Success Rate Of Restorations Research Articles

Complete rehabilitation of patients with bruxism by veneered and non-veneered zirconia restorations with an increased vertical dimension of occlusion: an observational case-series study

PurposeTo assess the clinical performance of the complete rehabilitation of a series of patients with bruxism treated by teeth- and implant-supported veneered and non-veneered zirconia restorations with an increased vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO). MethodsTen patients with bruxism, aged 62–70 years, were treated with 108 veneered and 142 non-veneered zirconia restorations and attended the recall appointment. The mean observation period was 28.2 (±16.8) months. The patients were identified from records, and clinical details were retrieved from their files. In the recall appointment, the restorations were evaluated using modified California Dental Association (CDA) criteria. The periodontal probing depth, bleeding index, presence of caries and implant survival and success rate were recorded. ResultsNo biological complications were recorded for any restorations. The success and survival rate of all implants was 100%. The overall mean survival and success rate of all restorations was 99.6%. In the veneered group, the predominant complication was minor veneer chipping (13.9%) on the incisal edge, which required only polishing (grade 1); in the non-veneered group, the predominant failure was open proximal contacts between the implant restoration and adjacent teeth (9%); only one implant restoration needed repair. One restoration was replaced due to a horizontal tooth fracture. ConclusionsWithin the limitations of this study, we conclude that the survival and success rate of monolithic zirconia restorations installed in patients with bruxism was excellent, although the veneered zirconia restorations showed a high rate of minor veneer chipping, which required only polishing.

Progress in pharmaceutical research for cerebral resuscitation after cardiac arrest

With the popularization of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) technology, the success rate of restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) is gradually improved, and the survival rate and neurological outcome of patients with cardiac arrest are improved. Currently, therapeutic methods for cerebral resuscitation after cardiac arrest are limited. In addition to mild hypothermia for clinical application, the majority of drugs remain in the animal experimental stage. Finding effective brain protection drugs has become a hot spot in the field of brain resuscitation research. This article will review the pharmaceutical progress of research for cerebral resuscitation after cardiac arrest, so that we can study the brain protection mechanism of these drugs better and more targeted.

Ventilation strategies during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a problem that should not be neglected

The ventilation strategies of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in patients out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is very important and has received more attention. In the past 10 years, many researches have focused on how to adjust the ratio and time of compression ventilation, minimize the frequency and times of chest compression interruption, and improve the success rate of restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The ventilation strategies that no ventilation and hyperventilation in the process of CPR are not supported by recent researches for their drawbacks and controversies, but passive ventilation (delayed ventilation) is strongly supported by a great deal of researches. There is debate about whether the use of advanced airway is recommended during the CPR process. How to define the best tidal volume, respiratory rate and fraction of inspired oxygen in CPR to ensure the best ratio of ventilation and blood flow will be the focus and difficulty of investigating ventilation strategies during CPR in further study.

Clinical evaluation of active abdominal lifting and compression CPR in patients with cardiac arrest

BackgroundChest compression is a standard recommendation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). However, chest compression cannot be effectively applied under certain situations, such as chest wall deformity, rib fracture, or hemopneumothorax. An alternative method, abdominal compression, was reported to achieve better resuscitation outcomes in these patients. Materials and methodsA prospective study was performed in adult patients with cardiac arrest and anticipated ineffective chest compression (thoracic trauma, chest deformity, rib fracture, and hemopneumothorax). Active abdominal lifting and compression cardiopulmonary resuscitation was used. Primary outcome was success rate of restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Secondary outcomes included heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse oximetry saturation (SpO2), arterial blood pH value, arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2), and arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2), which were measured during the periods of pre-CPR, CPR, and 30min post-ROSC. ResultsA total of 35 patients were enrolled into the study. Five of them had ROSC (14.3%), which was statistically significantly higher than that (0%) reported in the 2015 Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support manual. HR, MAP, and SpO2 during CPR were also statistically significantly higher during CPR when compared to the period of pre-CPR period (HR 58 versus 0 beats/min, P<0.01; MAP 25 versus 0mm Hg, P<0.01; SpO2 0.68 versus 0.48%, P<0.01). In post-ROSC period, HR was statistically significantly higher than that during pre-CPR period (121 versus 0 best/min, P<0.01). ConclusionsActive abdominal lifting and compression cardiopulmonary resuscitation could reach better resuscitation outcomes in certain cardiac arrest patients.

