaten Brebes

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a long-term metabolic disorder caused by the body's insulin hormone which cannot be used properly to regulate blood sugar balance, resulting in hyperglycemia (Zakiudin et al., 2023). There are two factors that can affect a person's glucose levels, the first is endogenous factors such as insulin, glucagon, and cortisol which act as receptor systems in liver and muscle cells. The second factor is the amount and type of food consumed, which is an exogenous factor. Blood glucose levels are also influenced by a person's character (gender, family history of diabetes, and age), dietary factors (high energy, high carbohydrates, high fat, high protein, and low fiber), lack of physical activity, nutritional status, hypertension and knowledge about nutrition (Viera Valencia & Garcia Giraldo, 2019).

Hidup Sehat Produktif Bebas Diabetes dengan Edukasi Kesehatan Tentang Penyakit Diabetes Melitus di Wilayah Kerja PKM Unit 1 Sumbawa

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) or what is commonly called diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder caused by the insulin hormone in the body which cannot be used effectively to regulate blood sugar balance, thereby increasing the concentration of sugar levels in the blood. The aim of this community service is to increase community knowledge regarding diabetes mellitus. The benefits of community service activities are providing education about diabetes. The location of the community service activities is at BTN Bukit Permai in the Kerka Community Health Center Unit 1 Sumbawa area. This community service activity has been carried out well involving public health students and nursing students, in carrying out outreach activities to the community with the title "Productive Healthy Living Free of Diabetes with Health Education about Diabetes Mellitus in the Pkm Unit 1 Sumbawa Working Area" on Saturday 29 June 2024

Effect of exogenous organic acids on chemical compositions and sensory attributes of fortified sweet wines from dehydrated grapes

In this study, acidity was regulated with the addition of exogenous tartaric acid and citric acid before bottling. The effect of exogenous organic acids on chemical compositions and sensory attributes of fortified sweet wines from dehydrated grapes were investigated. The results indicated that exogenous organic acids promoted the conversion of monomeric anthocyanins to copigmented anthocyanins in wines. Specifically, the combination of malvidin-3-O-glucoside and flavanols (catechin and epicatechin) was facilitated to form copigmented anthocyanins. Sensory analysis suggested that exogenous organic acids improved the balance of sugar and acidity and benefited the harmony in wines on the taste. Wines with a residual sugar and titratable acidity ratio of about 11:1 exhibited the more harmonious taste. In addition, it was also observed changes in the aroma profile related to volatile compounds, namely, more intense fruity aroma in wines with the addition of organic acids.

Harnessing Plant Sugar Metabolism for Glycoengineering.

Plants possess an innate ability to generate vast amounts of sugar and produce a range of sugar-derived compounds that can be utilized for applications in industry, health, and agriculture. Nucleotide sugars lie at the unique intersection of primary and specialized metabolism, enabling the biosynthesis of numerous molecules ranging from small glycosides to complex polysaccharides. Plants are tolerant to perturbations to their balance of nucleotide sugars, allowing for the overproduction of endogenous nucleotide sugars to push flux towards a particular product without necessitating the re-engineering of upstream pathways. Pathways to produce even non-native nucleotide sugars may be introduced to synthesize entirely novel products. Heterologously expressed glycosyltransferases capable of unique sugar chemistries can further widen the synthetic repertoire of a plant, and transporters can increase the amount of nucleotide sugars available to glycosyltransferases. In this opinion piece, we examine recent successes and potential future uses of engineered nucleotide sugar biosynthetic, transport, and utilization pathways to improve the production of target compounds. Additionally, we highlight current efforts to engineer glycosyltransferases. Ultimately, the robust nature of plant sugar biochemistry renders plants a powerful chassis for the production of target glycoconjugates and glycans.

Research Progress of α-glucosidase Inhibitors of Medicinal and Edible Homologous Plants and Their use in the Treatment of Diabetes

Diabetes is one of the common diseases in modern society, which cannot be cured. It has a significant impact on the lives of patients. Type II diabetes patients mainly rely on oral hypoglycemic drugs and insulin injection to maintain blood sugar balance. While traditional hypoglycemic medications such as insulin, biguanides, and sulfonylureas may reduce blood glucose for a brief period of time, it often has some side effects and can lead to body dependence. Therefore, as a safe and economical natural hypoglycemic plant polysaccharide, it has received more and more attention. Natural active ingredients with glucosidase inhibitory activity from plants will become potential resources for research and treatment of type II diabetes. A large number of medicinal and food homologous plants have been identified as an important source of glucosidase inhibitors, and have received widespread attention. This article focuses on homologous medicinal and edible plant species and their application in diabetes treatment, here, we reviewed functional components with glucosidase inhibitory activity in homologous medicinal and edible plants and their state of research. In this paper, we hope to provide a theoretical benchmark for the development of drugs for type II diabetes from natural plants.

ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF DIABETES MELLITUS ON PERIODONTAL NETWORK CONDITIONS OF OUTSIDE PATIENTS

Background: diabetes melitus is a chronic disease that affects patients throughout their life. About 80% of diabetes melitus patients have problems with their gums. Uncontrolled diabetes melitus can weaken the immunity of periodontal tissue, on the other hand, untreated periodontal disease will worsen blood sugar balance so that periodontal tissue damage will occur. The purpose of the study: to determine the analysis of the impact of Diabetes melitus on the condition of periodontal tissue in outpatients at UPT Puskesmas Cihurip, Garut Regency. Methodology: the method used is qualitative observational with descriptive analytic design, a population of 30 patients who visited cases of diabetes melitus, sampling using accidental sampling. Data analysis used statistical test with ANOVA test. The results of the study: diabetes melitus in outpatients with type 1 DM classification was 16 people (42.1%) while those including type 2 DM were 22 people (57.9%). Periodontal tissue conditions of outpatients mostly included periodontitis criteria as many as 26 people (68.4%) and criteria with gingivitis as many as 12 respondents (31.6%). Analysis of the impact of diabetes melitus on the periodontal tissue condition of outpatients obtained p-value = 0.000 (p<0.05), meaning that there are differences in diabetes melitus in periodontal tissues including gingivitis and periodontitis. Conclusion: There is an analysis of the impact of diabetes melitus on the condition of periodontal tissue in outpatients. It is recommended for puskesmas, especially dental therapists, to further improve counseling for people with diabetes melitus about the importance of maintaining oral and dental health.

PvSPS4 is involved in regulation of root sugar balance in common bean under salt stress

Salinity is a stress factor that decreases global agricultural yield. Crops such as rice, tomato, potato, and legumes are susceptible to salt, thus this problem requires urgent attention. Disruption of carbohydrate metabolism can have negative effects on stress tolerance. Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) enzymes operate in a key regulatory step in sucrose synthesis. Therefore, they have a significant role in the regulation of sugar metabolism. This study focused on the function of the SPS homolog -pvSPS4- in the roots of legume crop common bean under salinity stress. We previously showed that pvSPS4 expression is root-specific and is upregulated under salt stress in a salt-tolerant common bean genotype. This upregulation was accompanied by an accumulation of sugars in the roots. In the current study, using the same genotype, we generated composite common bean plants with wild-type shoot and pvSPS4 knock-down roots. Composite plants exhibited a more sensitive phenotype under salt stress compared to control and mock plants. pvSPS4 knock-down disturbed the root glucose/sucrose ratio and balance of Ca+2, Mg+2, and K+ in both root and leaves which resulted in a reduction in photosynthetic pigments together with osmoregulation and antioxidant capability. Our results imply that pvSPS4 is an important gene for carbohydrate balance regulation under salt-stress in the common bean root tissues and sets an example for the significance of mainly disregarded roles of SPS genes in sink tissues.

The Effect of Classical Music Therapy on Reducing Blood Sugar Levels in Wounded Patients with Foot Type Diabetes II in the Beautiful Wound Care Center Medan

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder caused by the insulin hormone in the body that cannot be used effectively in regulating blood sugar balance, thereby increasing the concentration of sugar levels in the blood (hyperglycemia). Classical music therapy that provides a relaxing effect so that it can lower blood sugar levels. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of classical music therapy on reducing blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes foot ulcers at Asri Wound Care Center Medan. This study uses a Quasy experimental research method, with a Pretest – Posttest Control Group Design, this research was conducted at Asri Wound Care Center Medan. The sample in this study was 40 respondents using the purposive sampling technique, the measuring instrument used was the Glucometer Easy Touch Glucose, Cholesterol, Uric Acid (GCU). The results of the Independent T - Test show that the P - Value is 0.000 because the P - Value is smaller than 0.05, it can be concluded that the classical music therapy method has a significant effect on reducing blood sugar levels. This can be proven by looking at the pretest and posttest which has shown a significant increase. this research can be expected to b useful information to improve the quality of education.

