Sudden Emergence Research Articles

Climate Change and Child Marriage: Evidence from Bangladesh

This paper examines the effects of environmental vulnerability on the risk of child marriage in Bangladesh. Community vulnerability measures are constructed for 240 rural communities in eight districts according to the presence of three indicators of environmental vulnerability—history of cyclones, flooding, and waterlogging. Community data are linked to individual-level adolescent survey data from a representative sample of 15,000 adolescent girls in those communities. Types of environmental vulnerability and the effect on adolescent girls’ marriage outcomes have been explored using discrete time survival analysis. Results show that coastal communities with prolonged waterlogging and salinity have significantly higher child marriage rates, and there is no evidence of higher risks of child marriage in flood-affected areas. The paper concludes that slow and rapid onset events vary in their impact on child marriage. It is important to distinguish between rapid onset factors, such as floods and cyclones, and slow and less dramatically visible factors, such as waterlogging, that affect marriage through longer-term impacts on lives and livelihoods. Programs need to cast a wider net to safeguard girls living in the communities not only where immediate and sudden environmental emergencies have occurred but also in the areas where climate-induced disasters may not seem very visible but have slow, cascading effects and pose a risk for child marriage.

Volunteering intentions during social crises: The role of considering the welfare of others and consequences of own behavior

In the current paper, we investigate how people with experience with volunteering in their lifetime intend to engage in hypothetical crisis volunteering in the future. We took into account two types of hypothetical social crises: a pandemic and a refugee crisis. We suggest that individual differences in considering the welfare of others (social value orientation) and consideration of future/immediate consequences play a role in the volunteer responses to crises. We also control for the willingness to volunteer in the proximal (a month) and distal (3 years) future, gender, age, and length of volunteer experience. We conducted two survey-based online studies in October 2023. We recruited N = 287 people for Study 1 (Poland) and N = 231 for Study 2 (Italy). Our results suggested that people who declare they want to remain volunteers intend to engage during social crises, but not necessarily in a proactive way. Furthermore, consideration of future consequences can result in proactivity, which was especially visible in the Italian sample. Consideration of immediate consequences can have twofold correlates – one might be the engagement in volunteering in case of a sudden emergency or refraining from the voluntary activity. These results can be used by people leading volunteer activities to predict what to expect from their volunteers and plan the volunteer recruitment and retention processes during crises.

Impact of an ICU bed capacity optimisation method on the average length of stay and average cost of hospitalisation following implementation of China’s open policy with respect to COVID-19: a difference-in-differences analysis based on information management system data from a tertiary hospital in southwest China

ObjectivesFollowing the implementation of China’s open policy with respect to COVID-19 on 7 December 2022, the influx of patients with infectious diseases has surged rapidly, necessitating hospitals to adopt temporary...

E-Learning challenges and trainee teacher engagement: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction The sudden emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a compulsory shift to distance learning due to school closures. Consequently, all educational courses were delivered virtually. To facilitate this transition for students and educators, the Ministry of Education implemented digital learning platforms, such as Taalim.ma and TelmidTice. Furthermore, the Broadcasting and Television National Company reorganized its television channels to maintain continuity throughout the academic year. As a result, trainee teachers have effectively shifted to distance learning, using resources such as e-Takwine, MOOC classes, and digital classrooms.Objectives This study examines the factors that cause discomfort among trainee teachers and evaluates their influence on satisfaction with distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods We conducted a descriptive study with 370 Moroccan trainee teachers, with a mean age of 28.30 ± 5.99 years. We collected data using a self-administered questionnaire that was divided into three sections. The initial section examined sociodemographic and professional factors, including gender, age, marital status, academic level, and training cycle. The subsequent section focuses on discomfort-inducing factors, including living arrangements during lockdown, digital skills, material availability, network connectivity, and training schedules. Finally, the concluding section analyzes the trainees’ satisfaction and perceptions within their learning community.ResultsThe study indicated that 75% of trainee teachers lived in homes with four to seven residents, leading to confined living arrangements. Furthermore, 55% of the participants did not have a designated workspace for studying, focusing, or engaging with instructors. Participants identified various obstacles to online learning, including 80% lacking digital skills, 60% having insufficient equipment, 73.33% experiencing connection and network issues, 78.33% being unfamiliar with online learning, and 68.33% facing an unsuitable training schedule. The study indicates a positive correlation between trainee satisfaction and engagement (r = 0.422, p< 0.001).Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated online education as a crucial resource for ensuring the continuity of education. This study highlights the paramount significance of developing effective e-training policies to direct novice teachers toward successful online learning by alleviating their discomfort factors.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Outbreak of NDM-5-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST307: an emerging high-risk antimicrobial resistance clone in Shanghai, China.