The Restoration Success Rate Between Combined Natural Tooth Implant and Combined Implant and Implant: A Meta-Analysis

The Restoration Success Rate Between Combined Natural Tooth Implant and Combined Implant and Implant: A Meta-Analysis

Geomorphic knowledge for mangrove restoration: a pan‐tropical categorization

AbstractExtreme events such as storm surges and tsunamis in combination with subsidence of densely populated coastal areas pose an increasing threat to millions of people in the tropics. Intertidal mangrove forests may form a natural protection against some extreme events, but have also widely been destroyed by coastal development. The establishment of mangroves and the maintenance of their stability over the short‐ to long‐term requires an understanding of sedimentary processes and landforms in the coastal zone, making geomorphology a crucial, but sometimes neglected discipline when attempting restoration for disaster risk reduction. Mangrove geomorphic setting varies markedly across the tropics, depending on abiotic parameters such as suspended sediment supply and tidal range, with different restoration strategies suitable for each. In this study we provide a global categorization of mangrove geomorphic settings, based on the literature and global remote sensing data. The world's mangroves can be broadly defined as: (1) minerogenic and high tidal range; (2) minerogenic and low tidal range; and (3) organogenic and low tidal range. We further discuss restoration and management approaches most suitable for each geomorphic setting. Overall, this study can be used to inform managers about the relevance of geomorphic knowledge for successful mangrove restoration, how an understanding of geomorphology can influence site selection and restoration success, and how to match specific restoration methods to the prevailing geomorphic context. The stronger incorporation of geomorphic knowledge into site planning and design will improve the success rates of restoration for this important and globally threatened ecosystem. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Success rates of manual restorative treatment (MRT) with amalgam in permanent teeth in high caries-risk Filipino children.

The objective of the study is to evaluate the success rate of amalgam restorations in manually prepared cavities under field conditions within a comprehensive school-based oral health-care program in high caries-risk children. A total of 1322 restorations were placed in the permanent teeth of 619 high caries risk Filipino children by two dentists and two trained health-care workers. Only hand instruments and an encapsulated amalgam, mixed with a manually powered amalgamator, were used. The restorations were evaluated after a service time of 1 to 5 years using modified atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) criteria. The overall success rate of the amalgam restorations was 95.3% (n = 1260) after a mean service time of 2.7 years (SD = 1.4). Multiple-surface restorations showed significantly higher failure rates (11.4%) than single-surface occlusal (4.7%) and single-surface non-occlusal (2.1%) restorations; 93.6% of large restorations was performed successfully, but had a risk of failure twice to that of small restorations (odds ratio (OR) = 2.141). The score of the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index had significant influence on the success rate. The risk of restoration failure increased by 11.5% for each unit increase in DMFT (OR = 1.148). Neither the operator nor age nor gender of the patient had a significant effect on the success rate of the restorations. Amalgam was performed satisfactorily as a filling material when placed under field conditions in manually prepared cavities in the permanent dentition of high caries-risk children. Success of the restorations was influenced by the patient's caries experience (DMFT), restoration size, and service time. Manual restorative treatment (MRT) amalgam restorations were performed satisfactorily, but higher dental caries experience and large cavities contribute to lower success rates.

Oyster reef restoration in the northern Gulf of Mexico: Extent, methods and outcomes

Shellfish reef restoration to support ecological services has become more common in recent decades, driven by increasing awareness of the functional decline of shellfish systems. Maximizing restoration benefits and increasing efficiency of shellfish restoration activities would greatly benefit from understanding and measurement of system responses to management activities. This project (1) compiles a database of northern Gulf of Mexico inshore artificial oyster reefs created for restoration purposes, and (2) quantitatively assesses a subset of reefs to determine project outcomes. We documented 259 artificial inshore reefs created for ecological restoration. Information on reef material, reef design and monitoring was located for 94, 43 and 20% of the reefs identified. To quantify restoration success, we used diver surveys to quantitatively sample oyster density and substrate volume of 11 created reefs across the coast (7 with rock; 4 with shell), paired with 7 historic reefs. Reefs were defined as fully successful if there were live oysters, and partially successful if there was hard substrate. Of these created reefs, 73% were fully successful, while 82% were partially successful. These data highlight that critical information related to reef design, cost, and success remain difficult to find and are generally inaccessible or lost, ultimately hindering efforts to maximize restoration success rates. Maintenance of reef creation information data, development of standard reef performance measures, and inclusion of material and reef design testing within reef creation projects would be highly beneficial in implementing adaptive management. Adaptive management protocols seek specifically to maximize short and long-term restoration success, but are critically dependent on tracking and measuring system responses to management activities.

