Substitution Of Cement Research Articles

Partial Substitution of Cement and Fine Aggregate with Waste Paper Sludge Powder and Quarry Dust in Enhancing the Strength Parameters of Concrete

The main compositions of concrete are sand and cement. A swift construction operation leads to a shortage of these materials. The concrete industry consumes natural materials in large quantities like river sand keeping our environment in check we need to make our concrete industry more lasting by using alternative binders to make it sustainable. Squander materials, for example, Quarry dust which is the result of squashed stone and waste paper sludge coming from the paper producing businesses leads to different issues like dumping. The chance of utilizing Waste Paper Sludge Powder as a halfway trade for concrete and Quarry dust as an incomplete swap for fine aggregates is explored in this research. The substitution levels of cement with WPSP are 0.8%, 1.3%, 2.3% and 3.3%.Though the substitution levels of fine aggregates with Quarry Dust are 16%, 26%, 36, and 46%. For WPSP specimens it was seen that at a 1.3% substitution level compressive strength is expanded by 12% at 28 days when contrasted with the control blend which has a 0% substitution level. Flexural and split tensile are likewise expanded by 15% and 14%. While at 1.3%WPSP and 36% Quarry Dust in combination shows a 24% improvement in compressive strength when contrasted with the control blend. Flexural and split tensile strength increments by 24% & 29%, respectively. M25 concrete grade is designed as per IS 456:2000.

Preparation of concrete from vitrified slag: process parameter optimization and characterization

ABSTRACT Vitrification is the safest and most effective method for treating solid waste incineration residues, and the utilization of vitrified slag can promote recovery of waste resources. By using the response surface methodology to comprehensively consider the impact of three factors – cement substitution ratio, water-binder ratio, and sand rate – on the strength of concrete, the optimal process parameters for predicting the maximum 28-day compressive strength of concrete specimens are determined as follows: 5% cement substitution ratio, 0.69 water-binder ratio, and 40% sand rate. The experiments demonstrate that concrete specimens prepared by partially replacing cement with molten glass slag exhibit excellent mechanical and physicochemical properties. As the curing age increases, the compressive strength of the specimens also enhances. Leaching test results showed that the concrete test block met groundwater Class III quality standards, and the addition of vitrified slag powder reduced the content of calcium hydroxide and improved concrete performance.

The Use of Artificial Neural Network for Predicting the Thermal Conductivity of Cement Based Mortar with Natural Zeolites

Zeolites, in their natural state, have been used in construction materials since ancient times. The pozzolanic activity of zeolites and their use as supplementary cementitious materials has been investigated over the past three decades. The indoor comfort provided by a modern life style comes at a cost of consuming enormous amounts of energy. Materials with improved insulation properties are continuously researched and the use of zeolites showing encouraging results. The paper presents experimental results obtained on different cement-based mortar mixes incorporating natural zeolites. The main parameters of the research were: substitution of cement and sand by natural zeolites, three different replacement percentages for cement and sand (10%, 20% and 30%) and the curing age of mortar specimens (14 days, 21 days and 28 days). An artificial neural network (ANN) was developed to predict the values of the thermal conductivity by taking into account parameters such as density, humidity and surface temperature of the mortar samples. The ANN was able to accurately predict the experimental results for the thermal conductivity of cement-based mortars with natural zeolites.

Lava Stone Waste Extract as a Substitute for Cement in the Mixture Concrete to Maintain Environmental Sustainability

Lava Stone Waste Extract as a Substitute for Cement in the Mixture Concrete to Maintain Environmental Sustainability

Effect of blast furnace slag substitution for cement in carbon-reduced and low-cost solidified/stabilized cementitious materials

