Power System Substation Research Articles

Application embodiment of civil construction technology of electric power system substation

In the rapid development of social economy, the power system as a guarantee of residents' normal life and work infrastructure, substation belongs to the overall system operation of the transfer station, practical project construction level affects the overall power system engineering operation quality, determines the social development of electricity safety and operation efficiency. From the perspective of overall development, the civil engineering construction of power engineering substation is the focus of the construction unit. In order to give full play to the application role of the power system and ensure the safety of the normal life of social residents, the technical personnel of the enterprise should fully grasp the key points of the civil engineering construction of the substation, pay attention to the actual situation, and determine the basic project construction scheme. Therefore, on the basis of understanding the current status of power system and substation civil construction, according to the construction technology applied in the construction of practical projects, taking the substation project of a regional power system as an example, this paper mainly discusses the application of civil construction technology of power system substation.

Automated Power System Fault Prediction and Precursor Discovery Using Multi-Modal Data

Electric power system operators monitor large multi-modal data streams from wide service areas. The current data setups stand to get more complex as utilities add more smart-grid sensors to collect additional data from power system substations and other in-situ locations. We propose a methodology to utilize multi-modal data for automated power system fault prediction, and precursor discovery that takes advantage of not only the utility owned measurements but also an abundance of data from other related databases such as weather observation systems. The process is automated to help operators analyze multi-modal data that may be impossible to process manually due to the size and variety. We automatically preprocess multi-source data and learn a joint latent representation from collocated streamed, sparse, and high-dimensional data collected from Phasor Measurement Units and external weather data. Then we utilize multi-instance learning to predict events and discover precursors simultaneously without relying on post-mortem studies of fault signatures. We apply the proposed methodology to provide early predictions of faults in the U.S. Western Interconnection. AU-ROC of 0.94 is achieved in predicting events by utilizing information 5 hours before event time using season-specific models. We show how precursors can be extracted from multi-modal data and interpreted for predicted events.

Cyberattack Defense With Cyber-Physical Alert and Control Logic in Industrial Controllers

Power system substations have intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) that collect data and control other devices. As the bridge between the physical and cyber parts of the power system, IEDs capture some key system behaviors. Since adversaries can modify the system’s behavior, physical and cyber data can be used to infer characteristics about the adversary. In this article, we present alert and control logic for hardware-based power system defense using the physical data and communication status in substation IEDs for <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">cyber threat detection</i> , <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">cyber-physical contingency detection and response</i> , and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">physical contingency identification and response</i> . The proposed alert and control logic routines are implemented in an industrial real-time automation controller using IEC 61131-3 in the resilient energy systems lab testbed. The goal is to help operators identify adversaries and protect the power grid in a cyber-physical environment. The effectiveness and accuracy of logic schemes are validated under different adversarial scenarios. Comparing the proposed schemes with an intrusion detection system, Snort, our results also suggest the benefits of using cyber and physical data to identify threats. The results also suggest the use of such hardware-based schemes with software algorithms in a next-generation cyber-physical energy management system, which can implement automatic control actions to protect power grids and its physical equipment against cyber threats.

Liabilities of Shared System in Forensic Analysis

In today’s connected world, there is a tendency for connectivity even in the sectors which conventionally have been not so connected in the past, such as power systems substations. Substations have seen considerable digitalization of the grid hence, providing much more available insights than before. This has all been possible due to connectivity, digitalization, and automation of the power grids. Interestingly, this also means that anybody can access such critical infrastructures from a remote location, and gone are the days of physical barriers. The power of connectivity and control makes it a much more challenging task to protect critical industrial control systems. This capability comes at a price, in this case, increasing the liabilities and risk of potential cyber threats to substations. (ASIF, FARHAN , &amp; EKSTEDT) Keywords: Digital Evidence Backlog, Digital Forensic Challenges BOOK Chapter ǀ Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security &amp; Forensics. Open Access. Distributed Free Citation: Eric Sowah Badger (2022): Liabilities of Shared System in Forensic Analysis Book Chapter Series on Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security &amp; Forensics. Pp 191-196 www.isteams.net/ITlawbookchapter2022. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/CRP-BK3-P31

Towards Latency Bypass and Scalability Maintain in Digital Substation Communication Domain with IEC 62439-3 Based Network Architecture.

