Substrate Height Research Articles

Shadow effect in dual‐source thermally evaporated perovskite patterns

AbstractPerovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have recently emerged as a potential next‐generation display technology due to their wide color gamut, high external quantum efficiency (EQE), and low fabrication cost. The thermal evaporation process with no solvent involvement and offers low substrate selectivity and high compatibility with production lines has attracted significant academic interest. However, in thermal evaporation processes, the shadow effect greatly affects the deposition size and positioning accuracy of the patterns, consequently impacting the effective device area and process repeatability of PeLEDs. In this study, we calculated the shadow distance during the dual‐source thermal evaporation and analyzed the issues of misalignment and size deviation caused by shadow effects. Based on the calculation of shadow distance, we increased the substrate height from 33 to 38 cm to enhance the deposition angle. This adjustment led to an improvement in the characteristic parameter W1/Wdot from 0.178 to 0.365 during perovskite deposition. As a result, we successfully obtained a high‐resolution perovskite array with uniform morphology and photofluorescence (PL) emission at 600 pixels per inch (ppi). This demonstrated the reliable calculation and analysis of shadow distance, which is effective for fine deposition of high‐resolution perovskite patterns and PeLEDs.

In-situ optimization of lateral film uniformity in PVD system by using Fiber Bragg grating temperature sensors

Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based temperature sensing method has been employed in this work for measuring the lateral temperature distribution on substrate plane during pulse DC magnetron sputtering deposition for optimization of lateral film uniformity. The evolution of temperature distribution with the variation of important process parameters like pulse width (496–1616 ns), deposition pressure (3.1 × 10−3–1.9 × 10–2 mbar) and sputtering power (25–250 W) have been measured over 40 mm radial distance on glass substrate horizon. To investigate the effect of substrate height on the temperature distribution, the later has been measured at two different substrate heights (60 mm and 90 mm) for varying sputtering power. Finally, the effect of variation in temperature distribution on uniformity of thickness and optical, morphological and structural properties have been investigated by separately depositing two HfO2 thin films at two representative extreme deposition powers (75 W and 200 W). The correlation of film non-uniformity of the above properties with the temperature distribution suggests that FBG based multipoint temperature sensing can be possibly used as an indicative tool for in situ optimization of the lateral film uniformity. In addition, the fast response and workability in plasma environment of FBG sensors enables precise in situ mapping of temperature distribution in sputtering process.

Optimizing inset-fed rectangular micro strip patch antenna by improved particle swarm optimization and simulated annealing

ABSTRACT The recent wireless communication systems require high gain, lightweight, low profile, and simple antenna structures to ensure high efficiency and reliability. The existing microstrip patch antenna (MPA) design approaches attain low gain and high return loss. To solve this issue, the geometric dimensions of the antenna should be optimized. The improved Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm which is the combination of PSO and simulated annealing (SA) approach (PSO-SA) is employed in this paper to optimize the width and length of the inset-fed rectangular microstrip patch antennas for Ku-band and C-band applications. The inputs to the proposed algorithm such as substrate height, dielectric constant, and resonant frequency and outputs are optimized for width and height. The return loss and gain of the antenna are considered for the fitness function. To calculate the fitness value, the Feedforward Neural Network (FNN) is employed in the PSO-SA approach. The design and optimization of the proposed MPA are implemented in MATLAB software. The performance of the optimally designed antenna with the proposed approach is evaluated in terms of the radiation pattern, return loss, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), gain, computation time, directivity, and convergence speed.

Design of a Circular Micro-strip Patch Antenna for Improved Directivity and Gain of Mobile Communication Base Station