The development of low-carbon cementitious materials involves the selection of the appropriate raw materials and the transformation of the hydration mechanism. In this study, low-carbon and low-cost cementitious materials were prepared using municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA), blast furnace slag (BFS), and desulfurization gypsum (DFG) as raw materials to reduce clinker usage. Results showed that the compressive strength of K5 (mass ratio of BFS: DFG: MSWI FA = 7:1:2) after 360 d of curing was 41.49 MPa, with a low leaching concentration of heavy metal residues that meet groundwater Class II standards, a dioxin content of only 25 ngTEG/kg, and a stable pH value ranging between 11 and 11.5. Microscopic analysis revealed a continuous decrease in the Ca/Si atomic ratios of K4 (mass ratio of BFS: DFG: MSWI FA: P·I 42.5 = 42:10:20:28) and K5, i.e., 1.18–1.54 and 1.04–1.23, respectively, with the increase in the hydration age. The highest Al/Si atomic ratio of K5, i.e., 0.26–0.31, was observed with the strongest conversion trend of calcium–silicate–hydrate gel into calcium–aluminum–silicate–hydrate gel, and the network structure of sodium–(calcium)–aluminum–silicate–hydrate gel zeolite-like phase was generated. The water-to-binder (WTB) mass ratio of 0.35 was determined to be more suitable for the K4 and K5 systems and resulted in a 56.83% and 90.82% reduction in half-life t∂ compared with the WTB ratio of 0.5, respectively. Notably, the value of the reaction velocity constant K in the induction period was 10 times that of K1, and the autocatalytic reaction controlled the value of N to < 1. The X-ray absorption near-edge structure indicated that Zn solidification produced Zn2SiO4 with a small solubility product. The production of 1 t of K5 emitted only 10.83 kg/t of CO2, which was 40 times less than that of K1. Overall, K5 provides the highest economic benefit at 40.08 USD/t, and the clinker-free cementitious system with multisolid waste synergy has significant advantages in terms of solidifying harmful substances, reducing carbon emissions, and lowering costs.

Determination of ASR in Concrete Using Characterization Methods

Basaltic rocks are the main source of local crushed rock aggregate for concrete in their region. Basaltic rocks are also potential rocks for alkali–silica reaction (ASR). ASR is a complex mechanism that deteriorates concrete via creating volumetric expansion over time between the reactive silica in the aggregate and the alkali components in Portland cement. However, due to the multi-scale nature of this long-term phenomenon, understanding its mechanism in concrete structures remains difficult to assess. In this study, the morphology and analytical composition of three groups of concrete prepared with basalt aggregate, basalt aggregate with 20% fly ash substitution of cement, and limestone aggregate were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX); it was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential thermal analysis (DTA) and compared with the ASR structure. The (Na + K)/Si and Ca/Si ratios in SEM/EDX analysis and the water peaks in FT-IR and TGA analyses will help to determine the footprint of ASR.

Utilization of geopolymer in wood wool insulation boards: Design optimization, development and performance characteristics

This study investigates the substitution of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with geopolymer in the production of wood wool geopolymer boards (WWGB), offering insights into manufacturing methods, design parameters, and performance characteristics. The composite formulation involves fibre pre-treatment, adjustment of precursor components, and control of activator compositions. The optimized formulation results in a lightweight composite with a density of 392 kg m−3 and porosity of 76 %, meeting prescribed minimum compressive (20 kPa) and bending strength (1700 kPa) requirements. The inclusion of natural fibres influences the optimal Na2O concentration and modulus for strength, with treated fibres recommended for higher modulus applications and improved strengths. Furthermore, it exhibits low thermal conductivity at 77 mW m−1 K−1, minimal moisture sorption, and low vapour resistance, offering a sustainable alternative in the field of insulation materials.