The high-risk clone Klebsiella pneumoniae ST307, associated with various carbapenem resistance genes, exhibits a global distribution and prevalence. However, in China, it has remained sporadic and has rarely been detected. In this study, we reported an outbreak caused by nine ST307 CRKP isolates harboring blaNDM-5 in Shanghai, China, in 2022. We employed antimicrobial susceptibility testing, conjugation assay, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and comparative genomics, phylogenetic analysis, and fitness and virulence comparison to further characterize the isolates causing the outbreak. Besides blaNDM-5, these nine isolates co-carried blaCTX-M-15 and blaDHA-1, exhibiting nearly identical resistance profiles with high-level resistance to carbapenems and ceftazidime/avibactam, while showing susceptibility to colistin and tigecycline. blaNDM-5 was located on an IncX3 plasmid of 45,403 bp with a high frequency of conjugative ability. Phylogenetic and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis indicated the nature of clonal transmission with a maximum of five SNPs between these nine isolates, and they were closely related to strains obtained from the United States. ST307 isolates in our study showed a relatively lower virulence but higher growth rates and certain adaptability compared with ST11 isolates. Clinical investigation revealed that shared nursing staff in a mixed emergency intensive care unit ward and doctors' movement between wards might be responsible for the outbreak. The nonexistence before and sudden emergence of ST307 suggested that the currently circulating ST307 clone was a newly introduced superbug in our hospital. In conclusion, we revealed that blaNDM-5-producing ST307 CRKP isolates, a globally significant high-risk clone, are spreading in China, posing a substantial threat to public health.IMPORTANCEThe high-risk clone ST307, associated with various carbapenemases, including KPC, NDM, and OXA, has a global distribution. However, it is rarely reported in China, let alone causing outbreaks. Here, we found an outbreak caused by the clonal transmission of nine ST307 CRKP isolates. Clinical investigation revealed that shared nurses in a mixed emergency intensive care unit ward and doctors' movement between wards might be responsible for the outbreak. In our study, the nine NDM-5-producing ST307 isolates exhibited high-level resistance to carbapenems and ceftazidime-avibactam, high conjugative ability to Escherichia coli J53, and certain adaptability to environment, phylogenetically closet to the United States. All these features make ST307 clone the next successful clone comparable to ST11 clone in China. Therefore, it is imperative for us to vigilantly monitor the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and promptly implement measures to control the spread of K. pneumoniae ST307 in China.

Single MVA-SARS-2-ST/N Vaccination Rapidly Protects K18-hACE2 Mice against a Lethal SARS-CoV-2 Challenge Infection.

The sudden emergence of SARS-CoV-2 demonstrates the need for new vaccines that rapidly protect in the case of an emergency. In this study, we developed a recombinant MVA vaccine co-expressing SARS-CoV-2 prefusion-stabilized spike protein (ST) and SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein (N, MVA-SARS-2-ST/N) as an approach to further improve vaccine-induced immunogenicity and efficacy. Single MVA-SARS-2-ST/N vaccination in K18-hACE2 mice induced robust protection against lethal respiratory SARS-CoV-2 challenge infection 28 days later. The protective outcome of MVA-SARS-2-ST/N vaccination correlated with the activation of SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies (nABs) and substantial amounts of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells especially in the lung of MVA-SARS-2-ST/N-vaccinated mice. Emergency vaccination with MVA-SARS-2-ST/N just 2 days before lethal SARS-CoV-2 challenge infection resulted in a delayed onset of clinical disease outcome in these mice and increased titers of nAB or SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in the spleen and lung. These data highlight the potential of a multivalent COVID-19 vaccine co-expressing S- and N-protein, which further contributes to the development of rapidly protective vaccination strategies against emerging pathogens.