Multi-link faults localization and restoration based on fuzzy fault set for dynamic optical networks

Based on a distributed method of bit-error-rate (BER) monitoring, a novel multi-link faults restoration algorithm is proposed for dynamic optical networks. The concept of fuzzy fault set (FFS) is first introduced for multi-link faults localization, which includes all possible optical equipment or fiber links with a membership describing the possibility of faults. Such a set is characterized by a membership function which assigns each object a grade of membership ranging from zero to one. OSPF protocol extension is designed for the BER information flooding in the network. The BER information can be correlated to link faults through FFS. Based on the BER information and FFS, multi-link faults localization mechanism and restoration algorithm are implemented and experimentally demonstrated on a GMPLS enabled optical network testbed with 40 wavelengths in each fiber link. Experimental results show that the novel localization mechanism has better performance compared with the extended limited perimeter vector matching (LVM) protocol and the restoration algorithm can improve the restoration success rate under multi-link faults scenario.

Rate vs. rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation — An updated meta-analysis of 10 randomized controlled trials

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, affectingmore than 2 million adults in theUnited States [1]. Rate control and rhythm control, both combined with anticoagulation therapy, are two fundamental strategies to treat AF. A series of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were performed to compare the two strategies, but which one is better still has been the focus of controversy [2–11]. Therefore, we systematically performed an updated meta-analysis to compare rate and rhythmcontrol strategy in terms of all causemortality and worsening heart failure. We included studies if they met: 1) a study population with nonvalvular AF, 2) comparison of a ventricular rate control strategy and rhythm control strategy, 3) prospective randomized controlled trial, 4) intention-to-treat principle, 5) follow-up period N1 year. Electronic and literature search was performed in MEDLINE, The Cochrane Library, The Clinical Trials and Embase Database or the abstract of ACC (American College of Cardiology), AHA (AmericanHeart Association), and ESC (European Society of Cardiology) up to June 30, 2011 using the search term “atrial fibrillation, rate control, rhythm control, randomized trial”. Fig. 1 shows the study selection process. Finally, ten RCTs [2–11] were included in this meta-analysis. The baseline characteristics of included studies were presented in Table 1. The therapeutic approaches included atrioventricular node blockade: beta-blockers, digitalis or calcium blockers in the rate control group and antiarrhythmic agents, electrical cardioversion in the rhythm control group. The anticoagulation therapy was implemented according to the guideline. Amiodarone combined electrical cardioversion was the frequently used regimen in rhythm control group. Data for all cause mortality was reported in all included trials [2– 11]. There was no significant result in individual study regarding this outcome.When results from10 trialswere pooled, the impact of rate and rhythm control strategies still appeared to be equivalent on all cause mortality (5.3% vs. 5.0% per year; OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.84–1.26) with no significant heterogeneity (P=0.44, Ib25%). When we excluded 5 studies [2, 4, 5, 8, 9]withmeanageN65, rate control groupwas associated with a significant higher risk of all cause mortality when compared with rhythm control group (3.6% vs.1.9% per year; OR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.01–3.53) with no significant heterogeneity (P=0.32, Ib25%) (Fig. 2). Data for worsening heart failure was reported in 6 studies [2–4, 7, 9, 10], thepooled result showed that the rate and rhythmcontrol grouphad a similar rate of worsening heart failure (3.81% vs. 3.61% per year; OR: 1.04; 95% CI: 0.80–1.36) with no significant heterogeneity (P=0.20; Ib50%). when we excluded studies with mean age N65 [2, 4, 9], the pooled result showed that rate control grouphad a significanthigher risk ofworsening heart failure events (2.3% vs. 0.3% per year; OR: 5.6; 95%CI: 1.44–21.69)with no significant heterogeneity (P=0.85, Ib25%) (Fig. 3). There was no significant difference on thromboembolic events (1.49% vs. 1.46% per year; OR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.71–1.48) and bleeding events (1.78% vs. 1.73% per year; OR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.70–1.49) between rate and rhythm control, even in the mean age b65 subgroup, (2.67% vs. 1.80% per year; OR: 1.49; 95% CI: 0.76 to 2.90) for thromboembolic events, (0.84% vs. 0.97% per year; OR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.31–2.41) for bleeding events, respectively. Strategy to manage AF is expected by years not days. A survival analysis for the AFFIRM study showed that the maintenance of sinus was associated with a 47% reduction of overall mortality, whereas, the use of anti-arrhythmic drugs increased the risk of death by 49%. The survival benefit of rhythm control was greatly negated by the side effect of anti-arrhythmic drugs but not rate control strategy [12]. Age was correlative predictive factor inversely related to cardiac function and success rate of restoration of sinus rhythm. Younger AF patients were observed to have shorter AF duration, smaller atrial volume and higher success rate of reestablishment of sinus rhythm, which suggested these patients receiving rhythm control strategy tend to have higher success rate and more survival benefit. Heart failure usually complicated AF, and it helps increase the cardiovascular mortality. Annual incidence of worsening heart failure was 3.7% in this meta-analysis, with the highest rate (12.7%) occurred in study conducted by Roy et al.'s study [9], where death from heart failure occupied 30% of total mortality. The meta-analysis revealed that rhythm control strategy in younger AF patients was associated with a significantly lower risk of worsening heart failure compared with rate control strategy. It is worth mentioning that this positive result from rhythm control strategy was mostly based on pharmacological therapy and electrical cardioversion but not ablation yet. In summary, this meta-analysis suggests that rhythm control strategy may be preferable to younger AF patient for all cause mortality and worsening heart failure.