Calcined schist as promising ordinary Portland cement substitution: C3

AbstractAn effective method to make cement and concrete more sustainable is to blend them with the proper supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). This study evaluates a pair of schist‐type materials with slightly different phase compositions, as a partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Materials received from several mines in ground powder form were studied by X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy. According to the TGA results, the activation procedures for the candidate SCMs were determined. The as‐received powders were heat treated in three different decomposition regimes (30%, 50%, and 80% of the total weight losses during thermal decomposition). These regimes corresponded to the activation level of the potential SCMs due to the de‐hydroxylation of the clay‐type minerals within them. Pozzolanic reactivity (pozzolanicity) of untreated as well as treated powders were estimated via electrical conductivity measurements in saturated calcium hydroxide solution. Blended cement pastes with 30 wt.% of OPC substituted with calcined clay‐type materials have developed mechanical properties equal to those of pure cement (100 wt.% OPC) paste after 28 days of hydration time. Two blended cement pastes prepared with candidate SCMs were compared to 100% OPC and OPC composite paste with metakaolin, which is regarded in the literature as a standard.

Durability-Related Transport Properties of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement Mortars

This study investigates the effect of utilizing a combination of limestone and calcined clay as cement re-placement on the transport properties that indirectly define the behavior of the matrix throughout its service life, such as total porosity, water absorption due to capillary action, water permeability penetration, chlorine diffusion, and car-bonation depth. Mortars were made of blends with different levels of cement replacement (%15, %30, %45) by a substi-tution ratio of 2:1 (calcined clay: limestone), with adjusted gypsum content in each system composition. Furthermore, the influence of kaolinite content in clays on transport prop-erties was also investigated. Based on the results, all LC3 blends exhibited a significant improvement in terms of total porosity, capillary water absorption, water penetration re-sistance, and chloride diffusion compared to OPC mortars. Moreover, the higher the replacement level of cement, the higher the resistance to movement or transport of ion spe-cies through the mortars. The improvement in the transport properties for LC3 blends can be attributed to its enhanced porosity refinement as well as the enhanced chloride bind-ing capacity. In contrast, a slight improvement in the transport properties was observed with increasing the kao-linite content of the calcined clays. This result indicates that utilizing low-grade calcined clay has no significant effect on the transport properties. The carbonation resistance of the LC3 blends was lower as compared to OPC. Furthermore, increasing the cement substitution rate resulted in a pro-gressive decrease in carbonation resistance. Overall, an in-crease in cover depth would be required to achieve a similar service life in terms of carbonation as that of the OPC.

Feasibility of Using New Sustainable Mineral Additions for the Manufacture of Eco-Cements.

Due to a continuously developing population, our consumption of one of the most widely used building materials, concrete, has increased. The production of concrete involves the use of cement whose production is one of the main sources of CO2 emissions; therefore, a challenge for today's society is to move towards a circular economy and develop building materials with a reduced environmental footprint. This study evaluates the possibility of using new sustainable supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) from waste such as recycled concrete aggregates (RCAs) and mixed recycled aggregates (MRAs) from construction and demolition waste, as well as bottom ash from olive biomass (BBA-OL) and eucalyptus biomass ash (BBA-EU) derived from the production of electricity. A micronisation pre-treatment was carried out by mechanical methods to achieve a suitable fineness and increase the SCMs' specific surface area. Subsequently, an advanced characterisation of the new SCMs was carried out, and the acquired properties of the new cements manufactured with 25% cement substitution in the new SCMs were analysed in terms of pozzolanicity, mechanical behaviour, expansion and setting time tests. The results obtained demonstrate the feasibility of using these materials, which present a composition with potentially reactive hydraulic or pozzolanic elements, as well as the physical properties (fineness and grain size) that are ideal for SCMs. This implies the development of new eco-cements with suitable properties for possible use in the construction industry while reducing CO2 emissions and the industry's carbon footprint.

