Successful Assembly Research Articles

Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Polyaniline Nanofibers and MXene Thin-Film Electrodes for Electrochemical Energy Storage.

The growing demand for compact energy storage devices may be met through the use of thin-film microbatteries, which generally rely on charge storage in thin or conformal layers. A promising technique for creating thin-film electrodes is layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly, based on the alternating adsorption of oppositely charged species to a surface to form a nanostructured electrode. Thin-film energy storage devices must have a high energy density within a limited space, so new electrode structures, materials, and assembly methods are important. To this end, both two-dimensional MXenes and polyaniline nanofibers (PNFs) have shown promising energy storage properties. Here, we report on the LbL assembly of positively charged PNFs and negatively charged Ti3C2Tx MXenes into hybrid electrodes for thin-film energy storage devices. The successful assembly is demonstrated in which MXenes and PNFs are deposited in films of 49 nm/layer pair thickness. The resulting composition was 77 wt % PNFs and 23 wt % MXenes. The charge storage process was deconvoluted into faradaic/non-faradaic contributions and separated into contributions from PNFs and MXenes. A sandwich cell showed a maximum areal capacity, energy, and power of 17.6 μA h cm-2, 22.1 μW h cm-2, and 1.5 mW cm-2, respectively, for PNF/MXene multilayers of about 2 μm thickness. This work suggests the possibility of using LbL PNF/MXene thin films as electrode materials for thin-film energy storage devices used in next-generation small electronics.

Reliable Postprocessing Improvement of van der Waals Heterostructures.

The successful assembly of heterostructures consisting of several layers of different 2D materials in arbitrary order by exploiting van der Waals forces has truly been a game changer in the field of low-dimensional physics. For instance, the encapsulation of graphene or MoS2 between atomically flat hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) layers with strong affinity and graphitic gates that screen charge impurity disorder provided access to a plethora of interesting physical phenomena by drastically boosting the device quality. The encapsulation is accompanied by a self-cleansing effect at the interfaces. The otherwise predominant charged impurity disorder is minimized, and random strain fluctuations ultimately constitute the main source of residual disorder. Despite these advances, the fabricated heterostructures still vary notably in their performance. Although some achieve record mobilities, others only possess mediocre quality. Here, we report a reliable method to improve fully completed van der Waals heterostructure devices with a straightforward postprocessing surface treatment based on thermal annealing and contact mode atomic force microscopy (AFM). The impact is demonstrated by comparing magnetotransport measurements before and after the AFM treatment on one and the same device as well as on a larger set of treated and untreated devices to collect device statistics. Both the low-temperature properties and the room temperature electrical characteristics, as relevant for applications, improve on average substantially. We surmise that the main beneficial effect arises from reducing nanometer scale corrugations at the interfaces, that is, the detrimental impact of random strain fluctuations.

Highly porous ZrO2 cellular ceramics with 3D network architecture

Cellular ceramics with 3D network architecture are attracting ever-increasing attention because of their great application potential in multiple fields. Unfortunately, a daunting challenge still remains for fabricating such materials. A novel methodology is provided in the current work to construct cellular ZrO2 ceramics with such architecture by combining polyurethane foaming and chemical modification technology. Stearic acid grafted ZrO2 powder with improved dispersibility allows the successful assembly into the polyurethane porous framework. The obtained cellular materials possess a three-dimensional network architecture with windows on the cell wall. The resulting ZrO2 cellular ceramic with such unique structure exhibits a relatively high porosity (83.5%) and robust compressive strength (13.5 MPa), which outperforms most of the existing ZrO2-based counterparts. With above advantages, we envision that as-prepared products are promising for filter applications.

Influences of Linker and Nucleoside for the Helical Self-Assembly of Perylene Along DNA Templates.

