Success Failure Research Articles

Dynamic reciprocal relations of achievement goals with daily experiences of academic success and failure: An ambulatory assessment study

Achievement goals have been linked to achievement in various educational settings. The present work explored day-to-day variations in achievement goals (mastery, performance-approach, performance-avoidance) and their associations with daily experiences of academic success and failure. Ambulatory assessment data from 108 students in Grade 5 were collected, with daily assessments of achievement goals in the morning and end-of-day reports of academic success and failure. Dynamic structural equation models revealed reciprocal within-person effects between mastery goals and academic success. Academic success was further associated with higher mastery and performance-approach goals in the next morning. Academic failure was linked to both performance goals, though this association was not robust in all sensitivity analyses. Higher average daily academic success and lower average academic failure were linked to better academic achievement one year later. Findings suggest meaningful within-person dynamics among goals and daily academic success and failure.

Comparison of arthroscopy versus percutaneous radiofrequency thermal ablation for the management of intra- and juxta-articular elbow osteoid osteoma: case series and a literature review

BackgroundToday, intra-articular and juxta-articular osteoid osteomas are treated with arthroscopy and radiofrequency thermal ablation. However, for the case of an elbow joint, arguments are made for the use of a minimally invasive technique to be the optimal choice. This study aims to analyse our experiences of arthroscopically treated elbow osteoid osteomas and to compare it with the published results of both techniques.MethodsThe retrospective study analyses the patients who underwent elbow arthroscopy ablation of an elbow osteoid osteoma at a single institution from January 2014 until March 2020. Clinical and diagnostic features, success and treatment failure rates, complications and tumour recurrence rates were all compared to 13 studies of intra-articular elbow osteoid osteoma arthroscopic ablation and 15 studies involving radiofrequency thermal ablation of intra-articular osteoid osteoma within different joints.ResultsFour males and two females, with a mean age of 19.3 years, were encompassed. All the patients had immediate postoperative pain relief and improved range of motion. No tumour recurrences were observed during a median of 21.7 months. The literature review yielded 86.4% success rate, 68.2% successful biopsies, one minor complication and no recurrences following the arthroscopic ablation of an elbow osteoid osteoma; while radiofrequency thermal ablation of an intra-articular elbow osteoid osteoma yielded 96.3% success rate, 33.3% successful biopsies, no complications and 3.7% recurrence rate.ConclusionsOur results are consistent with the published literature proving that arthroscopic ablation is an efficient method with low treatment failure rates and no recurrences in treating intra- and juxta-articular elbow osteoid osteomas. Advantages of arthroscopic ablation stem from the ability to visualise and safely deal with the lesion and the joint’s reactive changes resulting in high biopsy rates, no recurrences and better postoperative elbow’s range of motion. Still, the technique selection should be personalised considering the medical expertise of every institution.

Female Sex is Associated with Worse Outcomes following Complex Fenestrated or Branched Endovascular Aortic Repair

Sex-related discrepancies after standard endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) are noted to disproportionally affect females. A growing body of literature suggests similar disparities may extend to complex fenestrated or branched endovascular aneurysm repair (FBEVAR). However, recent examination of complex FBEVAR by a consortium of high-volume centers noted equivalent mortality among sexes. Whether similar results extend to non-trial data is unknown. We examined all juxta-renal through type IV thoraco-abdominal aneurysms (sealing zones 6-8) which underwent elective FBEVAR within the Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI) database from January 2012 to December 2020. Urgent, symptomatic, ruptured, and staged cases were excluded, as were parallel stent grafts. Demographics, comorbid conditions, and technical factors were compared between sexes. Univariate analysis with Wilcoxon ranked sum tests and Chi-square tests of proportion were performed, followed by multivariate logistic regression for failure of target vessel technical success, reintervention, complications, and in-hospital mortality. Our analysis included 1,521 patients, 1,180 males (77.6%) and 341 females (22.4%). There were noted differences in pre-operative demographics, medical optimization, and technical aspects of the procedure. However, no difference was noted in proximal or distal sealing stents, number of fenestrations, or immediate endoleaks. On a multi variate logistic regression, female sex was an independent predictor of failure of target vessel technical success (odds ratio (OR) 3.339, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.173-5.132, P < 0.001), reintervention (OR 2.192, 95% CI: 1.304-3.683, P = 0.003), complications (OR 1.747, 95% CI: 1.282-2.381, P < 0.001), and in-hospital mortality (OR 2.836, 95% CI: 1.510-5.328, P = 0.001). Females suffer worse outcomes after FBEVAR despite similar extent of disease, number of fenestrations, and incidence of immediate endoleak. Notable discrepancies were higher rates of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lower rates of pre-operative aspirin, statin, and beta blocker therapy in females. Controlling for pre-operative demographics, female sex remained an independent predictor of worse outcomes. These discrepancies warrant further examination and should impact case planning for female patients undergoing complex aortic aneurysm repair.