Basic Concepts of Diabetics Mellitus for the Welfare of General Patients

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic but non-contagious metabolic disease that is characterized by elevated levels of blood sugar (glucose), causes absolute or relative insulin deficiency or both, which is produced by the beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans within the pancreas. For the run- short of insulin the body loses its ability to properly oxidize carbohydrates and to make balance of sugar in blood during energy production. Diabetes reduces life expectancy and increases significant morbidity related to microvascular complications, and diminished quality of life. If the disease is left undiagnosed or poorly controlled for the long-time, it may damage heart, vasculature, eyes, kidneys, and nerves. This study aims to give an insight at various aspects of diabetes mellitus including risk factors, prevention, and treatment of the disease to improve the physical and psychological problems of the diabetic patients.

Post-translational regulation of muscle growth, muscle aging and sarcopenia.

Skeletal muscle makes up 30-40% of the total body mass. It is of great significance in maintaining digestion, inhaling and exhaling, sustaining body posture, exercising, protecting joints and many other aspects. Moreover, muscle is also an important metabolic organ that helps to maintain the balance of sugar and fat. Defective skeletal muscle function not only limits the daily activities of the elderly but also increases the risk of disability, hospitalization and death, placing a huge burden on society and the healthcare system. Sarcopenia is a progressive decline in muscle mass, muscle strength and muscle function with age caused by environmental and genetic factors, such as the abnormal regulation of protein post-translational modifications (PTMs). To date, many studies have shown that numerous PTMs, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, glycosylation, glycation, methylation, S-nitrosylation, carbonylation and S-glutathionylation, are involved in the regulation of muscle health and diseases. This article systematically summarizes the post-translational regulation of muscle growth and muscle atrophy and helps to understand the pathophysiology of muscle aging and develop effective strategies for diagnosing, preventing and treating sarcopenia.

Blood Sugar Balance

Blood Sugar Balance (BSB) is an accessible web-based game, created as an extension of our federally funded type 2 diabetes curriculum for high school biology classrooms. Modeling of complex systems and diseases, like metabolism and type 2 diabetes (T2D), is especially difficult and deeply impactful when executed in an engaging way. Blood Sugar Balance integrates environmental factors, biological factors, and personal choices to model glucose metabolism and understand the impact and risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Players earn points during gameplay by ensuring their game character maintains healthy blood glucose levels throughout the play period by regulating them. Players must make choices about food, exercise, and the release of hormones from the pancreas to manage blood glucose levels. Game settings can model the stages of type 2 diabetes as well as environmental factors that limit access to food, exercise, and health care options. Gameplay is fast and engaging, allowing exploration of factors that impact the final score. For example, how might accessibility to insulin impact the final score while playing at the type 2 diabetes setting? Here we describe the development of Blood Sugar Balance and the integration of data analysis into the accompanying NGSS-aligned lesson plan.

Mycorrhizal symbiosis improve fruit quality in Tempranillo grapevine sensitive to low-moderate warming

An adequate clonal selection could help the adaptation of Vitis vinifera cv. Tempranillo to warming. Moreover, the resilience of Tempranillo to elevated air temperatures increases when associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Our objective was to assess if mycorrhizal association can counteract the deleterious effect of elevated temperatures on plant performance and fruit quality in clones (CL) highly sensitive to warming. Fruit bearing cuttings of Tempranillo CL-843 were cultivated under greenhouse conditions. Assay included plants inoculated (+M) or not (-M) with AMF and grown at either 24/14°C or 28/18°C day/night air temperatures. Elevated temperatures shortened the period between fruit set and veraison in both –M and +M plants and also the period between veraison and maturity in +M plants. Photosynthetic rates were higher under warm temperatures irrespective of mycorrhizal inoculation, but sugars and proteins in leaves decreased in -M plants under these environmental conditions. Warming induced the accumulation of Ca, P, Cu and Mn in leaves of all plants and those of Mg and Zn in a greater extent in +M plants. Only in +M plants mature berries maintained the balance of sugars to organic acids and increased the Arg-to Pro-ratio under elevated temperatures. The association of Tempranillo with AMF may result in a more adequate source of N for yeasts during the must fermentation process and could mitigate the increased pH and ethanol levels found in the wines elaborated with grapes developed under low-moderate warming. However, extrapolating these findings to fields in the Mediterranean region or areas subjected to intense warming and frequent heatwaves deserves further study.