This study presents the design of Circular Micro-strip Patch Antenna (CMPA) for improved directivity and gain of mobile communication base station. The design incorporates a Rogger/5880 substrate material with a permittivity of 2.2, tangent angle of 0.00009 and a substrate height (thickness) of 0.98μm at a frequency of 1.65THz. Diversity Antenna Array Processing (DAAP) and Chebyshev Antenna Array (CAA) methods were used in the design. AutoCAD software and 2D data plotter were used for the diagrams and charts while Maple software was used for simulation. For angles of 0o, 30o, 60o, 90o, 120o, 150o and 180o, the array factors are 7.84dB, 7.85dB, 7.87dB, 7.88dB, 7.87dB, 7.85dB and 7.84db respectively. The results from the design demonstrated a remarkably low side lobe level of 0.01dB, indicating excellent suppression of unwanted radiation in undesired directions. Additionally, the antenna exhibits a Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) of unity, ensuring maximum power transfer efficiency from the source to the load. Furthermore, the antenna shows a high directivity and gain of approximately 9dB, which enhances the signal strength and coverage range. The Half Power Beam-width (HPBW) and First Null Beam-width (FNBW) was measured as 300 and 600 respectively. These parameters depict the angular width of the main radiation beam and the sharpness of the beam pattern’s nulls. In all, the designed CMPA with its CAA based antenna array holds great potential for communication networks and for mobile communication base station, offering enhanced performance in terms of radiation characteristics and signal quality.

تصميم ومحاكاة هوائي التصحيح الشريطي الصغير المستطيل بتردد 2.45 جيجا هرتز

Design and simulation of a 2.45GHz Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna (RMPA) are presented in this paper. Duroid (RT\5880), a dielectric material with a dielectric constant of 2.2 and a substrate height of 1.6 mm, was chosen for our design. After the simulation was finished, the results showed a 4.746dBi directivity gain and a (-3dB) half power bandwidth of 91.60 at the E-plane and 114.90 at the H-plane. It was found that the return loss (S11) was -8.38dB. It was found that the voltage standing wave ratio, or VSWR, was 2.23. Keywords: Rectangular microstrip patch antenna, Duroid (RT\5880), Return loss, directivity, Half Power Bandwidth, Voltage standing wave ratio, CSTSTUDIO SUITE Software

From such great heights: The effects of substrate height and the perception of risk on lemur locomotor mechanics.

An accident during arboreal locomotion can lead to risky falls, but it remains unclear that the extent to which primates, as adept arborealists, change their locomotion in response to the perceived risk of moving on high supports in the tree canopy. By using more stable forms of locomotion on higher substrates, primates might avoid potentially fatal consequences. Using high-speed cameras, we recorded the quadrupedal locomotion of four wild lemur species-Eulemur rubriventer, Eulemur rufifrons, Hapalemur aureus, and Lemur catta (N = 113 total strides). We quantified the height, diameter, and angular orientation of locomotor supports using remote sensors and tested the influence of support parameters on gait kinematics, specifically predicting that in response to increasing substrate height, lemurs would decrease speed and stride frequency, but increase stride length and the mean number of supporting limbs. Lemurs did not adjust stride frequency on substrates of varying height. Adjustments to speed, stride length, and the mean number of supporting limbs in response to varying height often ran counter to predictions. Only E. rubriventer decreased speed and increased the mean number of supporting limbs on higher substrates. Results suggest that quadrupedal walking is a relatively safe form of locomotion for lemurs, requiring subtle changes in gait to increase stability on higher-that is, potentially riskier-substrates. Continued investigation of the impact of height on locomotion will be important to determine how animals assess risk in their environment and how they choose to use this information to move more safely.

A Novel Wideband Splitter for a Four-Element Antenna Array

In the paper, a novel design of a wideband power splitter for a four-element antenna array using two RF antiphase segments is proposed. Based on a detailed analysis of the power splitter circuit, an analytical model was set up in the MATLAB environment. The derived analytical model allows the development of a design of the described structure for any operating frequency and estimates the properties of the designed structure. In addition to the RF electrical part, the copper cover is also considered in this study. The copper cover serves as both a support and shielding part of the proposed structure. The electrical part consists of two sections of transmission lines. The first transmission line is symmetrical, while the second transmission line is asymmetrical. The given transmission lines can be realized using any technology (microstrip, coaxial, etc.). A prototype of the proposed wideband splitter operating at 650 MHz with a fractional bandwidth of 84.3% was designed and tested in real-world conditions to prove the concept. The board of the manufactured prototype has dimensions of 25 × 152 mm. A double-sided FR4 material with a substrate height of 1.48 mm, copper thickness of 50μm, and ϵr ≅ 4.3, with a dielectric loss tangent of 0.021 was used to manufacture the prototype. The prototype was tested and its parameters were verified in practical conditions as a part of the current radio communication system for the 5G band. Under these conditions, verification measurements of the proposed splitter with a four-element antenna array were carried out.