European policies for public health in border regions: no European mindset as yet

BackgroundThe sudden emergence of COVID-19 in 2020 demonstrated that Europe was not prepared for a public health crisis like this pandemic. In the European Union, matters of health have remained primarily under the jurisdiction of individual Member States. However, certain events, such as the Kohll-Decker ruling on free mobility of health services and the COVID-19 pandemic, compelled the EU to address health matters in border regions. This study examines how EU policies address public health in border regions. To that end, we have drawn from border studies, a field that provides insight into the fluidity and complexity of borders in everyday life. Besides that we used constructivist policy studies as a lens for the analysis of EU policy documents.MethodsA policy discourse analysis was conducted to explore how European policy addresses the development of a transnational, European public health in border regions. Key European policy documents published between 2002 and 2027 were analysed to understand how policies are constructed and problems are framed. The analysis was guided by research questions and the theoretical approach.ResultsThe analysis reveals that, while having limited competences in the field of health care, the EU is slowly developing a rationale and a knowledge base to increase its competences in health care. It also shows that in the field of public health, the EU argues for addressing health determinants and promoting healthy lifestyles, though it does not address health promotion in border regions. The EU’s authority in public health in border regions revolves primarily around addressing physical, biological and chemical threats rather than social health problems.ConclusionThough the EU has carefully developed a transnational perspective on health care, the EU has not developed any authority with respect to transnational public health. Though public health and health promotion in border regions have been confronted with specific challenges, neither specific Member States nor the EU have a transnational collaborative perspective that does justice to the characteristics of border regions. When it comes to public health in border regions, there is no European mindset as yet.

Research on robustness of intelligent vehicle longitudinal active collision avoidance system based on equivalent external interference

The rate of fatal traffic accidents caused by sudden risks such as pedestrians crossing the road in violation of regulations and goods falling in front of the vehicles has remained high under the complex dynamic environment. The appearance of sudden obstacles/pedestrians will indirectly trigger sudden changes in sensor signals and control signals, and cause the drivers’ improper driving behaviors. At the same time, the parameter perturbation of the vehicle itself and the sensor noise and other direct disturbances will also put forward high requirements for the robust performance of the vehicle braking system controller. Traditional control methods are difficult to ensure the robust stability required by the vehicle braking system in the actual driving process under sudden emergency conditions. In order to improve the braking control performance and robust performance of the active collision avoidance system under sudden emergency conditions under the influence of its own parameter perturbation, sensor perturbation and other perturbations, this manuscript analyzes the accident risk characteristics of sudden emergency conditions, and establishes an equivalent virtual external force interference model [Formula: see text]. Considering the virtual external force interference model, self-driving parameter perturbation and sensor perturbation, we adopt the [Formula: see text] control theory-design brake controller. Under different perturbation conditions the [Formula: see text] controller, PID controller, and [Formula: see text] controller are simulated and compared. The results show that the [Formula: see text] controller can effectively suppress sudden emergency conditions under parameter uncertainty and external sensor noise interference compared with the PID controller and the [Formula: see text] controller, realizing emergency braking and collision avoidance, and having better closed-loop robustness.

Recovery of Patients Diagnosed with COVID-19 Associated with Nutritional Support

In December 2019, China reported several cases of pneumonia with unknown etiology and common exposure. On January 7, 2020, Chinese authorities identified a new type of virus in the Coronaviridae family as the causative agent of the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since then, the sudden emergence, rapid rate of contagion and progression, as well as the social, economic, and healthcare system impacts, have alarmed Brazil and the entire world. The selection was based on articles discussing COVID-19 and its impact on the nutritional status of patients, including the consequences of treatments on their health. Additionally, articles were chosen that highlighted the connection between nutrition and the improvement of the nutritional status of COVID-19 patients.

Emergence and high prevalence of unusual rotavirus G8P[8] strains in outpatients with acute gastroenteritis in Shanghai, China.

