Retention Of Sucrose Research Articles

Solvent retention capacity as a useful tool for quality evaluation of flours produced from Slovak bred wheat varieties

Abstract Wheat varieties (IS Danubius and MS Luneta) bred in Slovakia were assessed for their bakery potential. It was found that flour produced from IS Danubius was characterised by significantly higher level of wet and dry gluten content (30.91 and 20.53 %, respectively) and exhibited higher gluten swelling capacity (29.3 %) in comparison to commercial wheat flour that is usually available in Slovak markets. Solvent retention capacity (solvation in specific solvents) of the tested flours was also determined. The measurements showed that these parameters significantly differ from those determined for commercially available flour, whereas the flour produced from IS Danubius wheat variety had the highest lactic acid retention capacity (124.15 %). Correlation analysis indicated strong positive correlations between solvent retention capacity values and gluten characteristics. Furthermore, it was found that baked rolls prepared from IS Danubius flour showed significantly higher loaf volume compared to commercial wheat flour. This study proves lactic acid retention capacity and sucrose retention capacity as parameters enabling the prediction of gluten network quality in dough and of qualitative parameters of baked goods. From the sensory evaluation resulted that the highest score for overall acceptance was observed in IS Danubius baked rolls, which significantly differs from both MS Luneta and commercial wheat flour.

Exploring the antibacterial potential of plant extracts and essential oils against Bacillus thermophilus in beet sugar for enhanced sucrose retention: a comparative assessment and implications.

Sugar beet is one of the greatest sources for producing sugar worldwide. However, a group of bacteria grows on beets during the storage process, leading to a reduction in sucrose yield. Our study focused on identifying common bacterial species that grow on beets during manufacturing and contribute to sucrose loss. The ultimate goal was to find a potential antibacterial agent from various plant extracts and oils to inhibit the growth of these harmful bacteria and reduce sucrose losses. The screening of bacterial species that grow on beet revealed that a large group of mesophilic bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus xylosus, Enterobacter amnigenus, and Aeromonas species, in addition to a dominant thermophilic species called Bacillus thermophilus, were found to be present during the manufacturing of beets. The application of 20 plant extracts and 13 different oils indicated that the extracts of Geranium gruinum, Datura stramonium, and Mentha spicata were the best antibacterials to reduce the growth of B. thermophilus with inhibition zones equal to 40, 39, and 35 mm, respectively. In contrast, the best active oils for inhibiting the growth of B. thermophilus were Mentha spicata and Ocimum bacilicum, with an inhibitory effect of 50 and 45 mm, respectively. RAPD-PCR with different primers indicated that treating sugar juice with the most effective oils against bacteria resulted in new recombinant microorganisms, confirming their roles as strong antibacterial products. The characterization of Mentha spicata and Ocimum bacilicum oils using GC/MS analysis identified cis-iso pulegone and hexadecanoic acid as the two main bioactive compounds with potential antibacterial activity. An analysis of five genes using DD-PCR that have been affected due to antibacterial activity from the highly effective oil from Mentha spicata concluded that all belonged to the family of protein defense. Our findings indicate that the application of these pure antibacterial plant extracts and oils would minimize the reduction of sucrose during sugar production.

Purification of Soybean Oligosaccharides of Tofu Whey Using a Hybrid Process Based on Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Nanofiltration

Tofu whey, liquid waste of tofu processing, contains valuable components including protein, mono- and di-saccharide (glucose, fructose, sucrose, MDS) and soy oligosaccharide (stachyose, raffinose, SOS). Recovery of these components, therefore, is essential regarding sustainable food processing approach. Ultrafiltration (UF) has been successfully used for concentration of tofu whey protein. In this study, nanofiltration was employed to harvest and purify SOS from tofu whey UF-permeate. NF-membrane selection, hydrolysis of tofu whey UF-permeate and NF of pre-hydrolysis of tofu whey UF- permeate were performed to achieve the best condition for purification. It was found that the membrane, NF-DK-2540 was superior than that of NF-DL-2540 with the retention rate of stachyose (94%), raffinose (87%), sucrose (65%), glucose (7.8%) and fructose (4.3%). These results indicated that NF could harvest SOS and remove monosaccharide with acceptable retention. However, its sucrose retention was considerably high. Therefore, an enzymatic hydrolysis of UF-permeate was employed to convert sucrose to glucose and fructose. The results indicated that the use of NF combined with enzymatic hydrolysis could significantly remove MDS from tofu whey UF-permeate and consequently increasing the purity of SOS.