Parallel redundancy protocol (PRP) and high-availability redundancy protocol (HSR) are widely adopted protocols based on IEC 61850 standard to support zero recovery communication networks for time-critical and reliable interactions in power system substations. However, hiring these protocols comes with technical and economic constraints that impact the size of the substation network arrangement. Therefore, we will undertake a theoretical analysis of HSR, PRP, and their combinations to reach a maximum number of nodes in different substation communication architectures regarding IEC 61850 standard message time constraint requirements and IEC 62439-3 standard regulations. We will validate our findings through a simulation in the OPNET Modeler environment. In addition, we considered bandwidth efficiency by prohibiting the extra circulation of packets in the redundancy Box (RedBox) and QuadBox implementation as interfaces for HSR and PRP connection and HSR rings interconnection, respectively, which represent the main hindrance in utilizing the combination of these protocols.

Smart grid substation equipment maintenance management functionality based on control center SCADA data

Classic approach to preventive maintenance of equipment in power system substations was based on periodical maintenance according to regulations and best practices recommended by vendors. SCADA system in HOPS is used primary for real-time monitoring and control of the equipment in substations. Real time data available in SCADA databases contain useful information for substation maintenance optimization based on operational conditions. Malfunctions and failures in the substations are monitored via SCADA system. Analyses of these data can be used to evaluate maintenance strategy and plan the reconstructions and replacement of the equipment. This article presents current maintenance management approach in HOPS, which is the only transmission system operator in Croatia, and possible improvements in efficiency of equipment maintenance using SCADA data. Prerequisite for the analyses of these kinds of data is standardization and unification of information names and structures. HOPS put a lot of effort in standardization of SCADA data during last refurbishment of control centers. Use of SCADA data for analysis drives the need for standardization and vice versa. Examples of statistical analyses of the SCADA data are done on multiple levels. High level analyses is used to provide the global overview of the real time data. It can point to suspicious information that require detailed analyses. The signals that appear often in the list can indicate that there is a problem in the primary equipment, monitoring system or alarm configuration. Low level analyses can be done on target information important for equipment maintenance. In this paper some low level analyses are presented for switching equipment, transformer lifetime, equipment in operation, and tap changer operation. An analysis is made for number of switching operations for breakers and disconnectors in different operational conditions. Preventive maintenance should be done based on number of switching in normal operations and even more often for breakers that are often interrupting fault current. SCADA data can be used for availability of the equipment and duration of failures thus providing valuable information to managers. An analysis on RTU communication availability is shown.

Uncommon Electromagnetic Radiations Related to Extra-High Voltage/Ultra-High Voltage Power Projects in China

Based on the high-resolution electromagnetic field intensity observed by the DEMETER satellite, the harmonic electromagnetic radiations in the ionosphere closely above the extra-high voltage and ultra-high voltage power projects in the Chinese power grid have been detected. In the time-frequency spectrograms, these radiations are characterized by parallel spectral lines with spacings of 50, 100, 150, or 600 Hz. The highest frequency can reach approximately 8,850 Hz. The radiations are probably attributed to the nonlinear devices such as converters or geomagnetic disturbance. The harmonic radiations over alternating current-to-direct current (AC-to-DC) substations of power system are generally more diverse and stronger than those over AC-to-AC substations. The measurements on the ground demonstrate that the weak magnetic radiations at several kilohertz with an intensity in the order of nT do exist around substations. A simple physical model is established to understand the characteristics of harmonic radiations propagating from the Earth’s surface to the ionosphere.

Safety Management and Equipment Maintenance of Power System Substation Operation and Maintenance

Safety Management and Equipment Maintenance of Power System Substation Operation and Maintenance

Transient Voltage Programming in Electric Power Grounding System

Liner equations with n variables can be solved if there are n equations, the matrix is formed n x n square matrix, using the inverse matrix method. In this research, the linear equation used comes from the rod and mesh grounding system method, which is solved by the finite element method to calculate the grounding impedance, from the results of other research researchers. Here the researcher wants to inform in this study how to solve the linear equation with a calculation program. And the research results are plotted in Cartesian coordinates V = V (t). The results of this calculation program can be used to estimate how much the transient voltage is in the ground rod / mesh in the place where the electrical power system substation will be built when lightning strike with an amplitude of 34 kA/switching with a current of 34 kA/step with a current of 34 kA crash it. To adjust the transient voltage by adjusting the length of the finite element, required in accordance with the applicable safety level, while the subsequent arrangement can by increasing the number of mesh or increasing the length of the mesh.