Six different conjugates of perylene with 2′-deoxyuridine and with 2-amino-2′-deoxyadenosine were synthesized and applied for DNA-templated assembly in aqueous buffer solutions. They differ by the linkers ethynylene, phenylene, and phenylene–ethynylene between nucleoside and chromophore. The nucleosides were investigated as monomers in CHCl3 and dimethyl sulfoxide by optical spectroscopy. The properties of the four phenylene-linked conjugates are similar to that of perylene as reference because these linkers separate both aromatic parts. The ethynylene linker electronically couples the chromophore with the respective nucleoside and thus red shifts the absorbance. The DNA-templated assembly properties were elucidated by mixing the templates in aqueous buffer with the perylene–nucleoside conjugates from a dimethyl sulfoxide stock solution. Specific binding of the nucleosides was probed by comparing the results with dA20 and T20 as single-stranded DNA templates. Our studies reveal the structural parameters that are important for the DNA-templated assembly of perylenes. First, perylene-2′-deoxyuridine conjugates do not form DNA-templated helical assemblies, regardless of the choice of linker. Second, the ethynylene linker is crucial for successful DNA-templated chromophore assemblies of perylene-2-amino-2′-deoxyadenosine conjugates. Third, in contrast, the phenylene linker inhibits self-assembly along single-stranded DNA templates. In conclusion, the 2-amino-2′-deoxyadenosin in combination with the ethynylene linker provides the best structural feature for specific and helical DNA-templated assembly of perylenes. This result is important for the design of future DNA-based supramolecular architectures with chromophores, in particular DNA-based light-harvesting systems and DNA systems for emitting or sensing circularly polarized luminescence.

Oligonucleotide Enrichment of HSV-1 Genomic DNA from Clinical Specimens for Use in High-Throughput Sequencing.

To date more than 400 genomes of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and the distantly related HSV-2 have been examined using deep sequencing techniques. This powerful approach has been especially useful for revealing the global genetic diversity that exists within and between strains of each virus species. However, most early methods for high-throughput sequencing required the input of abundant viral genomic DNA to enable the successful production of sequencing libraries, and the generation of sufficient short-read sequencing data for de novo genome assembly and similar applications. Therefore, the majority of sequenced HSV strains have been cultured and expanded in vitro prior to genomic analysis, to facilitate isolation of sufficient viral DNA for sequencing-library preparation. Here, we describe an in-solution targeted enrichment procedure for isolating, enriching, and sequencing HSV genomic DNA directly from clinical specimens. When this enrichment technique is combined with traditional sequencing-library preparation procedures, the need for in vitro culturing, expansion, and purification of viral DNA is eliminated. Furthermore, enrichment reduces the large amount of nonviral DNA that is typically present in specimens obtained directly from natural infections, thereby increasing the likelihood of successful viral genome sequencing and assembly. We have used this approach to prepare viral DNA libraries from clinical specimens derived from skin swabs, saliva, blood, and similar sources. We then use these libraries for deep sequencing and successful de novo assembly of the ~152kb viral genomes, at coverage depths exceeding 100-1000×, for both HSV-1 and HSV-2.

A microfluidic approach for sequential assembly of siRNA polyplexes with a defined structure-activity relationship

Therapeutic nucleic acids provide versatile treatment options for hereditary or acquired diseases. Ionic complexes with basic polymers are frequently used to facilitate nucleic acid’s transport to intracellular target sites. Usually, these polyplexes are prepared manually by mixing two components: polyanionic nucleic acids and polycations. However, parameters such as internal structure, size, polydispersity and surface charge of the complexes sensitively affect pharmaceutical efficiency. Hence a controlled assembly is of paramount importance in order to ensure high product quality. In the current study, we present a microfluidic platform for controlled, sequential formulation of polyplexes. We use oligo-amidoamines (termed “oligomers”) with precise molecular weight and defined structure due to their solid phase supported synthesis. The assembly of the polyplexes was performed in a microfluidic chip in two steps employing a design of two successive Y junctions: first, siRNA and core oligomers were assembled into core polyplexes. These core oligomers possess compacting, stabilizing, and endosomal escape mediating motifs. Second, new functional motifs were mixed to the core particles and integrated into the core polyplex. The iterative assembly formed multi-component polyplexes in a highly controlled manner and enabled us to investigate structure-function relationships. We chose nanoparticle shielding polyethylene glycol (PEG) and cell targeting folic acid (termed “PEG-ligands”) as functional components. The PEG-ligands were coupled to lipid anchor oligomers via strain promoted azide—alkyne click chemistry. The lipid anchors feature four cholanic acids for inserting various PEG-ligands into the core polyplex by non-covalent hydrophobic interactions. These core—lipid anchor—PEG-ligand polyplexes containing folate as cell binding ligand were used to determine the optimal PEG-ligand length for transfecting folate receptor-expressing KB cells in vitro. We found that polyplexes with 20 mol % PEG-ligands (relative to ncore oligomer) showed optimal siRNA mediated gene knock-down when containing defined PEG domains of in sum 24 and 36 ethylene oxide repetitions, 12 EOs each from the lipid anchor and 12 or 24 EOs from the PEG-ligand, respectively. These results confirm that transfection efficiency depends on the linker length and stoichiometry and are consistent with previous findings using core—PEG-ligand polyplexes formed by click modification of azide-containing core polyplexes with aforementioned PEG-ligands. Hence, successive microfluidic assembly might be a potentially powerful route to create defined multi-component polyplexes with reduced batch-to-batch variability.