EFFECT OF ORGANIC SUBSTRATES ON THE INVASION PARAMETERS OF THE CULTIVATION OF THREE TYPES OF OYSTER MUSHROOMS IN CÔTE D’IVOIRE

Accelerated deforestation of the vegetation cover combined with climate change is influencing the seasonal availability of carpophores in different regions of the country. This study aims to improve mushroom production in Côte d'Ivoire through the use of different types of organic substrates. The methodology consisted in using three types of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus cornucopiae, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus citrinopileatus) subjected to different types of organic substrates (sawdust and banana leaves) in a split-plot system in which three treatments (Sb, Sc and Fb) compared with a control (Sa) were stored in a dark chamber until the culture bags were fully invaded, in order to determine the percentage, height, speed and volume of substrates colonized. The results showed that the different oyster mushroom species significantly influenced all invasion parameters (P=0.00***), unlike the different substrates (P=0.59) considered. Similarly, species-substrate interaction had a significant effect on the evolution of the different oyster mushroom species. This study shows that the evolution of the invasion parameters of oyster mushroom cultivation, particularly that of Pleurotus cornucopiae, had a good mycelial development on the various substrates and can therefore be integrated into the production circuit in Côte d'Ivoire.

Física eletromagnética da MPA: revisão abrangente das aplicações, projeto e análise de antenas de microfita para tecnologias 5G

This work presents a study focused on the electromagnetic evaluation of Microstrip Patch Antennas (MPAs) through electromagnetic simulation for 5G technology applications. The paper addresses two commonly used feeding structures – coaxial probe and transmission line. In our analysis, we observed the scattering and impedance matrices concerning feeding point variations. Additionally, a parametric study explored the impact of relative permittivity, length, width, and height on MPA electromagnetic performance for 5G frequency operation, understanding the physics of these antennas. The results revealed the following: varying the relative permittivity shifted the resonance frequencies and reduced gain; changing the patch length slightly shifted the resonance to lower frequencies without significant changes in the radiation pattern; adjusting the patch width maintained the resonance while increasing matching levels without significant radiation changes; and altering the substrate height shifted the resonance to lower frequencies.

O-Shape Fractal Antenna Optimized Design with Broad Bandwidth and High Gain for 6G Mobile Communication Devices

Optimization of antenna parameters is important for achieving the best design that has higher results for gain and bandwidth while also having a smaller size. One such antenna design is numerically investigated and presented in this research. The antenna is optimized to an O-shape fractal design from a square patch design. The antenna is created by etching a slot of a square patch and making an O-shape fractal metamaterial patch antenna that operates on the THz band. The THz patch antenna is also investigated for its metamaterial properties. The optimization of the THz patch antenna is carried out for substrate height, slot length, and slot width. The optimized design has a size of 65 × 65 µm2. The highest bandwidth of 31.4 THz (138%) and the highest gain of 11.1 dBi is achieved. The optimized design is then investigated for multiple elements. The two-element MIMO antenna design using an O-shape patch is investigated to observe its performance and compare it with an O-shape single-element design. The two-element MIMO antenna design gives two bands with a bandwidth of 18 THz (113%) and 21 THz (56%). The gain of this design is 5.18 dBi and the size is 130 × 65 µm2. A comparison between the O-shape single-element fractal design, two-element fractal MIMO design, and other published designs is carried out. The compact, broadband, and high gain design presented can be used for 6G high-speed mobile communication devices.

Invading nonnative frogs use different microhabitats and change physiology along an elevation gradient.