Group A rotavirus (RVA) is considered an important cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in all age groups, especially in children. We investigated the epidemiology of RVA in outpatients aged ≤ 16 years at the Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China. In this study, 16.6% (246/1482) were infected with RVA. The detection rate of RVA was significantly higher in the year of 2021 (20.3%, 147/725) compared to the year of 2020 (14.5%, 77/531) and 2022 (9.7%, 22/226) (p = 0.000). RVA infection was prevalent in all seasons from 2020 to 2022, with a different monthly distribution observed in different years. Among 246 RVA-positive samples, 14 different RVA genotypes were detected with different frequencies. Overall, G9P[8] (45.5%, 112/246) was the most common RVA genotype, followed by G8P[8] (37.4%, 92/246) and G3P[8] (4.1%, 10/246). The prevalence of G/P combinations varied from 2020 to 2022. G9P[8] was the most prevalent circulating genotype in 2020 (68.2%, 15/22) and 2021 (57.8%, 85/147). However, G8P[8] (68.8%, 53/77) suddenly became the most prevalent genotype in 2022 after being first identified in 2020 and prevalent in 2021. The G8 strains detected in the study were all clustered to DS-1-like G8 strains with the closest genetic distance to strains circulating in Southeast Asia. Our study demonstrated the diversity of circulating RVA genotypes in Shanghai. The sudden emergence and high prevalence of unusual G8P[8] strains deserve more concern and indicate the need for continuous surveillance of RVA in children with AGE in the future to refine future vaccine strategy.

Impact of epidemic prevention policies on public vaccination willingness: empirical research in China.

The sudden emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020 posed an enormous threat to public health. Vaccination is currently recognized as the most cost-effective preventive and control measure against the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide and is the key to constructing a line of defense against the virus, while the epidemic prevention policies adopted by governments have an important impact on the protective behavior of the public. The purpose of this study is to analyze the mechanism by which the stringency of epidemic prevention policies affects public vaccination willingness and to explore the mediating effect of public risk perception. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 387 adults from December 2022 to June 2023 in China. A multiple linear regression model was used to explore the impact of epidemic prevention policy stringency on public vaccination willingness, and a hierarchical regression model was used to test the mediating effect of public risk perception. Our results showed that public vaccination willingness increased by approximately 45.5% for every one-unit increase in the stringency of the epidemic prevention policies, which shows that the stringency of epidemic prevention policies has a significant positive influence on public vaccination willingness. In addition, public risk perception increased by approximately 38.9% during the period of stringent government policies on epidemic prevention. For every one-unit increase in risk perception, public vaccination willingness increased by approximately 40.9%, and the relationship between the stringency of epidemic prevention policies and public vaccination willingness was partially mediated by risk perception. The stricter the epidemic prevention policies, the stronger the public vaccination willingness; risk perception plays a mediating effect between the stringency of epidemic prevention policies and public vaccination willingness. This finding is particularly important for exploring and analyzing the factors influencing public vaccination willingness and for improving public health.

Desafíos de la Enseñanza Remota en Línea de los Profesores Mexicanos de Inglés durante la Pandemia COVID-19

The sudden remote teaching emergency as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic created a disruption to education forcing English Language teachers to immediately teach remotely from home. Therefore, the following mixed method research was performed through an online survey with the aim of knowing how the participants of different language levels confronted the situation. This study was conducted through an online questionnaire that had opened and closed ended questions that were applied to 34 English language teachers from the cities of Guadalajara, Guanajuato and San Luis Potosí in México. The data collection consisted of ten responses of the above-mentioned teachers with a total of 340 answers in data collection. Thus, the purpose of this article is primarily to provide insight and information on how the English teachers faced the challenges and coped with the situation of the pandemic. More in particular, this research informs how the 34 English language teachers felt, and demonstrates that despite of the numerous challenges, uncertainty, trauma, anxiety and stress that surrounded them, the majority of teachers were perseverant on teaching, and learning during the health contingency

ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND COVID 19: THE ENTREPRENEURIAL CHALLENGE IN A GLOBAL PANDEMIC

The purpose of this study is to analyze the most relevant factors affecting the development of new businesses that have been set up during the Covid-19 pandemic. The main challenges in the entrepreneurial phenomenon are identified in this study, which represent an immediate contribution to the discussion on the development and economic evolution, emphasizing the impact of creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship in sudden health emergencies. For this purpose, descriptive research and literature reviews were done, where the years 2019 -2020 - 2021, were contrasted. The growth and decrease of taxpayers in the mentioned periods were analyzed with the support of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) during the opening, closing, and suspension phases. Therefore, the researchers analyzed the factors that contributed to the decline of small and medium businesses in Ecuador during the health crisis.