Factors affecting transtemporal window quality in transcranial sonography.

ObjectiveTo assess the influencing factors of transtemporal window quality and identify patients suitable for transcranial sonography (TCS) examination in two‐dimensional imaging.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, TCS was performed in 161 consecutive patients through the temporal bone window (TBW) in the neurology or neurosurgery department. Each patient's sex, age, height, weight, and temporal bone thickness (TBT) were collected. After examination, the patients were divided into two groups: TBW success and TBW failure. The data were statistically compared between the two groups.ResultsAmong the studied population, the total TBW success rate was 80.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 74–86). The TBW success rate was 91.4% (95% CI: 85–98) in males and 70.9% (95% CI: 61–81) in females (p = .001). Sex (p = .001), age (p = .002), height (p = .047), and TBT (p < .001) showed significant differences between the TBW success and failure groups. In males, only TBT (p = .001) showed a significant difference; in females, age (p < .001) and TBT (p = .003) showed a significant difference. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of sex, age, and TBT and their combination was 0.686, 0.659, 0.842, and 0.922 (p < .001), respectively. The AUC of the combination of parameters was significantly greater than that of age and sex alone (p = .007; p = .0002) but not greater than that of TBT (p = .090).ConclusionsThe TBW success rate varied with sex, age, height, and TBT. Males, younger patients, taller patients, and patients with a thinner temporal bone tended to be more suitable for the examination by TCS.

Human capacity development in the conditions of global change

Among the priorities for the development of countries, the determining one is the development of human potential and the growth of the quality of life of the population. ThTh e main provisions of the concept of human development as a theory and methodology of complex economic, social and political development are based on the fact that people are not only a means, but also the main goal of development. ThTh e article examines the socioeconomic, environmental and technological criteria for human development. It is concluded that an important indicator of the success (failure) of socio-technical co-evolution is the worldview of people, which represents a system of values, beliefs and orientations of subjects, the integration of which determines a common understanding of the new socio-technical reality, and also performs the functions of assessing the progress (regression) of technical and technological and social and cultural development. Adequate human development activities are required on the basis of ecological culture, thinking and worldview.

When Success Is Rare and Competitive: Learning from Others’ Success and My Failure at the Speed of Formula One

Organizations can learn from prior successes and failures to improve organizational performance. Few learning-curve studies have investigated this phenomenon at the individual level. A notable exception found that surgeons learn from their own success and others’ failure. Success in surgery is common and individually independent from other surgeries. We study learning from success and failure in a context where success is rare and competitive: Formula One (F1) racing. Only one driver will win a race, preventing the other competitors from winning. Even severe failures causing drivers to abandon the race are common. We investigate two types of abandonments: car failures and driver failures. Our data set covers F1 from the start of F1 in 1950 through 2017, yielding 21,487 driver-race observations. We find that win probability follows an inverted U-shaped function of racing experience. We also find that drivers learn from their own success, teammates’ success, as well as own car failures. However, drivers do not learn from their own driver failures. A teammate’s win increases the probability of winning the next race by 1.8%. An own car failure increases the probability of winning the next race by 1.9%. We use two characteristics of success, frequency and competitiveness, to define a spectrum of organizational settings. Placement of our F1 findings and the surgery findings on this spectrum reveals when managers can expect benefits from their own versus others’ success and failure. This paper was accepted by Charles Corbett, operations management. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4324 .