Role of sucrose and phloem\u2013xylem interaction in recovery of water status and hydraulic dehydration impacts in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum)

The role of phloem–xylem interaction via sucrose exchanges in recovery of dehydration impacts, specifically xylem embolism, has not been directly investigated thus far. Most previous studies were indirect approaches leading to suggestive conclusions. We hypothesized that a block in phloem loading and so no exchange of sucrose with xylem affect tolerance and recovery of tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum) during dehydration and after the rehydration phase. Transgenic N. tabacum (αNtSUT1-antisense) plants, which showed impaired phloem loading and high accumulation of soluble sugars in leaves, were compared to the wild-type (WT) plants. The water status, osmotic adjustments, leaf turgor, stomatal conductance, xylem cavitation, and stem xylem sucrose content were determined during dehydration and after the rehydration phases. Results showed that retention of sucrose outside phloem conduits highly improved water status, osmotic adjustment and turgidity of the source leaves in the transgenics during drought period. However, no impact occurred on stomata function and tolerance to xylem cavitation in αNtSUT1. After the rehydration period, WT plants with free phloem transport and phloem–-xylem exchange of sucrose recovered better their water status, leaf turgidity, stomatal conductance and xylem functioning than αNtSUT1 plants. The accumulation of sucrose in leaves of transformants ameliorated their tolerance to water deficit by reinforcing the osmotic adjustment mechanism at the leaf level. However, lack of sucrose in phloem sieve resulted in impairment of hydraulic recovery of xylem from drought of αNtSUT1 after rehydration. This suggests a crucial role of the phloem–-xylem exchange of sucrose in refilling of embolized xylem vessels.

Identification of microRNAs involved in sucrose accumulation in sugarcane (Saccharum species hybrid)

The genetic improvement efforts in sugarcane are largely centered around increasing its sucrose accumulation potential. Sugarcane genotypes show variable regulation of genes involved in synthesis, accumulation, transport, storage and subsequent retention of sucrose. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which are a class of small non-coding RNAs play a very important role in post-transcriptional regulation of genes. Very little has been reported on the miRNA-mediated regulation of sucrose accumulation in sugarcane. In this study, two sugarcane genotypes contrasting for sucrose content along with two extreme bulks from their F1 population were used to identify differentially expressed miRNAs which might play a regulatory role in sucrose accumulation. A total of 161 miRNAs were identified, of them, 23 were significantly differential for contrasting sucrose content. The target genes of the identified miRNAs were predicted and some of them were validated using transcriptome library-based gene expression levels. Nineteen differential miRNAs and six selected target genes were validated using quantitative PCR. The study revealed that miRNA might be involved in sucrose accumulation in sugarcane, not by directly targeting the sucrose metabolism genes but by targeted regulation of transcription factors (PCF8, GRFs, ARF, etc.), and genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, vegetative to mature phase transition, stress response, ion transport, growth and developmental pathways in sugarcane like RAV6, calcium-dependent protein kinase, HSP20, diacylglycerol kinase, squamosa promoter binding protein, etc. This study identifies miRNA candidates involved in sucrose accumulation and enriches the small RNA inventory of sugarcane.