Pengaruh Abu Serbuk Kayu Kulim dan Serbuk Tempurung Kelapa terhadap Kuat Tekan Beton

This research combines kulim wood dust and coconut shell powder as a substitute for concrete materials. Ash from kulim sawdust has silicca properties. Meanwhile, coconut shell powder can be mixed in concrete. This study aims to determine the effect of using kulim sawdust ash as a partial substitution of cement and coconut shell powder waste as a partial substitution of fine aggregate on compressive strength and to determine the ideal proportion of the percentage variation of added ingredients. Concrete planning uses an experimental method that refers to SNI 03-2834-2000, SNI 03-1974-1990 and the Unisla Concrete Practicum Guidebook. With a total sample of 12 test objects with the quality plan K-225. The results of the normal concrete compressive strength test with an N code of 19.55 MPa. The results of testing the compressive strength of concrete with added materials with code A1 are 19.29 MPa. The results of testing the compressive strength of concrete with added materials with code B1 are 18.84 Mpa. The results of testing the compressive strength of concrete with added materials with code C1 are 18.46 MPa. Based on the results of the study it was concluded that the added ingredients of kulim wood powder ash and coconut shell powder did not significantly affect the compressive strength of concrete and the higher the added material value the lower the concrete compressive strength value and the lower the added material value, the higher the concrete compressive strength value.

Experimental Study by Use of GGBS as Partial Replacement of Cement on Compressive Strength of Concrete

Abstract: Compressive strength may be increased by using mineral admixtures by replacing some amount of the cement in concrete. Several widely used mineral admixtures include silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and fly ash (FA). In this paper, GGBS admixture is employed to replace cement at percentages of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 35%. Concrete comes in two varieties, M-30 and M-35, which are both utilized. The Different percentage of GGBS are tested in order to see how they affect the concrete's strength. According to the findings, GGBS does have a role in raising concrete's compressive strength. At 20% cement substitution, GGBS improves the compressive strength of both concrete mixes. Then, they lowered the concrete's compressive strength.

Mineralisation of CO2 in wood biomass ash for cement substitution in construction products

This study extends our exploration of the potential of biomass ashes for their CO2-reactivity and self-cementing properties. The ability of three hardwood-based biomass ashes to mineralise CO2 gas and partially replace CEM I in mortars was investigated. The three hardwoods were English oak (Quercus rober), English lime (Tilia x europaea), and beech (Fagus sylvatica). The woody biomass wastes were incinerated at 800°C to extract their key mineral phases, which are known to be reactive to CO2 gas to form carbonates. The selected biomass ashes were analysed for their CO2-reactivity, which was in the range of 32–43% (w/w). The ashes were used to replace CEM I at 7 and 15% w/w and this “binder” was mixed with sand and water to produce cylindrical monolithic samples. These monoliths were then carbonated and sealed cured over 28 days. The compressive strength, density and microstructure of the carbonate-hardened monoliths were examined. The ash-containing monoliths displayed mature strengths comparable to the cement-only reference samples. The CO2 uptake of oak containing monoliths was 7.37 and 8.29% w/w, for 7 and 15% ash substitutions, respectively. For beech and English lime they were 4.96 and 6.22% w/w and 6.43 and 7.15% w/w, respectively. The 28 day unconfined compressive strengths for the oak and beech ashes were within the range of ~80–94% of the control, whereas lime ash was 107% of the latter. A microstructural examination showed carbonate cemented sand grains together highlighting that biomass ash-derived minerals can be very CO2 reactive and have potential to be used as a binder to produce carbonated construction materials. The use of biomass to energy ash-derived minerals as a cement replacement may have significant potential benefits, including direct and indirect CO2 emission savings in addition to the avoidance of landfilling of these combustion residues.