The capacity of dental therapists to provide direct restorative care to adults

In Victoria, dental therapists are restricted to treating patients under the age of 26 years. Removing this age restriction from dental therapists' scope of practice may assist significantly in addressing workforce shortages, particularly in rural Victoria. This study aims to assess the capacity of dental therapists to provide direct coronal restorations (dental fillings) to patients older than 25 years, on the prescription of a dentist. Its objectives include determining the success rate of restorations placed by dental therapists six months post placement; and patients' and dental therapists' satisfaction with the services provided. The project was carried out in 2007 at the Royal Dental Hospital of Melbourne. Seven dental therapists participated in the study, placed 356 restorations (115 patients) with the support of a dentist. These restorations were reviewed six-months post placement by dentists blinded as to which restorations were placed by the dental therapists. Patients' age ranged from 26 to 82 years (82% were >40 years). At six months post-treatment, 258 restorations (80 patients) were reviewed. At review, 94.6% of the restorations were successful. Patients and dental therapists were satisfied with the experience. The standard of restorations provided by dental therapists was considered to be at least similar to that expected of a newly graduated dentist. Broadening the dental therapists scope of practice would create opportunities to design more flexible 'oral health' clinical teams enabling dentists to provide more complex procedures for patients most in need. This is significant in the public sector and rural areas where workforce shortages are most acute.

Two-year Clinical Evaluation of IPS Empress II Ceramic Onlays/Inlays

The stronger the ceramic material, the longer the restoration stays in the mouth. The current study evaluated the two-year clinical performance of a strong ceramic system, IPS Empress II, with increased strength on onlay/inlay restorations of molars. Teeth from 35 patients, including three premolars and 32 molars, were prepared for 28 onlay and seven inlay restorations with IPS Empress II ceramics. The restorations were cemented with a highly viscous, dual-curing luting composite cement (Bifix) and evaluated by two examiners using USPHS criteria at baseline (one week following insertion), six months, one year and two years. The baseline scores and recalls were assessed by Wilcoxon signed rank test. Statistically significant marginal discoloration at the Bravo level was found at the 12- and 24-month recalls (p=0.046). One debonding was statistically insignificant. No changes were observed with respect to anamnesis, such as any symptom from the TMJ or masticatory muscles. No restorations were replaced due to hypersensitivity or were missing at the two-year evaluation. Any wear on the restoration, antagonist tooth or any changes of proximal contacts were not observed. IPS Empress II Ceramics were found to be appropriate as onlay/inlay restorations for clinical use under the conditions of the current study.