The Market Efficiency in the Significant Events/Global Events: A Review of Empirical Research

The efficient market hypothesis is a significant theory widely applied in modern economic and financial research about the impact of sudden global emergencies on various markets. Investigating the influence of the Efficient Market Hypothesis on public contingencies can augment the understanding of market behavior and investors decision-making processes. This could enable anticipating market trends and risks, facilitating prudent investment activities. This study examines the empirical research through the methodology chosen, application, and comparison of conclusions to summarize the effects of the crisis on financial market efficiency within a theoretical analysis framework. This study explores the different methodologies and results of research that test market efficiency in response to events impacting economic performance. As market theory evolves, increasingly refined models are being used, leading to more precise measurements of event effects on markets and better forecasting of market impact for effective decision-making.

Balancing Routine and Pandemic: The Synergy of India's Universal Immunization Program and COVID-19 Vaccination Program.

The COVID-19 pandemic posed substantial challenges to healthcare systems globally and severely disrupted essential health services, including routine immunization programs. In India, these disruptions were exacerbated due to the sudden emergence of the pandemic and lockdown measures, leading to mass migrations and a shortage of healthcare workers. Caregivers' concerns about routine immunization sessions further compounded the problem, resulting in a sharp increase in zero-dose children. This review paper examines India's strategies for conducting one of the world's largest COVID-19 vaccination programs while effectively restoring and perpetuating its Universal Immunization Program (UIP). The UIP played a pivotal role in sustaining immunization services during the pandemic, ultimately improving immunization coverage compared to pre-pandemic levels. India's accomplishments in this regard are highlighted through key performance indicators, the reach of immunization services, a reduction in zero-dose children, and antigen-wise coverage. The paper also discusses the successful integration of COVID-19 vaccination within the UIP framework, underscoring the significance of existing infrastructure, technology, and capacity building. India's dedication to concurrently managing routine immunization and COVID-19 vaccination showcases the adaptability and resilience of its healthcare system. India's journey serves as a global example of efficient mass immunization during challenging times, emphasizing the importance of political will, healthcare infrastructure investment, skilled healthcare workforces, and comprehensive vaccination programs. In a world grappling with the dual challenge of COVID-19 and routine immunization, India's experience provides a roadmap for strengthening healthcare systems and promoting public health as the critical agenda in challenging times.

Unraveling propylene oxide formation in alkali metal batteries.

The increasing need for electrochemical energy storage drives the development of post-lithium battery systems. Among the most promising battery types are sodium-based battery systems. However, like its lithium predecessor, sodium batteries suffer from various issues like parasitic side reactions, which lead to a loss of active sodium inventory, thus reducing the capacity over time. Some problems in sodium batteries arise from an unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) reducing its protective power. While it is known that the electrolyte affects the SEI structure, the exact formation mechanism of the SEI is not yet fully understood. Here we follow the initial SEI formation on sodium metal submerged in propylene carbonate with and without the electrolyte salt sodium perchlorate. We combine X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, gas chromatography, and density functional theory to unravel the sudden emergence of propylene oxide after adding sodium perchlorate to the solvent. We identify the formation of a sodium chloride layer as a crucial step in forming propylene oxide by enabling precursors formed from propylene carbonate on the sodium metal surface to undergo a ring-closing reaction. We identify changes in the electrolyte decomposition process, propose a reaction mechanism to form propylene oxide and discuss alternatives based on known synthesis routes.