Study of WAMS Big Data Elastic Store Model in Low-Frequency Oscillation Analysis

Low-frequency oscillation (LFO) is among the key factors that threaten interconnected power grids’ security and stability and restrict transfer capability. In particular, power systems incur now and then weak damping and forced oscillations. To monitor and control LFO, the principles of online calculation and analysis of two types of LFO are studied in this paper. The big data of wide area measurements is an important information source of LFO analysis. Hence, we should make sure it has access to online system continuously, accurately, and reliably. Nevertheless, the conventional linear data store model has difficulty to meet the processing requirements of high rate, multiple concurrency, and high reliability. To deal with it, a new model of double-set elastic store is proposed in this paper. It transforms the storage space linear model to plane model, realizes the management of power system substation group sets in vertical direction and the management of multiple Phase Measurement Units (PMU) uploading data sets in horizontal direction, and hence solves the problems in continuous and reliable access of the wide area measurements data, which is dense and of large scale and has quick update rate, providing technical support of accuracy and robustness of LFO analysis. The performance test and practical application of the proposed new model of double-set elastic store validate its accuracy.

Visual Inspection Application of Substation Based on Internet of Things

After the Internet, the Internet of Things has become another innovative technology in recent years. In recent years, the Internet of Things technology has been applied to various industries, such as agricultural production, intelligent transportation, industrial production, etc., which also includes visual inspection of substations operating system. In the implementation of the Internet of Things visual inspection application system of the substation, the wireless data collection of the substation is a key part of the entire system. The system needs to use advanced wireless sensing technology, remote data transmission technology, Internet technology and other key technologies of the Internet of Things. Since the patrol inspection of substations in the domestic power system is still dominated by manual patrol inspection, due to the high intensity of the patrol inspection and the harsh operating environment, the work efficiency is insufficient. This article starts from the needs of the Internet of Things- based substation visual inspection application, integrates autonomous robots, sensor fusion technology, visual recognition technology and GPS positioning technology, builds a 24/7, all-round autonomous inspection visualization system, and initially achieves substation autonomy Patrol function. Secondly, it analyzes the principles of the autonomous robot inspection and visualization system, expounds infrared information collection and alarm functions, and analyzes a series of functions from information visualization and recognition to background operations. The research results show that the autonomous robot inspection visualization system can improve the inspection efficiency of the power station by more than 85%, and effectively reduce the strength and risk of workers.

An integrated ISM fuzzy MICMAC approach for modeling and analyzing electrical power system network interdependencies

Despite the attention that the modeling and analyis of infrastructure interdependencies have received over the past two decades, only a small number of methods have been proposed for modeling interdependencies among substations (S/Ss) in electric power system (EPS) networks. For this reason, this paper proposes a novel approach that integrates interpretive structural modeling (ISM) and fuzzy cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC). While the ISM provides managers with a holistic visual view of interdependencies among S/Ss, fuzzy MICMAC analysis categorizes the S/Ss in terms of their driving and dependence powers. This categorization offers an advantageous tool for decision makers to distinguish between S/Ss and their mutual associations, which enables them to identify the critical S/Ss. For demonstration, the approach is applied to a model and analyzes the independencies within real EPS S/Ss.