Ultrasound-assessed diaphragmatic dysfunction as a predictor of weaning outcome in mechanically ventilated patients with sepsis in intensive care unit

BackgroundWeaning from mechanical ventilation is one of the most common challenges in the intensive care unit (ICU). Most of predictive indices of weaning from mechanical ventilation are often inaccurate. This study was performed to assess the accuracy of diaphragmatic ultrasonography for predicting weaning outcome in mechanically ventilated patients with sepsis in ICU.ResultsSixty patients with sepsis in medical ICU were prospectively enrolled. All patients were ventilated in pressure support. Patients underwent a spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) on T-piece when they met all the following criteria: FiO2 < 0.6, PEEP ≤5 cmH2O, PaO2/FiO2 > 200, respiratory rate <30 breaths per minute, absence of fever, alert and cooperative, hemodynamic stability without or with low-dose vasoactive therapy support, and rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI)<105. During the trial, the patient was instructed to perform deep breathing to total lung capacity (TLC) and then exhaling to residual volume (RV) and the diaphragm was visualized in the 8th or 9th intercostal space between anterior and mid-axillary lines using a 3–5-MHz curved ultrasound probe to measure diaphragmatic excursion (DE) and a 7–11-MHz linear ultrasound probe to measure diaphragmatic thickness (DT) at TLC and RV, and the diaphragmatic thickness fraction (DTF) was calculated as percentage from the following formula (thickness at end inspiration—thickness at end expiration)/thickness at end expiration. According to weaning outcome, patients were divided into 2 groups: successful weaning group and weaning failure group. Weaning failure was defined as the inability to maintain spontaneous breathing for at least 48 h, without any form of ventilatory support.In the present study, right DTF of more than 37% and DE during deep breathing of more than 6.1 and 5.4 cm on the Rt and Lt side, respectively, were associated with successful weaning from MV. In the study, the sensitivities for right and left DE and DTF were 58.33, 62.5, and 58.33%, respectively, and the pooled specificities were 83.33, 83.33, and 100%, respectively, with p value = 0.032, 0.028, and 0.001, respectively. The area under curve (AUC) for Rt, Lt DE, and DTF were 0.701, 0.712, and 0.840, respectively. The present data indicate a satisfactory diagnostic accuracy in predicting extubation outcome.ConclusionsUltrasonography-based determination of diaphragm function by assessing DTF and DE can be used as predictor of weaning outcome in mechanically ventilated patients with sepsis.

PREFABRİKE METAL POST-KOR RESTORASYONLARIN KLİNİK BAŞARISININ DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: 5 YILLIK RESTROSPEKTİF ÇALIŞMA