Involvement of oligosaccharides and sucrose-related genes on sucrose retention in strawberries from ripening to shelf-life

Abstract Sucrose is a key player in strawberry metabolism. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying sucrose status in strawberries during later ripening stages and postharvest storage remains quite limited. Therefore, we identified members of various gene families encoding key enzymes involved in sucrose metabolism, analyzed their expression profiles and determined the sugar content in strawberries at different ripening stages and postharvest treatments. Three different ripening stages around harvest time, almost red (AR), full red (FR) and dark red (DR) were analyzed, as well as after pre-treatment with high CO2 levels (18 % CO2, 2 d) during low temperature (LT) storage and further shelf-life at 20 °C. The accumulation of sucrose, hexoses, trehalose, myo-inositol, fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) was analyzed. Our results indicate that the transition from FR to DR stages was characterized by a prominent accumulation of hexoses, sucrose and a sharp decrease in the levels of FOS. We therefore suggest that FOS, in addition to their protective role in stressful conditions, are also important metabolic signals of the end of ripening process. The highest levels of RFOs was detected in strawberries at LT in air, making them a possible marker of damage, an idea reinforced too by the low RFOs and high myo-inositol quantities found in high CO2 protective treatment. Interestingly, the sucrose accumulation in fully ripe strawberries and in high CO2-treated ones was linked to a significant decrease in the expression of FvVIN2 (vacuolar invertase), an opposite trend to that observed in fruit stored in air. Furthermore, high levels of CO2 prevented both the upregulation of FvSS1 and the sharp increase in the expression of FvCWINV1 observed at low temperature in air. The efficiency of high CO2 pre-treatment on sucrose accumulation was particularly evident during the shelf-life period at 20 °C (SL) after LT storage. Our study provides new insights into how strawberries become sweet by retaining sucrose content. Additionally, our results clearly highlight the need to specify the sugar status at harvest to know the effectiveness of a treatment in maintaining quality attributes.

Decoloration of Molasses by Ultrafiltration and Nanofiltration: Unraveling the Mechanisms of High Sucrose Retention

Membrane technology provides a green approach to recover sucrose from cane molasses. However, the trade-off between color removal and sucrose permeation by membrane filtration debases the efficiency and limits the application. In this study, ten commercially-available and one self-made ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes were used for decoloration of molasses. By investigating the effect of membrane properties, molasses components, and operating parameters on the molasses filtration behaviors, the mechanisms of high sucrose retention were clarified. For polyether sulfone (PES) membrane, the high retention of pigments and sucrose was mainly caused by the serious irreversible fouling as an additional selective layer. Polyamide (PA) NF membranes showed high antifouling ability, and a suitable pore size (~ 500 Da) was important to achieve high color removal and sucrose permeation. Although regenerated cellulose (RC) membranes exhibited excellent antifouling performance to molasses, the severe membrane swelling induced by salts and high temperature (60 °C) limited their application. Reducing sugar in molasses produced negligible effect on the sucrose retention, while inorganic salts resulted in pore swelling and solute dehydration due to “salting-out” effect, thus improving the sucrose permeation. However, such positive effect was weakened or eliminated by the pigments in molasses, and irreversible fouling became more serious in the presence of the molasses salts, especially for PES membranes. Based on the underlying mechanisms, the pore swelling and sucrose dehydration effects were “reappeared” by simply removing the non-polar pigments via macroporous resin adsorption, thus decreasing sucrose retention. High temperature could accelerate the sucrose permeation, but it also attenuated concentration polarization layer, thus intensifying the sucrose retention increase induced by high permeate flux. If a loose NF membrane was selected for decoloration of molasses, minimizing fouling formation, reappearing salt effect on membrane and sucrose, operating at high temperature and low permeate flux could minimize sucrose retention.

Modeling of permeate flux decline and permeation of sucrose during microfiltration of sugarcane juice using a hollow-fiber membrane module

Abstract Microfiltration (MF) of centrifuged sugarcane juice was used as a pre-clarification step prior to further clarification. MF was performed with the objectives of achieving maximum flux, minimum retention of sucrose and maximum rejection of total solids as well as maximum removal of microorganisms from the permeate keeping the nutritional and physico-chemical profile intact. In this regard, experiments were done using a polyacrylonitrile-based MF membrane of filtration area 0.027 m2 and pore size of 0.1 μm. A detailed investigation of the effects of different operating conditions, namely transmembrane pressure TMP (35, 69, 104 and 138 kPa) and cross flow velocity CFV (0.123, 0.246 and 0.369 m/s) on membrane productivity and juice quality was undertaken. The steady-state permeate flux ranged from 5.41 to 6.23 l/m2∙h for the domain of the operating conditions studied herein. Profiles of permeate flux and sucrose concentration in permeate were modeled using a gel layer controlling model under the framework of boundary layer analysis. The optimized operating conditions were found to be TMP of 104 kPa and CFV at 0.369 m/s, yielding a flux of 6.04 l/m2∙h and having sucrose and polyphenols concentration of 104.8 g/l and 9.38 mg GAE/100 ml, respectively. Total solids (26%) and turbidity (98%) were removed to a great extent during MF along with remarkable improvement of clarity (3 times). Microbiological evaluation confirmed that, MF successfully reduced the total viable plate count by 5 log CFU/mL scale and yeast and mold count by 4 log CFU/mL scale.