Renovation of a middle school older gymnasium to provide a multipurpose performance and assembly space

St. John School in Lawrence, Kansas found it possible and necessary to construct a new gymnasium of proper size on the north side of their school building. The construction of this new gymnasium was completed in early 2018. The new gymnasium is partially adjacent to an older and smaller gymnasium that has a small stage in one end. This older gymnasium was renovated to address aesthetic, acoustic, noise, and theatrical issues so as to provide a multipurpose performance and assembly space. The renovated gymnasium was opened in October 2018 and it has proved to be a successful multipurpose performance and assembly facility.

Facile fabrication of phase transformed cerium (IV) doped hydroxyapatite for biomedical applications – A health care approach

The present study confronts instantaneous and consistent phase transformation of Hydroxyapatite (HAP) to cerium substituted Hydroxyapatite (Ce-HAP) nanoparticles using the sol-gel method. Ce3+ ions at varying concentrations from 0.01 - 0.1 M were substituted in HAP structure and analyzed using spectroscopic and electron microscopic techniques. The mechanical property acquired, and the elemental composition was determined using a Vickers hardness test and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Secondly, the bio-potential was evaluated against Gram-positive and negative strains by agar diffusion method and in vitro biocompatibility studied using MG-63 cell model adapting MTT assay. The typical XRD pattern revealed characteristic phase transformation from hexagonal to rhombohedral symmetry with assembled rod shape morphology associated with size reduction (x̅ = 40–60 nm) evidenced from electron microscopic study. The elemental composition analyzed using X-ray spectroscopy (XPS) showed the presence of P, Ca and O in addition to Ce substantiating its successful assembly into HAP lattice. This phase transformed assemblage could withstand temperature up to 800 °C, maintaining its rhombohedral symmetry with utmost stability. The key parameters viz. solubility and resorbability along with pH determined the fate of Ce-HAP nano-assemblage. Alongside, this Ce-HAP nanocomposite induced the deposition of calcium-rich apatite layers, on the surface of simulated body fluid (SBF) mimicking the hardness exhibited by bones. There was a significant antibacterial effect as determined from the size of the zone of inhibition. Notably, the drug release profile investigated using leaching studies revealed that assemblage with 0.1 M Ce showed 100% release within 40 h on a par with other concentrations. It also revealed the excellent photocatalytic activity of MB at 0.1 M concentration. Biocompatibility studies on MG-63 cells exposed to Ce-HAP nanocomposite projected cellular viability up to 70% over 72 h suggesting its atoxic potential for use in clinical reality.

FINDUS: An Open-Source 3D Printable Liquid-Handling Workstation for Laboratory Automation in Life Sciences.

3D-printed laboratory devices can enable ambitious research purposes even at a low-budget level. To follow this trend, here we describe the construction, calibration, and usage of the FINDUS (Fully Integrable Noncommercial Dispensing Utility System). We report the successful 3D printing and assembly of a liquid-handling workstation for less than $400. Using this setup, we achieve reliable and flexible liquid-dispensing automation with relative pipetting errors of less than 0.3%. We show our system is well suited for several showcase applications from both the biology and chemistry fields. In support of the open-source spirit, we make all 3D models, assembly instructions, and source code available for free download, rebuild, and modification.