Amaç: Bu retrospektif çalışmanın amacı, prefabrike metal post-kor restorasyonların 5 yıllık kullanım süresi içindeki başarı oranı ve başarısızlık tiplerini değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Toplam 149 prefabrike metal post ile 5 yıl önce tedavi edilen 85 hastanın kayıtları incelendi ve geri çağrıldı. Yapılan klinik ve radyografik değerlendirmede: post retansiyon kaybı, kron retansiyonunun kaybı, kırık sonrası, kök kırığı, sekonder çürükler, apikal lezyonlar, protez restorasyon tipi (kron / köprü / hareketli bölümlü protez), lokasyonu (üst / alt çene, kesici / köpek / küçük azı / büyük azı dişi) parametreler incelendi. Alınan veriler ile başarı ve başarısızlık oranları hesaplandı. Bulgular: Post-core restorasyonların başarı oranı %91,94 bulundu. En sık görülen başarısızlık çeşidinin protetik restorasyonda restorasyon kaybı (%16.10) ve ardından sekonder çürüklerin (%9,39) olduğu tespit edildi. Postta tutuculuk kaybı başarısızlık oranı %3.35 bulundu. Hiçbir kök kırığı kaydedilmedi. Protetik restorasyon tipine göre başarısızlık oranları hareketli bölümlü protezlerde %23.08, kronda %8.64 ve köprü restorasyonlarında %3.64 bulundu. Sonuç: Sonuçlar post-kor restorasyonların başarı oranının tatmin edici sınırlarda olduğunu gösterdi. Ancak hareketli bölümlü protez vakalarında daha yüksek post tutuculuk kaybı oranı görüldüğünden, hareketli proteze destek dişin post-kor restorasyonlar ile tedavi edilmesine karar verilirken dikkat edilmelidir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Başarı oranı, Post-kor, Tutuculuk kaybı EVALUATION OF CLINICAL SUCCESS OF PREFABRICATED METAL POST-CORE RESTORATIONS: 5 YEAR RETROSFECTIVE STUDY ABSTRACT Aim: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the success rate and failure types of prefabricated metal post-core restorations in 5 years period of usage. Material and methods: The records of 85 patients, who had been treated with 149 prefabricated metal posts were analysed and recalled after 5 years of treatment for clinical and radiological examination. The parameters that were used in the evaluation were: loss of post retention, loss of crown retention, post fracture, root fracture, secondary caries, apical lesions, type of prosthetic restoration (crown / bridgework / removable partial denture), location ( upper / lower jaw, incisor / canine / premolar / molar). The success and failure rates were calculated. Results: The success rate of post-core restorations was 91,94%. Loss of prosthetic restoration retention was the most frequent failure mode (16.10%), followed by secondary caries (9,39%). The failure rate of post retention loss was 3.35%. No root fractures were recorded. The failure rates according to the type of prosthetic restoration were 23.08% in removable partial dentures, 8.64% in crown and 3.64% in bridgework restorations. Conclusion: The results showed that the success rate of post-core restorations were in satisfactory limits. However, since the higher loss of post retention rate was seen in removable partial denture cases, it should be paid attention in deciding to treat the supporting tooth of removable denture with a post-core restoration. Keywords: Success rate, Post-core, Retention loss

FINANCING VENTURES

AbstractThe relationship between venture capital (VC) and growth is examined using an endogenous growth model incorporating dynamic contracts between entrepreneurs and venture capitalists. At each stage of financing, venture capitalists evaluate the viability of startups. If viable, venture capitalists provide funding for the next stage. The success of a project depends on the amount of funding. The model is confronted with stylized facts about VC: statistics by funding round concerning success rates, failure rates, investment rates, equity shares, and initial public offering values. The increased efficiency offered by VC for financing inventive startups is important for long‐run growth and welfare.

A case of catastrophic anti phospholipid syndrome with superimposed aspergillus infection

Catastrophic anti phospholipid syndrome or CAPS for short, is a rare, devastating form of antiphospholipid syndrome that is characterized by successive multiple thrombi and multiorgan failure. One of the complications of antiphospholipid syndrome is nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis or marantic endocarditis. Due to the nonspecific presentation of multiorgan failure it is difficult to have an early diagnosis. We are presenting a case of catastrophic anti phospholipid syndrome with superimposed aspergillus infection

Blunt splenic trauma: Analysis of predictors and risk factors affecting the non-operative management failure rate.

Non-operative management (NOM) has become a standard treatment in hemodynamically stable patients with blunt splenic trauma. Studies have identified numerous predictors and risk factors for NOM. However, these factors' role in NOM failure continues to be debated. This study aimed to reveal the role of these factors in NOM failure through retrospective analysis of data from patients who underwent non-operative treatment. After the initial evaluation of 189 patients brought to the emergency department between March 2009 and June 2021 and diagnosed with blunt splenic trauma, 13 patients underwent emergency surgery due to hemodynamic instability (immediate splenectomy), and 18 patients who died were excluded from the study. NOM was planned for the remaining 158 patients (stable or stabilized). Patients scheduled for NOM were grouped as either successful NOM (s-NOM; n=139) or failure NOM (f-NOM; n=19) and analyzed the results, retrospectively. Of the 158 patients scheduled for the NOM, 115 were male. The mean age in s-NOM and f-NOM was 32.2±14.5 versus 36.1±16.1. The mean hospital stay was 8 (4-21) days. The mean follow-up period was 12 (6-18) months. Used USG for 60 (43.2%) patients and CT for 137 (98.6%) in the NOM. The number of Grades I-V in the NOM planned patients (n=158) was 20 (12.6%), 54 (34.1%) 56 (35.4%), 26 (16.4%), and 2 (1.3%), respectively. The success rates according to the Grades I-V were 20 (100%), 52 (96.3%), 52 (92.8%), 15 (57.7%), and 0 (0.0%), respectively. There were 102 units of red cell transfusions administered (mean, 2.46 units) to 41 patients in the s-NOM group, while 81 units (mean, 4.26 units) were administered to 19 patients in the f-NOM group (p=0.001). ISS score >15 was 57.5% (mean score, 22.8) and those in the f-NOM group were 78.9% (mean score, 34.8), respectively (p<0.001). Overall NOM success was 88.0%, total complications were 10.1%, and mortality was 1.2% in this study. Grades I-III blunt splenic trauma patients were successfully treated using the NOM protocol in this study. However, more than half of Grade IV (57.7%) splenic injuries were successfully treated using NOM. Identifying predictors and risk factors based on a standardized plan will likely increase this success.