Development and evaluation of basaltic volcanic ash based high performance concrete incorporating metakaolin, micro and nano-silica

High-performance concrete is an excellent choice for modern engineering structures due to its superior performance, low maintenance costs, and long service life. Therefore, this study was aimed to produce high-performance concrete by incorporating a high volume of basaltic volcanic ash along with metakaolin (MK), micro-silica (MS), and nano-silica (NS). An investigation was performed in regard to the mechanical and durability properties, autogenous and drying shrinkage, and microstructural and pore-structure properties. A control mix, binary mixes, and ternary mixes were examined. The binary mixes contained fine (VA) and ultra-fine (VAF) volcanic ashes, and the ternary mixes contained combinations of VA with MK, MS, and NS. Test results show that ternary mixes with 30% and 40% cement substitution demonstrated better strength development and higher resistance to chloride penetration and water absorption. All binary and ternary mixes displayed lower autogenous shrinkage, as well as lower or comparable drying shrinkage than the control mix. Moreover, the combination of VA with MK, MS, and NS up to 40% resulted in micro and pore structure refinement by forming high-density gels. The findings indicate that VA in combination with MK, MS, and NS, can effectively substitute cement at up to 40% for the production of sustainable high-performance concrete.

The Influence of Waste Perlite Powder on Selected Mechanical Properties of Polymer–Cement Composites

The subject of this paper is the influence of the partial substitution of cement with mineral additive on the properties of polymer–cement composites (PCCs). Although there is considerable research on the use of perlite in cement concrete, most of the previous studies were conducted with expanded perlite or ground waste perlite, and there is a lack of results evaluating its suitability with polymer–cement composites. To fill this gap, this paper presents the mechanical characteristic of PCC mortars containing waste perlite powder. The modification consisted of replacing part of the cement with waste perlite powder, a byproduct formed during the expansion and fractionation of perlite. The granulometric characteristics of the powder were compiled, and its specific surface area and density were determined. A chemical composition analysis was also carried out. An aqueous dispersion of styrene–acrylic copolymer was used as a polymer modifier. The proportions (by mass) between the contents of the PCC composite components, i.e., cement/polymer (0 to 20%) and cement/mineral powder (0 to 15%), were used as material variables. The technical characteristics tested included the compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths at 28 and 90 days of curing. The compositions of the tested composites were determined using the statistical planning of the experiment. At a low polymer-modifier content in PCC mortars (2.93%), the tested mechanical strengths decreased by five times, with a 6-fold increase in waste content. For mortars containing more than 10% of the polymer modifier, no effect of waste material powder on the flexural strength was observed, while with relatively minor reductions in compressive strength of 2% and 5% and tensile strength of 4% and 2% were observed after 28 and 90 days of curing, respectively. It was shown that it is possible to use waste perlite powder as an ingredient in construction polymer–cement composites, while there is a limiting waste content, above which there is a deterioration in mechanical properties.

The Impact of NaOH on the Micro-Mechanical Properties of the Interface Transition Zone in Low-Carbon Concrete.

To tackle carbon emissions from cement production and address the decline in concrete's mechanical properties due to the substitution of cement with solid waste (glass powder) and natural mineral admixture (zeolite powder) materials, we employed glass powder and zeolite powder to create composite cementitious materials. These materials underwent alkali activation treatment with a 4% NaOH dosage, replacing 50% of cement to produce low-carbon concrete. Nanoindentation tests and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) were employed to uncover the micro-mechanical properties and influencing mechanisms of alkali-activated low-carbon concrete. The results indicate a notable enhancement in the indentation modulus (19.9%) and hardness (25.9%) of alkali-activated low-carbon concrete compared to non-activated concrete. Simultaneously, the interfacial transition zone thickness decreased by 10 µm. The addition of NaOH led to a reduced volume fraction of pores (diameter >100 nm) and an increased fraction of pores (diameter < 100 nm), thereby reducing porosity by 2.6%, optimizing the pore structure of low-carbon concrete. The indentation modulus, hardness and volume fraction of the hydrated phase derived from Gaussian fitting analysis of the nanoindentation statistics showed that NaOH significantly improved the modulus and hardness of the hydration products of low-carbon concrete. This activation resulted in decreased LDC-S-H gel (low-density hydrated calcium silicate Ca5Si6O16(OH)·4H2O) and pore content, while the HD C-S-H gel (high-density hydrated calcium silicate Ca5Si6O16(OH)·4H2O) and CH (calcium hydroxide crystals Ca(OH)2) content increased by 13.91% and 23.46%, respectively. Consequently, NaOH influenced the micro-mechanical properties of low-carbon concrete by generating more high-density hydration products, reducing pore content, enhancing the pore indentation modulus and hardness, and shortening the interfacial transition zone. This study offers novel insights into reducing carbon emissions and promoting the use of solid waste (glass powder) and natural mineral admixture (zeolite powder) materials in concrete, contributing to the advancement of sustainable construction practices.