Antibacterial Susceptibility Pattern of S. maltophilia Isolates at A Tertiary Care Hospital, India

A sudden emergence of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia as a primary pathogen both in immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals has raised a serious concern, as it is associated with significant case fatality ratio. We intended to study the clinico-microbiological profile of S. maltophilia isolates from various samples and outcome of the infections in a tertiary healthcare center, Pune, India. This is an observational cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2021 to June 2022 at Department of Microbiology of a tertiary care Centre in Pune, India. Of the 12049 samples received for culture, S. maltophilia was isolated in 57 samples. Only 42 samples with pure growth of S. maltophilia were included in the study with 15 excluded due to mixed growth. All isolates were confirmed by VITEK-MS (bioMerieux, SA, France) which uses Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) technology. Of the 42 isolates, majority were isolated from pus(28.6%) and most of patients (61.9%) were from acute health care settings. The isolates had high susceptibility to Cotrimoxazole (85.7%) and Minocycline (85.7%) and low susceptibility to Ceftazidime (45.2%). A case fatality rate of 7.1% (3/42 cases) was noted and 39 cases were discharged after complete treatment. All the three fatal cases were susceptible to levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole and minocycline and all three fatal cases were resistant to ceftazidime. S. maltophilia has recently shown an increase in nosocomial infections especially in acute healthcare settings like ICU and other critical care wards. The isolates of the present study had high susceptibility to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SXT) and Minocycline and low susceptible to Ceftazidime.

The Impact of COVID-19 on China's Online Economy and the Offline Real Economy

The sudden emergence of COVID-19 has greatly disrupted people's normal production and life, making people's production and life have undergone earth-shaking changes. The effective implementation of isolation has effectively curbed COVID-19 epidemic in China. This paper mainly studies the impact of Covid-19 on China's online economy and offline real economy. The purpose is to provide suggestions for the subsequent development of the Chinese economy. By comparing and analyzing the data before and after Covid-19, it was found that Covid-19 has had an impact on the real economy. But it also promotes the development of the online economy. It is recommended that subsequent enterprises adjust their strategies as soon as possible and focus on the development of both online and offline economies.

The 2022 monkeypox outbreak 1year on: The 5Ws.

In May 2022, World Health Organization (WHO) reported an outbreak of Mpox in several European countries which were previously Mpox free. Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) is a zoonotic viral disease endemic in Central and West Africa. The sudden emergence of Mpox outside Africa and its subsequent rapid spread lead the WHO to declare the outbreak as Public Health Emergency of International Concern. By 15 May 2023, a total of 87,704 confirmed cases and 140 deaths had been reported from 111 countries and territories worldwide. Looking back on this outbreak 1year later, several important questions have arisen. Here, we address these questions using the classic 5Ws: What, When, Where, Who and Why? We discuss these questions to understand how this outbreak emerged and how it was effectively managed. We outline what needs to be done to prevent, or at least minimise, outbreaks due to emerging and re-emerging viral infections.

The Parsee Literary Evolution

Indian Literature in English has acquired a diasporic dimension in every aspect of its contemporary literary evolution. Diasporic literature has become a significant component of Indian literature. The eminence of Indian literature in the contemporary situation is being completely carried over by the Diasporic writers. This perspective is particularly seen in the evolution of Indian Parsee writings. The sudden emergence of Indian Parisee writings in English has become an enigma as it remained unexplored by the interpreting communities. Within the general circumscription of the diasporic literature produced by Barathi Mukherjee, Umaparameswaran, Ven Begamudre, Michael Ondaatje, M.G. Vasanjee, Shyam Selvadurai, Neil Bissoondath, the writings of Rohinton Mistry represent the Parsee connotations. Rohinton Mistry with his unimaginable representation of the culture of Parsee's in his writings has called for the immediate urgency in trying to concentrate on this particular segment of literature that has become as an unavoidable in the critical decipherment of Indian literature in English. The contribution of Indian Parsee writers like Firdaus Kanga, Farrukh Dhondy, Bapsi Sidhwa, Ardashir Vakil, Boman Desai and Dina Mehta has significant chunk of Post Colonial literature in general and post Colonial Indian literature in particular. The sudden significance of Parsee literature compels any avid scholar to explore into the evolution of the Parsee community from the historical and cultural perspectives.