Separation of Sucrose and Reducing Sugar in Cane Molasses by Nanofiltration

Recovery of sugars from cane molasses is a promising approach to increase the added value of molasses and reduce its environmental pollution. In this work, for the first time, nanofiltration (NF) was used for the separation of sucrose and reducing sugar in cane molasses by a cascade diafiltration-concentration process. The retention difference between sucrose and reducing sugar by all the tested NF membranes was not distinct at 25 °C, while due to the thermal-induced pore size change and enhanced solute diffusivity, the NF retention behavior changed significantly at 60 °C, and the DL membrane with a sucrose retention of 96% and a reducing sugar retention 5% was selected for the process optimization and modeling. High temperature (55–60 °C), low permeate flux (below 15 Lm−2 h−1), and high sugar concentration resulted in a low retention of reducing sugar due to the dominant diffusive mass transfer, which was desirable for the molasses separation by NF. Mathematical modeling could well predict the diafiltration and concentration processes if using right sugar retention data. The deviations between prediction lines and experimental data in the cross-flow filtration of real solution were mainly caused by the permeate flux variation rather than membrane fouling. After diafiltration, the ratio of sucrose in total molasses sugar increased from 76.1 to 87.9%, while in the permeate of the second concentration step, the ratio of sucrose was only 2.4%. Thus, the retentate of diafiltration could be directly used for sucrose crystallization to avoid the accumulation of reducing sugar and salts, and the permeate of the second concentration step could be concentrated by NF270 at room temperature to produce syrup drinking.

Influence of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus and Freezing Temperatures on Sugar Beet Roots in Storage.

Rhizomania caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) is a yield-limiting sugar beet disease that was observed to influence root resistance to freezing in storage. Thus, studies were conducted to gain a better understanding of the influence of BNYVV and freezing on sugar beet roots to improve pile management decisions. Roots from five commercial sugar beet cultivars (one susceptible and four resistant to BNYVV) were produced in fields under high and trace levels of rhizomania pressure and subjected to storage using five temperature regimes ranging from 0 to -4.4°C for 24 h. After cold treatment, eight-root samples were stored in a commercial indoor storage building (set point 1.1°C) for 50 days in 2014 and 57 days in 2015. Internal root temperature, frozen and discolored tissue, and moisture and sucrose loss were evaluated. The air temperature at 0, -1.1, and -2.2°C matched internal root temperature but internal root remained near -2.2°C when air temperature was dropped to -3.3 and -4.4°C. In a susceptible cultivar produced under high rhizomania pressure, the percentage of frozen tissue increased (P < 0.0001) from an average of 0 to 7% at 0, -1.1, and -2.2°C up to 16 to 63% at -3.3°C and 63 to 90% at -4.4°C, depending on year. Roots from the susceptible cultivar produced under low rhizomania pressure and those from the resistant cultivars from both fields only had elevated (P ≤ 0.05) frozen tissue at -4.4°C in 15 of 18 cultivar-year combinations. Frozen tissue was related to discolored tissue (r2 = 0.91), weight loss (r2 = 0.12 to 0.28), and sucrose reduction (r2 = 0.69 to 0.74). Consequently, BNYVV will not only lead to yield and sucrose loss in susceptible sugar beet cultivars but also to more frozen root tissue as temperatures drop below -2.2°C. Based on these observations, the air used to cool roots in nonfrozen sugar beet piles throughout the winter should not drop below -2.2°C to maximize sucrose retention.