MoSx co-catalytic activation of H2O2 by heterogeneous hemin catalyst under visible light irradiation

The slow Fe3+/Fe2+ conversion and difficult reactants contact are the main challenges for H2O2 activation using heterogeneous iron-based catalysts. As a typical two-dimensional layered nanomaterial, molybdenum sulfide holds great promise for promoting such process as co-catalysts, but its combination with solid iron catalysts is rarely reported. In this work, we fabricated a novel heterogeneous photocatalyst by directly anchoring amorphous MoSx onto the PAN fibers with hemin via an adsorption and in-situ transformation method. The detailed characterizations show the successful assembly of hemin and MoSx with the fibrous support through axial coordination and electrostatic bonding, respectively. Taking the degradation of organic dyes as model reactions, the as-prepared catalyst achieved remarkably high and stable catalytic performance in the presence of H2O2 under visible light irradiation, which was much superior to that of the single hemin or MoSx supported fibrous catalyst. The enhanced photocatalytic activity is mainly attributed to (i) the excellent adsorption capability of MoSx, which allows the catalyst to easily capture the reactants and (ii) the accelerated rate-limiting step of Fe3+/Fe2+ conversion. In addition, we also explored the MoSx co-catalytic effect on the other iron-based heterogeneous H2O2 activation systems (such as supported Fe3+ or FePc), and similar enhancing effect was observed. Our findings provide a facile and promising strategy to rationally design the advanced oxidation processes for environmental remediation.

Structures of CENP-C cupin domains at regional centromeres reveal unique patterns of dimerization and recruitment functions for the inner pocket

The successful assembly and regulation of the kinetochore are critical for the equal and accurate segregation of genetic material during the cell cycle. CENP-C (centromere protein C), a conserved inner kinetochore component, has been broadly characterized as a scaffolding protein and is required for the recruitment of multiple kinetochore proteins to the centromere. At its C terminus, CENP-C harbors a conserved cupin domain that has an established role in protein dimerization. Although the crystal structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mif2CENP-C cupin domain has been determined, centromeric organization and kinetochore composition vary greatly between S. cerevisiae (point centromere) and other eukaryotes (regional centromere). Therefore, whether the structural and functional role of the cupin domain is conserved throughout evolution requires investigation. Here, we report the crystal structures of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Drosophila melanogaster CENP-C cupin domains at 2.52 and 1.81 Å resolutions, respectively. Although the central jelly roll architecture is conserved among the three determined CENP-C cupin domain structures, the cupin domains from organisms with regional centromeres contain additional structural features that aid in dimerization. Moreover, we found that the S. pombe Cnp3CENP-C jelly roll fold harbors an inner binding pocket that is used to recruit the meiosis-specific protein Moa1. In summary, our results unveil the evolutionarily conserved and unique features of the CENP-C cupin domain and uncover the mechanism by which it functions as a recruitment factor.

A hydrogel platform for in vitro three dimensional assembly of human stem cell-derived islet cells and endothelial cells

Differentiation of stem cells into functional replacement cells and tissues is a major goal of the regenerative medicine field. However, one limitation has been organization of differentiated cells into multi-cellular, three-dimensional assemblies. The islets of Langerhans contain many endocrine and non-endocrine cell types, such as insulin-producing β cells and endothelial cells. Despite the potential importance of endothelial cells to islet function, facilitating interactions between endothelial cells and islet endocrine cell types already differentiated from human embryonic stem cells has been difficult in vitro. We have developed a strategy of assembling human embryonic stem cell-derived islet cells with endothelial cells into three-dimensional aggregates on a hydrogel. The resulting islet organoids express β cell and other endocrine markers and are functional, capable of undergoing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. This assembly was not observed on traditional tissue culture plastic and in aggregates generated in suspension culture, highlighting how physical culture conditions greatly influence the interactions among these cell types. These results provide a platform for evaluating the effects of the islet tissue microenvironment on human embryonic stem cell-derived β cells and other islet endocrine cells to develop tissue engineered islets. Statement of SignificanceDifferentiation of insulin-producing cells and tissues from human pluripotent stem cells is being investigated for diabetes cell replacement therapies. Despite successes generating β cells, the cell type responsible for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion within the islets of Langerhans found in the pancreas, successful assembly with other non-endocrine cell types, particularly endothelial cells, has been technically challenging. The present study provides a platform for the assembly of endothelial cells with SC-β and other endocrine cells, producing islet organoids that are functional and express β cell markers, that can be used to study the islet microenvironment and islet tissue engineering.