Обзор технического состояния электрооборудования в развивающейся энергосистеме Республики Таджикистан

The paper analyses the technical condition of the electrical equipment currently installed at the power plants and substations in the electric power system of the Republic of Tajikistan (EPS RT) with account to the system development prospects. Each of the EPS RT elements is considered separately, their service life as well as their quality condition are estimated. It is shown that as far as the 0.4–500 kV power lines are concerned, 18115 km (28.7 %) are in good condition, 32887 km (52.1 %) are in satisfactory condition, 12263 km (19.8 %) are in unsatisfactory condition. The paper also identifies the share of electrical equipment operating outside the standard service life, i.e. 78 % power transformers, 56 % high-voltage circuit breakers (HVCB), 70 % synchronous generators. It also analyzes the structure of system changes and the commissioning of the EPS RT basic units with a voltage of 110–500 kV in 2015–2039. When the power systems of the neighboring countries are connected to the EPS RT the levels of short-circuit currents (SCC) increase. The operation of worn-out equipment can cause numerous accidents, therefore, it is recommended to replace them with new equipment types, as well as continue the SCC coordination, checking the electrodynamic stability of power transformers, based on the HVCB breaking capacity.

Design of an Industrial IoT-Based Monitoring System for Power Substations

The Internet of Things (IoT) concept allows objects to share data through wired or wireless connections for communication purposes. The industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is an extended concept of IoT that refers to an integration of data acquisition, communication, and processing on a real-time network. Currently, IIoT has been involved with the development of smart grids in many applications. As the operation of power systems is extremely time-critical, low-latency communication needs to be considered for most control and monitoring applications. Real-time capability of IoT is considered as a key feature for monitoring and control applications of power systems. Therefore, system operators can use the real-time monitoring system to provide better decisions for both technical- and financial-related matters. In this article, a high-speed IIoT-based monitoring system with recording functions is developed and implemented for a power system substation. Due to the high reliability and processing speed of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), an FPGA-embedded controller is adopted in this system. The IoT platform also provides remote visualization for system operators in real-time. This article mainly aims to provide a practical application that was implemented and tested in a real-power substation. The system incorporates the features of an IoT platform with the needs of high-speed real-time applications while using a single high-resolution time source as the reference for both steady-state and transient conditions.

Load Frequency Control of Photovoltaic-Gasifier for Interconnected Two-Area Power Systems

Load frequency control (LFC) in interconnected power system of small distribution generation (DG) for reliability in distribution system. The main objective is to performance evaluation load frequency control of hybrid for interconnected two-area power systems. The simulation consist of solar farm 10 MW and gasifier plant 300 kW two-area in tie line. This impact LFC can be address as a problem on how to effectively utilize the total tie-line power flow at small DG. To performance evaluation and improve that defect of LFC, the power flow of two-areas LFC system have been carefully studied, such that, the power flow and power stability is partially LFC of small DG of hybrid for interconnected two-areas power systems. Namely, the controller and structural properties of the multi-areas LFC system are similar to the properties of hybrid for interconnected two-area LFC system. Inspired by the above properties, the controller that is propose to design some proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control laws for the two-areas LFC system successfully works out the aforementioned problem. The power system of renewable of solar farm and gasifier plant in interconnected distribution power system of area in tie – line have simulation parameter by PID controller. Simulation results showed that 3 types of the controller have deviation frequency about 0.025 Hz when tie-line load changed 1 MW and large disturbance respectively. From interconnected power system the steady state time respond is 5.2 seconds for non-controller system, 4.3 seconds for automatic voltage regulator (AVR) and 1.4 seconds for under controlled system at 0.01 per unit (p.u.) with PID controller. Therefore, the PID control has the better efficiency non-controller 28 % and AVR 15 %. The result of simulation in research to be interconnected distribution power system substation of area in tie - line control for little generate storage for grid connected at better efficiency and optimization of renewable for hybrid. It can be conclude that this study can use for applying to the distribution power system to increase efficiency and power system stability of area in tie – line.

Digital Forensic Analysis of Industrial Control Systems Using Sandboxing: A Case of WAMPAC Applications in the Power Systems

In today’s connected world, there is a tendency of connectivity even in the sectors which conventionally have been not so connected in the past, such as power systems substations. Substations have seen considerable digitalization of the grid hence, providing much more available insights than before. This has all been possible due to connectivity, digitalization and automation of the power grids. Interestingly, this also means that anybody can access such critical infrastructures from a remote location and gone are the days of physical barriers. The power of connectivity and control makes it a much more challenging task to protect critical industrial control systems. This capability comes at a price, in this case, increasing the risk of potential cyber threats to substations. With all such potential risks, it is important that they can be traced back and attributed to any potential threats to their roots. It is extremely important for a forensic investigation to get credible evidence of any cyber-attack as required by the Daubert standard. Hence, to be able to identify and capture digital artifacts as a result of different attacks, in this paper, the authors have implemented and improvised a forensic testbed by implementing a sandboxing technique in the context of real time-hardware-in-the-loop setup. Newer experiments have been added by emulating the cyber-attacks on WAMPAC applications, and collecting and analyzing captured artifacts. Further, using sandboxing for the first time in such a setup has proven helpful.