The coqui frog (Eleutherodactylus coqui) was introduced to the island of Hawai'i in the 1980s, and has spread across much of the island. There is concern they will invade higher elevation areas where negative impacts on native species are expected. It is not known if coqui change behavior and baseline physiology in ways that allow them to invade higher elevations. We investigated where coqui are found across the island and whether that includes recent invasion into higher elevations. We also investigated whether elevation is related to coqui's microhabitat use, including substrate use and height off the forest floor, and physiological metrics, including plasma osmolality, oxidative status, glucose, free glycerol, and triglycerides, that might be associated with invading higher elevations. We found coqui have increased the area they occupy along roads from 31% to 50% and have moved into more high-elevation locations (16% vs. 1%) compared to where they were found 14 years ago. We also found frogs at high elevation on different substrates and closer to the forest floor than frogs at lower elevations-perhaps in response to air temperatures which tended to be warmer close to the forest floor. We observed that blood glucose and triglycerides increase in frogs with elevation. An increase in glucose is likely an acclimation response to cold temperatures while triglycerides may also help frogs cope with the energetic demands of suboptimal temperatures. Finally, we found that female coqui have higher plasma osmolality, reactive oxygen metabolites (dROMs), free glycerol, and triglycerides than males. Our study suggests coqui behavior and physiology in Hawai'i may be influenced by elevation in ways that allow them to cope with lower temperatures and invade higher elevations.

Patterned OLEDs: effect of substrate corrugation pitch and height

An ongoing OLED challenge is cost-effective enhancement of light extraction, i.e., increasing the external quantum efficiency (EQE ∼20% in conventional devices). OLEDs on corrugated substrates often show enhanced EQEs providing insight into light emission processes. In particular, patterned plastic substrates directly imprinted easily at room temperature and amenable to low-cost R2R production are ideal for studying/optimizing various structures, further elucidating the extraction process. We show new semi-quantitative data of the effect of the pitch (a) and height/depth (h) of plastic substrate patterns on the OLEDs’ stack and EQE, focusing on new designs, interestingly, some showing surprisingly enhanced EQEs that were neither reported nor discussed before. These include: (i) shallow (h < 200 nm) convex polycarbonate with a ∼ 750 versus∼400 nm, where the h gradually decreases as the OLED stack is built and (ii) concave PET/CAB with large a (∼2.8 and ∼7.8 μm), where the EQE enhancement of conformal OLEDs may be due largely to scattering. EQEs of green, blue, and white phosphorescent OLEDs were measured. OLEDs on substrates with narrow a ∼ 400 nm and low h < 200 nm showed no enhancement, resembling flat devices. In contrast, OLEDs on substrates with comparable or smaller h, but larger a ∼ 750 nm show significant EQE enhancement despite h reduction across the stack. Green OLEDs with a ∼ 750 nm and h ∼ 160 to ∼180 nm, showed EQEs ∼30%, reaching ∼58% with substrate mode extraction. Surprisingly, fully conformal OLEDs on a PET/CAB substrate with a ∼ 7.8 μm showed blue and white EQEs reaching ∼33%, without substrate mode extraction. The enhancing patterns increase the OLEDs’ EQE by reducing surface plasmon excitation and internal waveguiding.The experimental results for OLEDs on substrates with a < 2 μm are supported by scattering matrix simulations that assume conformal stacks, incorporating diffraction for internal losses reduction. EQE enhancement not predicted by simulations may be due additionally to scattering mostly for substrates with a significantly larger than the emitting wavelength.

Design and Analysis of Micro strip Antenna for 5G Application

Abstract —In order to keep up with the evolving technology, there's a growing need for communication antennas with higher bandwidth. One major solution for this demand is 5G technology. To address this, we've developed a 3.45GHz antenna. The antenna is constructed using FR4 material, a double-sided copper-coated PCB with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a substrate height of 1.6mm. Our initial design involved simulating the antenna in Advanced Design System (ADS) and generating graphs for gain, directivity, frequency plot, radiation pattern, Electric field plane, and Magnetic field. Additionally, we utilized ADS software to create the equivalent circuit diagram and conducted simulations to calculate the S-parameters.

Bluish-white Light-emitting 2D Sheets of Lead-free Perovskite Cesium Titanium Bromide (CsTiBr3) by a Two-stage Deposition Technique.

Bluish-white light-emitting materials are commonly used in LED lighting because they produce natural-looking light. Here we report the photoluminescent emission (PL) of novel, two-dimensional lead-free CsTiBr3 perovskite prepared via a two-stage deposition process. The formation of two-dimensional nanosheets of CsTiBr3 perovskite is confirmed by XRD, EDAX, and FESEM analysis. The height of the cesium bromide thin film substrate from the titanium bromide vapor source plays an important role in the formation of two-dimensional CsTiBr3. The CsTiBr3 perovskite nanosheets exhibit unique exciton- luminescence at 440nm and self-trapped exciton emission at 595nm which are the characteristics of two-dimensional halide structure, along with the band-to-band emission at 400nm at an excitation wavelength of 340nm. The resulting bluish-white light PL emission makes two-dimensional CsTiBr3 perovskite an alternative material to the traditional lead-based perovskite in LEDs, display technology, solid-state lighting, and various optoelectronic devices, addressing environmental concerns.