Life-cycle analysis of cement mortars with ladle furnace steel slag

The utilization of ladle slag holds potential for innovative advancements in concrete technology, contributing to the progression of environmentally sustainable and durable construction materials. This research explores the environmental impact of mortars incorporating treated ladle furnace steel slag at cement replacement ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30%. The ladle furnace steel slag was integrated into cement mortars of varying cement types. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was conducted using SimaPro software, version 9.3, employing ReCiPe and IPCC 2013 methodologies. The environmental impacts were assessed within the cradle-to-gate system boundaries, considering the grinding process of ladle furnace steel slag. The outcomes were expressed in terms of mid-point indicators. Across all cement types, a discernible reduction in the values of key environmental indicators was observed for the steel slag substitution samples compared to reference samples without cement substitution. Notably, the climate change indicator (GWP – global warming potential) exhibited a reduction of up to 54 g CO2eq per 1 kg of mortar. Grinding the slag to a higher fineness did not result in a significant escalation in the values of the monitored environmental indicators.

Utilization of Nutmeg Shell Ash a Filler Substitution In The AC-WC Laston Mixed Layer

Most of the road pavement construction used in Indonesia is flexible pavement where the material consists of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, filler and asphalt. Currently, the fillers that are often used are rock ash, portland cement and lime. However, the filler used from these materials is relatively expensive, so there is a need for new innovations by using alternative materials that are more economical by utilizing community production waste materials in the form of nutmeg shell ash (ACP) produced from the process of burning nutmeg shells as filler. This research was conducted to determine the compressive strength of asphalt against the substitution of nutmeg shell ash (ACP) in the asphalt mixture as a partial replacement for cement with a percentage of 0%, 15%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% with the number of objects The planned tests in this researchs were 75 specimen weighting 1.200 grams/specimen. The results showed that the best composition for substitution of nutmeg shell ash (ACP) and portland cement (PC) at a composition of 15% ACP and 85% PC from the results of the study obtained a stability value of 929.04 kg and Bina Marga specifications ≥ 800 kg

Precast lightweight concrete wall panels from plastic waste and household ash as partially sand and cement replacement

The present study aims to investigate the properties of precast lightweight concrete wall panels prepared with the addition of plastic powder and household ash as a partial substitution for sand and cement.

Improving the Mechanical Properties of High-Performance Concrete using Alccofine and Glass Powder

The CO2 emissions from cement have had significant negative consequences on the environment, necessitating the substitution of cement in the production of concrete. This research tends to cover the mechanical characteristics and microstructural studies of concrete formed by replacing some of the cement with Alccofine (AL) by percentages of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% and some of fine aggregate with Glass Powder (GP) by percentages of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% in the concrete of the M40 grade. A pozzolanic substance called alccofine and high silica content material called glass powder was extensively utilized in the building industry. When the mechanical properties of concrete were tested at various time periods, the optimal partial cement and fine aggregate substitution was determined to be 20% Alccofine and 50% of Glass Powder. When compared to conventional concrete of the same ratio, the compressive strength of the concrete has been enhanced at 20 percent replacement of AL and 50 percent replacement of GP. Moreover, concrete was subjected to a microstructural examination to observe the hydration process at various time intervals, and the results clearly demonstrated how pores and C-S-H (calcium-silicate hydrate) gel are created in both early ages and later ages. According to the study's findings, cement may be replaced in part without impairing its properties and can help lessen the impact of CO2 on the environment.