Ambulatory hernia repair: a study of 1294 patients in a single institution.

ambulatory surgery is continuously expanding in global reach because of its several advantages. This study aimed to describe the experience of our department in outpatient hernia surgery, evaluate its feasibility and safety, and determine the predictive factors for failure of this surgery. we conducted a monocentric retrospective cohort study on patients who had ambulatory groin hernia repair (GHR) and ventral hernia repair (VHR) in the general surgery department of the Habib Thameur Hospital in Tunis between January 1st, 2008 and December 31st, 2016. Clinicodemographic characteristics and outcomes were compared between the successful discharge and discharge failure groups. A p-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. we collected data from the record of 1294 patients. One thousand and twenty patients had groin hernia repair (GHR). The failure rate of ambulatory management of GHR was 3.7%: 31 patients (3.0%) had unplanned admission (UA) and 7 patients (0.7%) had unplanned rehospitalization (UR). The morbidity rate was 2.4% while the mortality rate was 0%. On multivariate analysis, we did not identify any independent predictor of discharge failure in the GHR group. Two hundred and seventy-four patients underwent ventral hernia repair (VHR). The failure rate of ambulatory management of VHR was 5.5%: 11 patients (4.0%) had UA and 4 patients (1.5%) had UR. The morbidity rate was 3.6% and the mortality rate was zero. On multivariate analysis, we did not identify any variable predicting discharge failure. our study data suggest that ambulatory hernia surgery is feasible and safe in well-selected patients. The development of this practice would allow for better management of eligible patients and would offer many economic and organizational advantages to healthcare structures.

Robotic Objects Detection and Grasping in Clutter Based on Cascaded Deep Convolutional Neural Network

The complex and changeable robotic operating environment will often cause the low success rate or failure of the robot grasping. This article proposes a grasp pose detection method based on the cascaded convolutional neural network, which can be applied to grasp unknown irregular objects under unstructured environment. The grasping feature and the grasp position candidate bounding-boxes of objects are extracted by Mask-RCNN. To guarantee the generalization and improve the detection rate, grasp angle estimation network Y-Net is proposed to accurately obtain the grasp angle. To solve the problem of insufficient accuracy of grasping position, grasping feasibility evaluation network Q-Net is proposed for acquiring the grasp quality distribution. Finally, the optimal grasp posture is obtained for the robotic object grasping task in cluttered scenes. Experiments are validated in Cornell datasets, Jacquard datasets, and real environments, respectively. The experimental results show that the proposed method can quickly calculate the robot posture for irregular objects with random poses and different shapes. Compared to the previous methods, it has considerable improvement in grasp accuracy and speed. The method can be applied to object grasping scenarios in cluttered scenes and has strong stability and robustness.

Predictors of non-invasive ventilation failure in adult patients with cardiac dysfunction presenting with community-acquired pneumonia: an Egyptian multicenter prospective study

Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) might be successful if carefully selected in adult patients with cardiac dysfunction presenting with community-acquired pneumonia. The main objective of this study was to identify the early predictors of NIV failure. Adult patients with left ventricle ejection fraction (LV EF) &lt;50% admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with community-acquired pneumonia and acute respiratory failure were enrolled in this multicenter prospective study after obtaining informed consents (study registrationID: ISRCTN14641518). Non-invasive ventilation failure was defined as the requirement of intubation after initiation of NIV. All patients were assessed using the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores at admission, while their Heart rate Acidosis Consciousness Oxygenation and Respiratory rate (HACOR) and lung ultrasound (LUS) scores in addition to blood lactate were assessed at NIV initiation and 12 and 24 hours later. A total of 177 patients were prospectively enrolled from February 2019 to July 2020. Of them, 53 (29.9%) had failed NIV. The mean age of the study cohort was 64.1± 12.6 years, with a male predominance (73.4%) and a mean LV EF of 36.4 ± 7.8%. Almost 55.9% of the studied patients had diabetes mellitus, 45.8% had chronic systemic hypertension, 73.4% had ischemic heart disease, 20.3% had chronic kidney disease, and 9.6% had liver cirrhosis. No significant differences were observed between the NIV success and NIV failure groups regarding underlying morbidities or inflammatory markers. Patients who failed NIV were significantly older and had higher mean SOFA and APACHE II scores than those with successful NIV. We also found that NIV failure was associated with longer ICU stay (p &lt; 0.001), higher SOFA scores at 48 hours (p &lt; 0.001) and higher mortality (p &lt; 0.001) compared with the NIV success group. In addition, SOFA (Odds Ratio (OR): 4.52, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 2.59–7.88, p &lt; 0.001), HACOR (OR: 2.01, 95% CI: 0.97–4.18, p = 0.036) and LUS (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.014–1.106, p = 0.027) scores and blood lactate levels (OR: 9.35, 95% CI: 5.32–43.26, p &lt; 0.001) were independent factors for NIV failure. High initial HACOR and SOFA scores, persistent hyperlactatemia and non-decrementing LUS score were associated with early NIV failure in patients with cardiac dysfunction presenting with community-acquired pneumonia, and could be used as clinical and paraclinical variables for early decision making regarding invasive ventilation.

Integrated ultrasound protocol in predicting weaning success and extubation failure: aprospective observational study.

Difficulty in weaning from mechanical ventilation is encountered in appro-ximately 20% of patients in the intensive care unit. We assessed the utility of a combined lung, diaphragmatic, and cardiac ultrasound protocol to predict extubation failure. All patients extubated following a successful spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) were included in the study. Lung ultrasonography score (LUS), diaphragmatic thickness fraction (DTF), changes in velocity time integral (VTI) to passive leg raise at the beginning of SBT, and change in LUS following SBT were recorded. A total of 60 patients who underwent successful SBT were included in the study. Twenty-seven patients required either non-invasive or invasive mechanical ventilation during the next 48 hours and were classified as weaning failure (Group F). The remaining 33 patients were designated as weaning success (Group S). Compared to group S, patients in Group F had significantly longer ICU length of stay (6.96 ± 4.30 days vs. 11.66 ± 3.85 days, P < 0.001), higher LUS change during SBT (1 [0-2] vs. 2 [1-4], P < 0.001), lower DTF (30.87 ± 5.32 vs. 27.88 ± 6.24, P = 0.04), and showed lower VTI increment to PLR (13.63 ± 3.44 vs. 9.11 ± 4.59, P < 0.001). Using a binary logistic regression model, DTF < 26% (odds ratio 6.20, 95% CI: 1.06-36.04) and VTI change to PLR < 10.2% (odds ratio 6.16, 95% CI: 1.14-33.13) were found to be significant predictors of weaning failure (P < 0.05). The AUROC for VTI and DTF for predicting weaning failure were 0.79 and 0.64, respectively. An integrated ultrasound protocol using a combination of lung, diaphragm, and cardiac sonography was a reliable predictor of weaning failure.

Knowledge management for project management: a model proposal based on a learning system

Nowadays, the evolution of organisations is more and more taken by the implementation of projects. The implementation of projects is the only way for continuous improvement and the differentiation in a market is more and more global and competitive. We come across ourselves with successive failures of projects that do not fulfil its objectives; one of the main causes is the lack of shared best practices adopted in past projects. This research collects the experience of 50 certified project managers and based on this, develops 100 scenarios of project execution using a mathematic regression analysis model and system dynamics to develop a learning model between projects in a sequence and concurrent way. The main finding is that it is possible to create an organisational knowledge base for continuous learning considering the project as the main source.