A Machine Learning Framework for Real-Time Identification of Successful Snap-Fit Assemblies

Snap-fit assemblies are widely used in the manufacturing of several product types, allowing part joining, while the parts remain unprocessed. The locking mechanism of a snap-fit is usually done within the object structure, not allowing visual identification of the successful process completion. Humans consider the forces developed between the two parts or the snapping sound, as an indication of success. This is difficult to realize in robotic assembly, and the process success is usually identified at a product quality control stage. The aim of this article is to migrate the human ability to identify a successful snap assembly to autonomous robotic assembly, via a machine learning framework, enabled by human-robot collaboration for rich data collection and labeling. The proposed framework allows learning while minimizing complexity, cost, and time. A generic feature set is proposed, which can produce good identification results in different snap assembly types. A feature transformation is also introduced that is fundamental for the real-time operation of the proposed framework and the identification of successful snap-assemblies. Three different objects are used to experimentally validate the approach using a KUKA LWR4+ robotic arm, resulting in high classification and real-time identification accuracy. Finally, a comparison with a model-based method is conducted.

Impact of the inoculum composition on the structure of the total and active community and its performance in identically operated anaerobic reactors.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a biological process that is acquiring increasing attention for both solid waste and wastewater treatment, as well as for the production of valuable chemicals. Despite the importance of the inoculum, the relationship between inoculum community composition, reactor performance, and reactor community composition remains vague. To understand the impact of the starting community on the composition and functioning of the AD microbiome, we studied three sets of biologically replicated AD reactors inoculated with different communities, but operated identically, targeting both total and active community compositions. All reactors performed highly similar regarding volatile fatty acid and methane production. The community analyses showed reproducible total and active community compositions in replicate reactors, indicating that particularly deterministic factors shaped the AD community. Moreover, strong variation in community composition between the differently seeded reactors was observed, indicating the role of inoculum composition in community shaping. In all three reactor sets, especially species that were low abundant or even not detected in the inoculum contributed to the reactor communities, supporting the importance of functional redundancy and high diversity in inocula used for AD seeding. The careful start-up of the AD process using initially low organic loading rates likely contributed to the successful assembly of initial low-abundance/rare species into a new cooperative AD community in the reactors.

Additive Manufacturing of Advanced Solid Oxide Fuel Cells – a Review

Fuel cells are appealing energy generation gadgets due to their high performance, advanced electricity density, low emissions and quiet operation. Among exceptional types of fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) provide greater flexibility due to the fact that they can run on a diffusion of fuels and are tolerant to impurities within the realistic fuels. Additive manufacturing (AM) strategies allow the fabrication of complicated parts with the desired composition, microstructure and properties directly from the computer-aided design (CAD) models. Additive production era to SOFC will allow extra complex and advanced cell and stack designs to be manufactural, regardless of steel-supported or ceramic-supported structure. Fabrication of whole monolithic fuel cell stacks in fewer or even a single step without successive assembly require a brilliant approach. This paper attempts to review the latest applications of additive manufacturing tactics in SOFC development and production, binder jetting, spraying, extrusion, lithography-primarily based, and laser sintering.

BRAF inhibition sensitizes melanoma cells to \u03b1-amanitin via decreased RNA polymerase II assembly

Despite the great success of small molecule inhibitors in the treatment of patients with BRAFV600E mutated melanoma, the response to these drugs remains transient and patients eventually relapse within a few months, highlighting the need to develop novel combination therapies based on the understanding of the molecular changes induced by BRAFV600E inhibitors. The acute inhibition of oncogenic signaling can rewire entire cellular signaling pathways and thereby create novel cancer cell vulnerabilities. Here, we demonstrate that inhibition of BRAFV600E oncogenic signaling in melanoma cell lines leads to destabilization of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II POLR2A (polymerase RNA II DNA-directed polypeptide A), thereby preventing its binding to the unconventional prefoldin RPB5 interactor (URI1) chaperone complex and the successful assembly of RNA polymerase II holoenzymes. Furthermore, in melanoma cell lines treated with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors, α-amanitin, a specific and irreversible inhibitor of RNA polymerase II, induced massive apoptosis. Pre-treatment of melanoma cell lines with MAPK inhibitors significantly reduced IC50 values to α-amanitin, creating a state of collateral vulnerability similar to POLR2A hemizygous deletions. Thus, the development of melanoma specific α-amanitin antibody-drug conjugates could represent an interesting therapeutic approach for combination therapies with BRAFV600E inhibitors.