Self-wrinkling coating for impact resistance and mechanical enhancement

Protective materials are essential for personal, electronic, and military defenses owing to their efficient impact-resistant and energy-absorbing properties. Inspired by the bottom-up fabrication process and energy dissipation mechanism of natural organisms with hierarchical structures, we demonstrated a self-wrinkled photo-curing coating as a new protective material for enhancing the anti-impact property of the substrates. Owing to the self-assembly of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) containing polymeric photoinitiator on the surface, the liquid coating formulation was photo-cured by one-step UV irradiation with simultaneous generation of self-wrinkled surface morphology and a gradient cross-linked architecture. The maximum impact resistance height (hmax) of the glass substrate coated with plain coating increased from 120 to 180 cm when coated with wrinkled gradient coating. Furthermore, the Young’s modulus, fracture stress, and toughness of the wrinkled gradient coating film improved from 39.6 MPa, 2.4 MPa, and 74.1 MJ/cm3 to 235.0 MPa (∼5× increase), 18.5 MPa (∼6.6× increase), and 845.0 MJ/cm3 (∼10.8× increase) compared to the pure coating film as reference. The theoretical simulation and experimental results proved that the surface self-wrinkled morphology and intrinsic hierarchical architecture contribute to the energy dissipation and impact resistance of the cured coating. The photo-curing process, a bottom-up strategy, is conducted in a non-contact mode compared with nano-printing and lithography, enabling bulk materials to be engineered.

Mechanical properties of 3D-printed staking polypropylene posts for repairing automotive headlights

Additive manufacturing (AM) processes present unique opportunities for the repair of high-value-added industrial and consumer plastic products, which otherwise are destined for the landfill at the end of their life and contribute to the growing environmental and health issues. In this work, we propose a novel method of integrating fused filament-based additive fabrication with the hot staking method to repair a complex automotive component, namely headlight. Newly formulated polypropylene-based composite filaments were used to 3D print a set of staking posts and the missing brackets in the damaged headlight to enable their effective reuse of the repaired assembly. Three staking designs were tested in the first phase of the experiments with the respective geometrical configurations, viz. knurled, domed, and hollow. Strength tests were conducted to rank the performance of the joints against the highest ultimate shear strength values, toughness, and repeatability. The joint design with a domed-shaped profile ranked the best across these criteria. In the second phase of the study, the main printing parameters, including printing temperature, nozzle head penetration in the substrate, printing speed, and layer height, were optimised to increase the joint strength. Based on the design of experiment, the dome-shaped stakes, which were printed using a nozzle temperature of 240 ^circ{rm C}, tip penetration of 0.3 mm, 3D printing speed of 12 mm/s, and a layer height of 0.15 mm demonstrated the highest mechanical performance with the bond strength of 7.27 MPa. The repaired headlight was tested under cycling loading showing excellent durability without noticeable degradation of the staked joints upon 10,000 cycles.

On Body and Off‐Body Performance Analysis of an Ashoka Tree Shaped Wearable Textile Antenna for Biomedical and Military Applications

AbstractIn this paper an Ashoka tree shaped wearable textile antenna for biomedical and military applications working at 2.4 GHz, 9.04 GHz is investigated and analyzed. The designed antenna has the size of 34 × 40 × 1 mm3. To obtain a wide bandwidth 0.5 × 40 mm2 partial ground plane is used. The lightweight jean material is employed as a non‐conductive dielectric substance with a εr of 1.7 and a substrate height of 1 mm to define the wearable applications. Examining the surface current and actualizing the conductivity of the radiating elements are performed. Full‐wave EM simulation and experimental results are carried out at 30°,60°, and 90° under various bending conditions, both in free space and close to the human body. The suggested antenna performs satisfactorily in terms of gain and specific absorption rate. When worn on the body, the final design offers a peak gain of 7.6 dBi and an efficiency of 94.7%. Findings from simulations using CST Microwave Studio and measurements are quite close. These characteristics show that the suggested antenna is a solid contender for wearable applications that are both off‐ and on‐body. Due to its compatibility, adaptability in structure design and shape, excellent performance at various angles, human safety, miniaturization, power consumption, etc., this Ashoka tree‐shaped antenna can be significantly used in military jackets and in biomedical applications.