Research on Reliability of Relaying Protection in Smart Substation

Research on reliability of relaying protection in smart substation not only has a positive effect on the rational configuration scheme of relaying protection in smart substation, but also can promote the stability and safety of the overall operation of power system. There are many reliability strategies for relaying protection in smart substation. In practice, the key points of relaying protection should be clarified. Based on the reality, the protection configuration should be strengthened; the voltage limited delay should be used for protection, and the protection configuration scheme of actual lines should be paid attention to, so as to improve the reliability of relaying protection in smart substation and promote the realization of stable and sustainable development of power system and smart substation.

Computation of electric field inside substations with boundary element methods and adaptive cross approximation

Power system substations and HV power lines are sources of electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequency. Guidelines for permissible electric and magnetic field strengths regarding human exposure and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) are provided by standards. In this paper a novel method for calculating 3D electric field near power system facilities is presented. Computation procedure is based on integral equations and boundary element methods. The influence of polynomial order of functions used to approximate the unknown linear charge densities over the elements is tested for constant, linear and cubic spline functions. Due to a complex geometry of substations, a large system of equations needs to be solved to find the unknown charge densities over the elements of the model. In order to reduce computational efforts adaptive cross approximation (ACA) is employed. The results of computation are in a good agreement with measurements.

Augmented visualization using homomorphic filtering and Haar-based natural markers for power systems substations

This paper presents an approach for annotating real data of power system equipment and has a main goal of improving visualization in outdoor scenarios where lighting presents itself as a problem for the detection of objects. It proposes the creation of object detectors as natural markers using Haar-like features and homomorphic filtering to include real information in an augmented visualization of a substation. The proposed system provides a real-time solution for displaying the data that are acquired from the SCADA/EMS automation system over the real scenario of the substation by providing an augmented visualization. The proposed system achieves an acceptable response time and the object detection step receives updates on each frame from the camera. Thus, it allows the use of augmented reality within operation and maintenance activities in the substation equipment, thereby providing data visualizations at the location where the demand exists instead requiring one to move to the control room to visualize the actual systems status. Equipment detection is performed on the video camera of a mobile device, frame by frame, by using a cascade classifier that is based on Haar-like features for the training and detection processes and by applying homomorphic filtering to reduce illumination problems. The proposed system can be used for training several detectors for substation equipment with the same technique. As a proof of concept, this work presents the results that are obtained using the power transformer. Thus, an augmented reality system prototype was developed that achieved good detection rates, thereby showing that the use of theses features is promising for augmented reality implementation in the daily routines of an electrical company.

Voltage Stability-Constrained Optimal Simultaneous Placement of PMUs and Channels Enhancing Measurement Reliability and Redundancy

In this paper, a channel-oriented method is proposed for optimal placement of phasor measurement units (PMUs) with the objective function of explicit cost of PMUs and their channels. PMU measurement channels are treated as optimization binary variables, and a PMU installed at a bus assigns channels to observe its adjacent buses only if it is economically justified. Since power system substations have different reliability levels, in order to enhance reliability of the measurement system, PMUs and their channels are encouraged to be employed at more reliable buses and branches. In addition, in order to monitor fragile areas of power systems for prevention of voltage collapse, PMUs and their channels are assigned to observe buses with vulnerable voltage stability status. Furthermore, in order for a more economical and practical solution, the most probable contingencies are identified using the Monte Carlo simulation to be incorporated in the problem. Also, PMU failures and branch outages are modeled with a technique resulting in a less cost than existing methods. Channel failure is also modeled as a new type of contingency. The efficiency of the proposed method is evaluated by testing it on standard and practical large-scale test systems.