CtIP is essential for early B cell proliferation and development in mice.

B cell development requires efficient proliferation and successful assembly and modifications of the immunoglobulin gene products. CtIP is an essential gene implicated in end resection and DNA repair. Here, we show that CtIP is essential for early B cell development but dispensable in naive B cells. CtIP loss is well tolerated in G1-arrested B cells and during V(D)J recombination, but in proliferating B cells, CtIP loss leads to a progressive cell death characterized by ATM hyperactivation, G2/M arrest, genomic instability, and 53BP1 nuclear body formation, indicating that the essential role of CtIP during proliferation underscores its stage-specific requirement in B cells. B cell proliferation requires phosphorylation of CtIP at T847 presumably by CDK, but not its interaction with CtBP or Rb or its nuclease activity. CtIP phosphorylation by ATM/ATR at T859 (T855 in mice) promotes end resection in G1-arrested cells but is dispensable for B cell development and class switch recombination, suggesting distinct roles for T859 and T847 phosphorylation in B cell development.

Regulating the BCL2 Family to Improve Sensitivity to Microtubule Targeting Agents.

Chemotherapeutic targeting of microtubules has been the standard of care in treating a variety of malignancies for decades. During mitosis, increased microtubule dynamics are necessary for mitotic spindle formation and successful chromosomal segregation. Microtubule targeting agents (MTAs) disrupt the dynamics necessary for successful spindle assembly and trigger programmed cell death (apoptosis). As the critical regulators of apoptosis, anti-apoptotic BCL2 family members are often amplified during carcinogenesis that can result in MTA resistance. This review outlines how BCL2 family regulation is positioned within the context of MTA treatment and explores the potential of combination therapy of MTAs with emerging BCL2 family inhibitors.

The surface-exposed loop region of norovirus GII.3 VP1 plays an essential role in binding histo-blood group antigens.

Trypsin digestion promotes disassembly of GII.3 NoV virus-like particles (VLPs) and binding of VLPs to salivary histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), but it is not clear which specific regions or residues mediate viral attachment to HBGAs. An earlier study indicated that arginine residues in the predicted surface-exposed loop region are susceptible to trypsin digestion. Here, we introduced single or multiple substitutions of four arginine residues located in the predicted surface-exposed loop region of the GII.3 NoV capsid protein (VP1) and observed their effects on susceptibility to trypsin digestion and binding to HBGAs. All of the mutations in VP1, including single substitutions (R287G, R292G, R296G or R307G) and quadruple substitutions (R287G, R292G, R296G and R307G), permitted successful VLP assembly. After tryptic digestion, all VP1 proteins bearing single point mutations were cleaved, resulting in complete digestion or single fragments with various molecular sizes (27-35kDa), while the VP1 protein bearing four substitutions was cleaved into two fragments (27-55kDa). Binding assays using synthetic and salivary HBGAs showed that none of the VP1 mutants (singly or quadruply substituted) exhibited detectable binding to HBGA before or after trypsin cleavage. These results indicated that arginine residues within the predicted surface loop region of GII.3 NoV VP1 were involved directly or indirectly in binding salivary HBGAs and could potentially mediate the HBGA-GII.3 NoV interactions through which host cells become infected.

Study on Warpage and Reliability of Fan-Out Interposer Technology

The fan-out interposer (FOI) technology with fine pitch is demonstrated and presented for heterogeneous integration as a cost-effective and enabling technology. The co-design modeling methodology is established for the FOI technology, including wafer process-induced warpage, package assembly warpage, and board-level solder joint reliability to optimize the structure design, wafer process, assembly process, and material selection. Through the wafer warpage modeling, desirable glass carrier, photodielectric, and molding compound materials and interposer structure are suggested to reduce the wafer warpage. Effect of stiffener on assembly induced package warpage is simulated and studied. Board-level solder joint reliability is investigated and optimized based on the simulation results. The optimized materials and the structure design are determined based on the co-design modeling and simulation results to achieve the successful FOI wafer fabrication, assembly process, and board-level reliability for extreme large package with FOI.