Transcriptome Remodeling in Response to Leaf Removal and Exogenous Abscisic Acid in Berries of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Fruit Cuttings

Climate change is known to simultaneously increase berry sugars but decrease anthocyanins, leading to an imbalance between sugars and anthocyanins in grape berries. To restore the balance of sugars and anthocyanins, carbon limitation by leaf removal and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) were separately or simultaneously applied to Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon fruit cuttings to decipher their effects on berry quality with metabolite and whole-genome transcriptome analyses. Carbon limitation decreased the hexose concentration and fully blocked the accumulation of anthocyanins. However, exogenous ABA increased the anthocyanin concentration under both carbon limitation and sufficient conditions. Carbon limitation and exogenous ABA induced the profound remodeling of the whole-genome transcriptome and altered the anthocyanin concentration by regulating the transcription levels of genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways as well as in the genes involved in various types of hormone signaling. Moreover, two pertinent candidate genes were identified based on the co-expression network analysis between the berry metabolite and transcriptome results, including a transcriptional factor, ERF2, and a calcineurin B-like protein-interacting protein kinase gene, CIPK25. In summary, simultaneously modifying the carbon supply by leaf removal and spraying exogenous ABA could re-establish the balance between sugars and anthocyanins to improve the qualities of grape berries via whole-genome transcriptome remodeling.

Систематическая и биоэкологическая характеристика Gypsophila L. во флоре Азербайджана

The article presents: a botanical description, information on the decorative appearance during cultivation, the preservation of a beautiful appearance in the winter months and the influence of the external environment on the growth and development of the species Cynara scolymus L. Extracts from the leaves, inflorescences, fruits of Cynara scolymus L. and the component composition were studied by gas-liquid chromatography on the Crystal 2000 M device. Cynara scolymus L. is a very useful plant, rich in vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. Thus, the presence of linol, citonellol, mirtenol, geranyl acetate, caryophyllene contributes to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and hypertension; nerol, neryl acetate and synarin, which are in the plant, neutralize toxins in the blood, promote the renewal of liver cells (with hepatitis, cirrhosis), and insulin regulates the normalization of blood sugar balance. This plant, which has a multifaceted significance, can be widely used in various sectors of the national economy (as a medicinal, vegetable, fodder, ornamental plant).

Predicting Sugar Balance as the Impact of Land-Use/Land-Cover Change Dynamics in a Sugarcane Producing Regency in East Java, Indonesia

Lamongan Regency is one of Indonesia’s regencies in Indonesia that contribute to the country’s sugarcane and sugar production. Land-use/land-cover changes (LULC) have happened in various areas, including Lamongan Regency in East Java, Indonesia. This study aimed to analyze the impact of land-use/land-cover change (LULCC) in 2007–2031 on the sugar balance in the Lamongan Regency in 2031. The LULC forecast in 2031 was made using R studio using the CLUE-s function in the LULCC package. Following that, the sugar requirements and sugar balance in Lamongan Regency in 2031 were forecasts. The kappa accuracy of the LULC model tested in 2019 was 0.81 when using the CLUE-s model in R studio’s LULCC package. The findings of the LULC prediction in Lamongan Regency for 2031 indicated that there could be significant changes in LULC, resulting in an estimated reduction in 1,687.5 ha sugarcane, influenced by LULC competition for built-up areas. The Built-up areas in Lamongan Regency have exploded in size as a result of population. An increase in built-up areas and a reduction in sugarcane plantations as a result of LULCC are expected to diminish the sugar balance in Lamongan Regency by 10,470.76 tons in 2031 when compared to 2019. The results of this study can be utilized to prevent uncontrolled LULCC in the future to meet sugar needs in Lamongan Regency and at the national level.

Adaptation of Abies fargesii var. faxoniana (Rehder et E.H. Wilson) Tang S Liu seedlings to high altitude in a subalpine forest in southwestern China with special reference to phloem and xylem traits