Effects of Rearing Density, Substrate Height, and Feeding Frequency on Growth and Biomass Production of Hediste diversicolor

The polychaete Hediste diversicolor is a suitable species for industrial aquaculture; however, cost-effective culture techniques need to be developed for its intensive production. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of worm density and substrate height and their interaction, as well as feeding frequency, on the rearing performance of H. diversicolor. Two trials were conducted. In trial 1, the effects of two substrate heights—6 and 12 cm—and two rearing densities—1000 and 4000 individuals m−2—were assessed in terms of worm growth and biomass production. Worm initial wet weight was 48 mg, and specimens were fed with commercial fish feed during a 70-day assay. The results show no interaction between rearing density and substrate height, and confirm density as a key factor in growth; however, a density of 4000 individuals m−2 results in a significant increase in production (final biomass three times higher for the highest rearing density) without affecting survival. In trial 2, the effect of three levels of feeding frequency—seven days a week; three times a week; and once a week—on growth in individuals of three weight classes—small (25–50 mg); medium (100–150 mg); large (250–350 mg)—was evaluated in a 15-day growing assay. Feeding frequency showed a major influence on the smallest size class, with the best growth indicators obtained at the highest feeding frequency. This study shows that Hediste diversicolor can be reared at a high stocking density to obtain a higher biomass production, and that feeding frequency must be considered as an important factor and adapted to the culture phase.

Substrate Integrated Waveguide Based Cavity-Backed Circularly-Polarized Antenna for Satellite Communication

This article presents the methodology to design a single-fed circularly-polarized antenna with low front-to-back ratio (FBR). A circular-patch (CPatch) antenna has been incorporated within the rectangular-cavity, made of, substrate integrated waveguide (SIW). The size of the CPatch and the SIW cavity has been chosen appropriately, in a manner, that the both resonators dominant mode coincide. This arrangement has been adopted to realize the basic radiating unit with no surface-wave and the significantly lower FBR. The circularly polarization has been excited through shorting the periphery of CPatch radiator to the “one of the two metallic grounds” of this SIW cavity. The patch periphery has been shorted from two distinct points, separated by the quarter wavelength—over center frequency of working band. The antenna has been designed and manufactured over Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate with dielectric constant (εr) of 2.2, loss-tangent (tan δ, at 10 GHz) of 0.0009, and substrate height of 0.508 mm. Southwest® end launcher (SEL) along with SIW-to-GCPW (Grounded Co-Planar Waveguide) transition has been used here to facilitate the measurement of antenna’s electrical and the radiation performance. The designed antenna’s impedance bandwidth and the 3 dB axial-ratio (AR) bandwidth is 9.5% and the 2.3%, respectively. It’s simulated and the measured peak gain, within working frequency band, is higher than 8.5dBic. The proposed antenna’s FBR is antenna is significantly lower than the conventional circularly-polarized antennas. Through comparative study, with work in open literature, it has been demonstrated that the designed antenna, based on proposed method, can a potential candidate for applicable in satellite and in the other spaceborne communication system’s module—at ground and in the space station.

Design and Analysis of 1x4 and 1x8 Circular Patch Microstrip Antenna Array for IWSN Application

A 1x4 and 1x8 circular micro strip patch antenna array operating at 2.4GHz are simulated for Industrial Wireless Sensor Network (IWSN) applications using CST studio suite and MATLAB based simulator software. The circular patch antenna designed on a FR4 substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4 and a substrate height of 1.6mm is fed using inset-fed technique. Several antenna characteristics such as return loss, radiation pattern, bandwidth, directivity, antenna gain, radiation efficiency isanalyzed. The compact size and higher directivity help to improve the network performance by alleviating contention, increasing communication range, and mitigating interference of the system. Hence, the advantages gained, make the system more useful for IWSN applications as achieved in this research