Performance comparisons of restoration techniques in optical burst switching networks

This paper describes restoration techniques for OBS networks. First, we introduce the design issues to be essentially considered, when restoration techniques will be built into OBS networks. Second, considering the design issues, we propose a novel restoration model named “Recover-Then-Reserve,” which can enhance the restoration performance. Third, we develop a simulator using the NS-2 platform to verify the performance of the restoration techniques (path, link, and sub-path) designed by each restoration model (GMPLS-based OBS restoration and our proposal). Performance is evaluated on the following metrics: restoration success rate, restoration time, connection availability, and burst loss probability. The effects of the failure frequency and the number of the restoration attempts on the restoration performance are also investigated. Our experiments show that the proposal can reduce the restoration time by about 25 ms compared to the GMPLS-based OBS restoration model. Also, path restoration technique has better performance than link and sub-path restoration techniques because it has the highest restoration success rate, allowing similar restoration time. Our experiments also show that the more the restoration attempts made and the less the failure frequency becomes, the better the restoration performance obtained.

Influence of local anaesthesia on the quality of class II glass ionomer restorations

To investigate the influence of local anaesthesia on the quality of class II glass ionomer restorations with discomfort as cofactor. The study population consisted of 6- to 7-year-old schoolchildren in Paramaribo and its environs. To be included, each child needed to have a proximally situated cavity in a primary molar that was accessible to hand instruments and where no pulp exposure was expected. They were randomly divided into four treatment groups: conventional method with and without local anaesthesia and atraumatic restorative treatment method (ART) with and without local anaesthesia. The restoration quality was scored using the evaluation criteria for ART restorations (successful if restoration is correct or has a minor defect and fails if defects are larger than 0.5 mm, if secondary caries is observed, if the restoration is fractured, partly or totally lost or if the pulp is involved) at 6 and 30 months after treatment. The extent of discomfort was registered by assessing the behaviour (modified Venham score) and observing the heart rate during treatment. For this study 153 children were treated with hand instruments (ART) and 146 children with rotary instruments (conventional method). A total of 198 restorations were evaluated during follow-up periods. There were no significant differences in patient discomfort between the ART and the conventional group and between the anaesthesia and the non-anaesthesia group. The conventional restorations demonstrated significantly higher success rates than ART restorations after 6 (P = 0.001) and 30 months (P = 0.032). There were no significant differences in success rate between the anaesthesia and the non-anaesthesia group. Local anaesthesia has no influence on discomfort during treatment. Furthermore, discomfort during treatment does not affect the success rate of restorations.

Path vs. subpath vs. link restoration for fault management in IP-over-WDM networks: performance comparisons using GMPLS control signaling

We investigate three restoration techniques (path, subpath, and link restoration) for fault management in an IP-over-WDM network. We have implemented all of these techniques on the ns-2 simulation platform using generalized multiprotocol label switching (GMPLS) control signaling. These techniques can handle practical situations such as simultaneous multiple fiber failures, which are difficult to design for and recover from by nonrestoration techniques. We then present performance measurement results for the three restoration techniques by applying them to a typical nationwide mesh network running IP over WDM. We investigate interesting trade-offs in the performance of the restoration techniques on restoration success rate, average restoration time, availability, and blocking probability.