Experimental and CFD Modeling Study of Inulin-Type Fructan Purification from a Model Solution by Diafiltration on a Pilot-Scale Unit

Nanofiltration of a model inulin-sucrose solution has been studied using a pilot cross-flow unit. The aim of this work was to evaluate two operation modes: total recycle nanofiltration and diafiltration. Experiments were performed at transmembrane pressures from 0.4 to 1.45 MPa and two inlet flow rates. It was found that inulin purification is feasible within the range of the process conditions set. Furthermore, the sucrose retention coefficient is highly affected by the transmembrane pressure but the inlet flow rate does not affect this parameter significantly. Experimental results were simulated by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and a good agreement was observed between the predicted and the experimental values.

Nanocomposites from natural cellulose fibers incorporated with sucrose

The present work shows for the first time worldwide that sucrose can be easily placed by simple techniques within the micropores or nanostructure of the mercerized non-dried cotton linter fibers to create a low-cost cellulose substitute. Such sucrose-containing nanocomposites find suitable use as specialty absorbent paper. Relative to the sucrose-free paper, the sucrose-containing counterparts exhibit greater breaking length and remarkably high water uptake (WRV) up to a sucrose content of 8–15% w/w. Mercerization of cotton linters before incorporating them with sucrose greatly enhanced the retention of sucrose in the prepared paper nanocomposites as compared to the case of unmercerized cotton linters. We assume that regions of the cell wall lamellae, on both sides of the sucrose spacers, are stressed during drying because the sucrose spacers hinder them to relax. This leads to a strain, which makes some microfibrils partially released and protrude out of the fiber. Thus, a sort of fiber beating takes place. We called this phenomenon incorporation beating or encapsulation beating to differentiate it from chemical and mechanical beatings, and it explains the great increase in breaking length of the paper nanocomposites prepared from the mercerized non-dried sucrose-loaded linters.

Enhanced retention of neutral solute and charged solute with NF inorganic membrane by chemical grafting and physico-chemical treatment

Abstract New inorganic nanofiltration membrane was obtained by covalent grafting of organo titanate agents on zirconia layer followed by hydrolysis. Grafting of zirconia by titanates with pyrophosphate groups (PP) was shown by the decrease of isoelectric point to about 5 of zirconia particles of same process history as the membranes. In order to further reduce the pore size of the grafted membrane, a pre-treatment step based on the ability of the grafted PP groups to give highly stable complexes with heavy metals is added. Accordingly, a solution of ferric ions (10 mM, pH 2) was selected as preconditioning step of the PP membrane. The reduction of membrane permeability by a factor of about 2 was a good sensor of the in situ formation of the strong complex between Fe+++ and likely two PP groups acting as chelating ligands then permeability remained stable at upper pH. Retention of 1 g l−1 (34 g l−1) sucrose with inorganic NF membrane was 32% (40%) and reached 39% (55%) with the zirconia chemically grafted with PP groups. Retention of sucrose with the Fe pre-treated PP membrane was shifted to 69% (1 g l−1) and 79% (34 g l−1), respectively. Vitamin B1 (thiamine, 265 g mol−1) was selected as positively charged solute of valence 2 at pH 3.5 and valence 1 at pH 6. Retention of monovalent thiamine was lower than that of divalent thiamine with the same membrane and pre-treatment. An enhanced retention of about 25% was achieved when using the PP membrane with the pre-treatment by Fe3+ solution: retention of divalent thiamine was then within 98% (1 g l−1; ionic strength, 14 mM) and 88% (1 g l−1+100 mM NaCl). In conclusion, combination of chemical modification (grafting of chelating ligands) followed by a stable physico-chemical pre-treatment (complex formation) permits to strongly reduce (−50%) pore size of inorganic NF membranes. Furthermore, very high retention of charged solutes was reached with an additional effect of electrostatic exclusion between the charged membrane and the solute.