Research on the Lack of Public Policies in the Development of Social Enterprises in China

A social organization refers to an institution that uses the way of business operation to achieve its own social purpose and realize social functions. It can not only overcome the insufficiency of the social hematopoietic function of the general non-profit organization, but also emphasizes the social function more than the general enterprise companies that undertake social responsibilities. It can provide services to the society more simply and efficiently and deal with social problems. At the end of the twentieth century, after the successive failures of social resources and policies, society was also hit by international economic fluctuations. Some obstacles also began to emerge in the way businesses in the welfare countries of East and West Europe hoped to use social organizations to help deal with social problems. Without sustained funding, non-profit organizations were often unable to provide sustainable and efficient social services, and many were not even able to survive, resulting in a loss of corporate volunteerism. In this context, social enterprise emerged as the times require, which is a comprehensive institutional institution with dual characteristics of social and for-profit. The increasingly rich social development practice of social enterprises has also made public governance academia further realize the important role of social enterprises, which can effectively provide services to the government and handle public affairs. At the same time, in the current relatively complete system of social enterprise development, it will promote the growth of social enterprises through the corresponding public policy support system. In this context, it is necessary to study the phenomenon of institutional absence in the current social enterprise growth.

Comparison of Different Confidence Intervals under Type‐I Censoring Scheme

In a life testing experiment, the successive failure times at putting n units under test are recorded under consideration that the advance fixed experiment is terminated at time T. This type of censoring scheme, called conventional Type‐I censoring scheme, is used widely. In this paper, we assume that the items’ failure times are independent and distributed with exponential lifetime distribution with parameter θ. The estimator with maximum likelihood method is obtained in an exact form and its distribution is also obtained with the unknown parameter. We proposed the exact confidence interval, for estimators and , asymptotic confidence intervals, confidence interval under likelihood ratio test, and finally, two bootstrap confidence intervals. Under the Bayesian approach, the unknown parameter is estimated and the corresponding credible interval is obtained considering the prior information formulated with the inverted gamma distribution. The Monte Carlo simulation study is used to compare different methods. Finally, for illustrative purposes, the real dataset is used and analyzed.

Participatory Budgeting: Case Study of Possible Causes of Failures

Participatory budgeting is perhaps the most widespread and popular form of democratic innovation (DI). It is often identified as an appropriate tool to deepen the democracy at the local level. The text shows that this is not always the case, as some elected officials may use it as a innovation “façade” or its design suffers from various forms of imperfections leading to its failure to be implemented. The authors focus on the practice of participatory budgeting and its failures in the Czech Republic. Through the empirical testing of causal mechanism, the article reveals the main causes of that failure, in the case of its implementation in Prague 7 borough. The mechanism presented is based on the theory-testing minimal process-tracing design in which part of the findings of the previous research have been tested. It also attempts to support empirically only the significant steps of the mechanism between cause and outcome. In particular, the three scope conditions are tested: political support, sufficient funding for participatory budgeting and the existence of a source of know-how. Authors conclude that in the selected case, there was a domino effect of failure, with successive failures in all observed conditions, which ultimately led to a complete brake of causal mechanism and failure of participatory budgeting tool.

Challenges for Security Threat of Ethiopia in Using Subaltern Realist Security Theory Perspective

Subaltern is the postcolonial approach to study international relation from the week states’ perspective. It is the offspring of realism which focuses on internal vulnerability is a major source of insecurity. The paper is applied as a framework to explain security threats in Ethiopia and reviewed papers that are writing on Ethiopian national security. This term paper reviewed and classified the Ethiopian security threats as internal and external. By consulting the bulk of literature and my daily academic talk with colleagues; Poverty, famine, recurrent and drought, National integrity (consolidating Ethnic conflict federalism), The danger of succession and state failure, Democratization and election issues are identified as Internal security threats. On the other hand Terrorism, Proliferation of arms, Fragile Relation with Neighboring governments, Nile politics and neighboring countries’ spreading civil wars are claimed to be External security threats. To sustain the sparkle of democracy and development achieved throughout the last decades, it is imperative to work aggressively and focus on the country’s internal vulnerability