Clinical performance of resin-modified glass ionomer cement restorations in primary teeth: A retrospective evaluation

The authors retrospectively evaluated the clinical performance of one resin-modified glass ionomer cement as a restorative material in Class I, Class II, Class III and Class V restorations in primary teeth. A total of 306 patients who had received a total of 864 resin-modified glass ionomer restorations, which had been in their mouths for a minimum of three years, were included in this evaluation. The authors assessed the clinical observations recorded in patients' records and used bitewing radiographs to assess Class II restorations. The authors found an overall restoration success rate of 93.0 percent, with Class I restorations having a 92.6 percent success rate, Class II restorations having a 93.3 percent success rate, Class III restorations having a 100 percent success rate, and Class V restorations having a 98.0 percent success rate. The resin-modified glass ionomer cement functioned well as a Class I, Class II, Class III and Class V restorative material in primary teeth. Resin-modified glass ionomer restorative cement is a durable and reliable material to use for Class I, Class II, Class III and Class V restorations in primary teeth. Therefore, dentists have a proven alternative to silver amalgam and resin-based composite for primary tooth restoration.

Function and survival of macroencapsulated syngeneic islets transplanted into streptozocin-diabetic mice.

Macroencapsulation is a strategy to protect transplanted islets from rejection and autoimmune attack. This study addresses questions about the survival and function of macroencapsulated syngeneic islets. Planar immunobarrier membrane diffusion devices were used for syngeneic islet transplantation. After being mixed with a 1% alginate solution, a total of 250, 500, 750 or 1000 islets were loaded into the devices, which were implanted into the epididymal fat pad(s) of streptozocin diabetic mice. The success rate for restoration of normoglycemia at week 4 was highest for the recipients receiving two devices, each with 500 islets. Loading 750 or 1000 islets provided no improvement over loading 500 islets in a single device. Devices containing 250 islets were rarely successful. There was a striking tendency of transplants to either bring glucose levels into the near normal range or to fail with marked hyperglycemia. After an overnight fast at 1 and 4 weeks, but not at 12 weeks, hypoglycemia was found. The insulin content of devices from animals with normalized glucose values was higher than the insulin content in failed devices. Islet volume was maintained for 12 weeks, and fibrosis did not increase. A relatively small mass of macroencapsulated islet tissue can survive and function well enough to normalize glucose levels for at least 12 weeks. Maintenance of glucose levels in the near-normal range seems to have a beneficial influence on graft success. The finding of fasting hypoglycemia raises important clinical questions about islet dysfunction. Important limitations in the requirements for islet packing density in macroencapsulation have been defined. New approaches for improving islet packing density must be developed to make diffusion-dependent macroencapsulation more practical.

Electrocardiographic nature of restored sinus rhythm after Cox maze procedure in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation who also had other cardiac surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To characterise heart rate variability and high frequency components of restored sinus rhythm after the maze procedure. The maze procedure for chronic atrial fibrillation may prevent thrombotic events and...

Pharmacologic therapy of atrial flutter.

Atrial flutter is a relatively rare but nonetheless important arrhythmia. Its mechanism and anatomy have been defined as right atrial macroreentry. It responds to treatment with a variety of antiarrhythmic agents but, in general, drug efficacy for acute termination is low. The addition of pacing to drug therapy markedly improves the success rate for restoration of sinus rhythm. Useful antiarrhythmic agents include amiodarone, sotalol, disopyramide, flecainide, and propafenone, but definitive efficacy studies have not been performed. The risk of provoking 1:1 AV conduction and a marked increase in ventricular response rate is always present. AV nodal blocking drugs (digoxin and verapamil) probably offer protection from this unwanted effect, but the prevalence of 1:1 conduction and the efficacy of AV nodal blockade remain to be established. When drug management fails, there is a place for radiofrequency ablation. Little is known about the thromboembolic risk of atrial flutter. As a consequence, the role of prophylactic anticoagulation is uncertain. Current interest in atrial flutter will ensure that these and other clinical questions are answered in the near future.

Thromboendarterectomy for total occlusion of the internal carotid artery: a reappraisal of risks, success rate and potential benefits.

Forty consecutive patients undergoing thromboendarterectomy for total internal carotid artery occlusion were studied in an attempt to determine a) whether careful case selection could be expected to reduce future postoperative mortality and morbidity, b) whether the achieved patency rate justified early operation and c) whether patients in whom patency was restored and maintained had a better long-term prognosis. The results show that a group of patients can be selected that will have low postoperative mortality and morbidity. The success rate for restoration of blood flow is high, particularly if the operation is performed soon after occlusion. The long-term prognosis in patients in whom patency of the internal carotid artery is restored and maintained appears to be better than in those with persistent occlusion of the carotid artery.