Photosynthetic responses of sugar beet and Nicotiana benthamiana Domin. infected with beet curly top virus

This study examined photosynthesis and assimilate partitioning in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and Nicotiana benthamiana Domin. plants systemically infected with either the Logan or CFH strains of beet curly top virus (BCTV). Leaves of both susceptible (Z-10) and resistant (9BB6090) beet varieties exhibited an accumulation of sucrose, as much as 10-fold greater than controls, and 38-fold higher than that seen in infected N. benthamiana per dm2leaf area. [U-14C]-sucrose uptake experiments showed a decline in the export of this sugar, particularly from young leaves of the Z-10 variety. This directly confirms that BCTV impairs phloem transport in sugar beet leaves, and can cause excessive retention of sucrose. Starch levels were also elevated, but remained substantially lower than sucrose levels. Anatomical changes included increases in mesophyll cell size, indicating high cell turgor pressure due to the elevated sugar content. There was an associated 20–50% reduction in photosynthetic rates compared to mock-inoculated plants, and a decrease in ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase activity and protein levels. Similar reductions in the activity of cytoplasmic and chloroplastic fructose 1,6, bisphosphatase were consistent with a possible down-regulation of genes encoding key photosynthetic enzymes initiated by the buildup of sugars. BCTV-infected plants may therefore constitute a useful naturally occurring system for investigating end-product control of carbon assimilation

Retention of xenobiotics along the phloem path

Detached leaves of Cyclamen persicum Mill. can be used as a simple source-sink system. Phloem transport in the excised material was monitored by the noninvasive 11C-technique. Assimilate movement stopped immediately when the petiole was cut off. However, within 20 min a recovery of transport was observed. The translocation rate in the detached leaf was only 13% of that in the intact plant. 14C-Xenobiotics and [3H]sucrose were injected into the upper petiole parenchyma (source). They moved downstream by a symplastic route. The stump of the petiole was inserted into a buffer solution containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (sink). After 3 h, the distribution of sucrose and xenobiotics was determined in five subsequent segments of the petiole (path). The retention coefficient (r) was calculated from the ratio of radioactivity in the vascular bundle to that in the petiole parenchyma. The distribution along the vascular path was given by a geometric progression, whereas its constant was the transport coefficient (q). Values of r and q corresponded with the degree of phloem mobility and ambimobility. Four groups of compounds were classified: (i) acidic substances with log Kow = — 2 to — 2.4 (Kow is the partition coefficient octanol/water) at pH 8 (pH of sieve tube sap), retained by ion trapping and exhibiting small lateral efflux (q≥0.7; maleic hydrazide, dalapon); (ii) acidic substances with log Kow = — 0.7 to — 0.8 at pH 8, retained by ion trapping and subjected to a moderate lateral efflux (0.7>q> 0.5; 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, bromoxynil); (iii) nonionised substances retained by optimum permeability, exhibiting a considerable lateral leakage (q<0.5; glyphosate, amitrole); (iv) substances without basipetal transport in the phloem (atrazine, diuron). Retention of sucrose corresponded quantitatively with that shown in group (i). This classification was also supported by results of uptake and efflux experiments using the isolated conducting tissue. Theoretical translocation profiles were calculated from the determined transport coefficients (q).

Sucrose Retention and Colonization by Mutans Streptococci at Different Sites of the Dentition

The correlations between the retention and elimination of sucrose at different oral sites and the colonization by mutans streptococci at the same sites were tested in 10 subjects with > 10(5) mutans streptococci per millilitre of saliva. Paraffin-stimulated saliva was collected and plaque samples were taken with a toothpick from all the buccal surfaces except the third molars. One week after the plaque sampling, the sucrose clearance was determined. After a mouth rinse with 10 ml of a 10% sucrose solution, pre-weighed filter paper discs were placed at representative buccal sites of the interdental papilla between molars, premolars and incisors in the upper and lower jaw. The samples were collected 0.5, 2.5, 5.5, 8.5 and 12.5 min after rinsing. Analysis of the sucrose concentration was made using an enzymatic method. The oral sugar clearance was slower in the anterior region of the upper jaw than in the posterior regions and in the central region of the lower jaw. The frequency of mutans streptococci decreased towards the anterior teeth, with Streptococcus sobrinus predominating over Streptococcus mutans. A negative correlation was observed in the upper jaw between sugar clearance and retention and the prevalence of mutans streptococci, whereas the opposite tendency was observed in the lower jaw.