Key messageAbies fargesii var. faxoniana (Rehder et E.H. Wilson) Tang S Liu seedlings at high elevations compensate for the low efficiency of their water conducting system and high phloem hydraulic resistance by the enhancement in xylem:leaf area, phloem:leaf area, and phloem:xylem area.ContextMaintenance of xylem and phloem transport is particularly important for the survival and growth of trees at the treeline. How plants modify the allocation to leaf, xylem, and phloem structures to adapt to the treeline environment is an important issue.AimsThe purpose of this study was to estimate how xylem and phloem anatomy and volume as well as leaf functional traits of A. fargesii seedlings vary with elevation.MethodsWe examined elevation-related differences in a variety of phloem and xylem functional areas and hydraulic conduit diameters of A. fargesii seedlings growing at elevations between 2600 and 3200 m in the subalpine conifer forest of southwest China.ResultsXylem area, last xylem ring area, and leaf:sapwood area significantly decreased, while xylem:leaf area, phloem:leaf area, and non-collapsed phloem:xylem area significantly increased with elevation. Principal components analysis showed that xylem area, non-collapsed phloem area, and xylem:phloem area were positively correlated with growth rates.ConclusionOur results showed that A. fargesii tree seedlings at the treeline tend to facilitate growth and maintain functional water and sugar balance between stem and leaves by the enhancement in xylem:leaf area, phloem:leaf area, and phloem:xylem area, but not through differences in vessel lumen diameter.

Sugar Balance - Natural Ways to Regulate Your Blood Sugar

Sugar Balance - Natural Ways to Regulate Your Blood Sugar

Studying the process of extracting sugary substances from the stalks of sweet sorghum in the technology of making food syrups

The need to intensify the process of extracting sugar substances from sweet sorghum stalks in order to improve the quality and yield of the target product has been substantiated. Existing techniques of sugar substance extraction used in sweet sorghum processing technologies have been analyzed. The application of a combined technique for extracting sugary substances has been proposed implying the production of pressed and diffusion juice. The results of optimizing the press technique of juice extraction from sorghum stalks are given. The equations of material balance of products and sugars have been built, depending on such factors as the degree of pressing, the initial content of solids and sugars in the stalks. A procedure for calculating the yield of pressed juice, cake, and the content of total sugars has been devised, according to which the preliminary pressing of the stalks ensures the extraction of juice in the range of 25‒35 %, the yield of the pressed cake is 75‒65 % on average, with a sugar content exceeding 60 %. It has been experimentally established that the use of the anti-current process of extraction of sugar substances from the pressed cake ensures their complete extraction from raw materials. The rational parameters for this process have been defined. At a temperature of 66–70 °C and a duration of 20 minutes, it is possible to obtain an extract whose content of solids is 13.0 %, total sugars ‒ 11.10 %, and whose purity is 85.38 %. The research was carried out in order to intensify the extraction of sugar substances from sweet sorghum plant raw materials, to improve the technical level of the extraction process, and implement the devised method under industrial conditions. Further implementation of these results in the food industry could make it possible to establish the production of a wide range of sugar-containing products, both organically and as a natural substitute for sugar in food products.

Genome-wide association study of individual sugar content in fruit of Japanese pear (Pyrus spp.)

BackgroundUnderstanding mechanisms of sugar accumulation and composition is essential to determining fruit quality and maintaining a desirable balance of sugars in plant storage organs. The major sugars in mature Rosaceae fruits are sucrose, fructose, glucose, and sorbitol. Among these, sucrose and fructose have high sweetness, whereas glucose and sorbitol have low sweetness. Japanese pear has extensive variation in individual sugar contents in mature fruit. Increasing total sugar content and that of individual high-sweetness sugars is a major target of breeding programs. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with fruit traits including individual sugar accumulation, to infer the candidate genes underlying the QTLs, and to assess the potential of genomic selection for breeding pear fruit traits.ResultsWe evaluated 10 fruit traits and conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for 106 cultivars and 17 breeding populations (1112 F1 individuals) using 3484 tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). By implementing a mixed linear model and a Bayesian multiple-QTL model in GWAS, 56 SNPs associated with fruit traits were identified. In particular, a SNP located close to acid invertase gene PPAIV3 on chromosome 7 and a newly identified SNP on chromosome 11 had quite large effects on accumulation of sucrose and glucose, respectively. We used ‘Golden Delicious’ doubled haploid 13 (GDDH13), an apple reference genome, to infer the candidate genes for the identified SNPs. In the region flanking the SNP on chromosome 11, there is a tandem repeat of early responsive to dehydration (ERD6)-like sugar transporter genes that might play a role in the phenotypes observed.ConclusionsSNPs associated with individual sugar accumulation were newly identified at several loci, and candidate genes underlying QTLs were inferred using advanced apple genome information. The candidate genes for the QTLs are conserved across Pyrinae genomes, which will be useful for further fruit quality studies in Rosaceae. The accuracies of genomic selection for sucrose, fructose, and glucose with genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) were relatively high (0.67–0.75), suggesting that it would be possible to select individuals having high-sweetness fruit with high sucrose and fructose contents and low glucose content.