Long-term water nutrient variations along the easternmost south American estuarine and coastal areas.

Women’s decision-making power within households is a critical aspect of gender equality, influencing the well-being of household members and family dynamics. This study examines women’s perceived autonomy in household decision-making among BaYaka hunter-gatherers and Bandongo fisher-farmers in a forest village in the Republic of the Congo. We assess autonomy across various domains, including daily activities, food sharing, cash economy, long-term subsistence activities, mobility and healthcare, by asking 1777 questions to 93 BaYaka and Bandongo adults. Using these self-reported data, we analysed how women’s autonomy varies based on age, ethnicity and decision-making domains. Older women in both communities report higher autonomy than younger women. Both BaYaka and Bandongo women make decisions on food sharing, reflecting their active roles in family provisioning. However, BaYaka women report greater control over financial and healthcare decisions than Bandongo women, who often share decision-making with their husbands. Despite this, both BaYaka and Bandongo women are less likely to decide on long-term family activities, such as extended fishing or hunting trips, and they view their husbands as household heads. Notably, BaYaka women report greater decision-making power for themselves than BaYaka men acknowledge, indicating a gender gap in perceived autonomy. These findings provide context-specific insights into women’s roles in household decision-making in two subsistence societies with different gender norms, social structures, subsistence practices and kinship systems. Future research should explore the relationship between women’s decision-making power and their roles in the public sphere, to better understand how autonomy can empower women’s leadership in specific cultural contexts.

ABSTRACT This study investigates the material and social dimensions of childhood among Late Holocene hunter-gatherers in the lower Paraná wetlands (Argentina). Drawing on archaeological, bioanthropological, and ethnographic evidence, it explores children's participation in daily subsistence activities and their mortuary treatment. The abundance of stable, predictable, and low-risk resources likely enabled children to contribute meaningfully to tasks such as fishing, small-game hunting, mollusc gathering, and plant collection. The settlement pattern, centred on long-term camps, may have facilitated their involvement by promoting deep knowledge of the surrounding environments. Mortuary practices show two distinct age-related patterns: children under six were typically buried in primary graves alongside adults, suggesting shared ritual significance, while individuals aged 10–20 years were more often placed in secondary burials. These patterns reflect nuanced social categorisations of non-adults and underscore the importance of integrating multiple lines of evidence to reconstruct childhood experiences and roles within pre-Columbian societies of the region.

Facial trauma is a major public health challenge due to its aesthetic, functional, psychological, and socioeconomic impacts. In Northern Brazil, particularly in the Amazon region, subsistence activities such as plant extraction, animal handling, and river transportation are essential to daily life and may contribute to an increased risk of facial injuries. These environmental and cultural factors are often underrepresented in the literature. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological profile of facial fractures associated with etiologies specific to the Amazon region. This was a retrospective study conducted over an 8-year period (2013-2020) at a trauma referral center in Northern Brazil. Medical records of patients with facial fractures resulting from boat accidents, animal-related incidents, plant extraction, and hunting and fishing accidents were reviewed. A total of 97 patients met the inclusion criteria, with males accounting for 88.7% of cases and adults (20-64 years) being the most affected age group. Boat accidents were the most frequent cause of trauma (40.2%) and were associated with a higher median number of surgical fractures compared to animal-related trauma (p = 0.041) and hunting and fishing accidents (p < 0.001). The middle third of the face was most commonly affected (78%), and the mean FISS score was 4.4. The average length of hospital stay was 11 days, with a significant correlation between FISS and hospital stay (p = 0.0078). Hunting and fishing accidents were the leading cause of long-term sequelae. Facial fractures related to the Amazon region are associated with distinct occupational and environmental risks, imposing not only a burden on public health but also resulting in specific morbidities within traditional populations. Although these injuries do not necessarily reflect the characteristics of the broader population, they highlight the need for public policies tailored to the regional context.

Tribal women serve as the backbone of the socio-economic and cultural fabric of indigenous communities in India. Their contributions to agriculture, forest-based livelihoods, domestic maintenance, and community well-being are unparalleled. Yet, despite their extensive involvement in subsistence activities, their voices remain less documented, and their socio-economic struggles often remain unaddressed. This study explores the multidimensional roles, challenges, and lived experiences of tribal women in Valagiri, Shenbaganur, Perumalmalai, Poomparai, and Mannavanur of the Kodaikanal region. Using an interview schedule and convenience sampling method, primary data were collected from 349 respondents. Percentage analysis was adopted to interpret the findings. Results show that tribal women face a disproportionate workload, combining wage labour, agricultural tasks, and complete responsibility for household and childcare duties. Limited access to education, healthcare, financial independence, and decision-making opportunities restricts their socio-economic mobility. However, their influence in sustaining households and community systems remains substantial. The study emphasizes the need for policy interventions that strengthen their livelihood skills, improve health and education outcomes, and promote equitable participation in community development. Empowering tribal women is crucial not only for gender equality but also for the sustainable development of tribal communities.

Macauba (Acrocomia aculeata) is a promising source of oil that can be used in various industrial segments. It also has great versatility for food production. In Brazil, it encompasses an opportunity for social inclusion, profitable activity and environmental care. However, in the northeastern region, macauba fruits are harvested from native palms through extractivism, resulting in low productivity and quality of fruits. Field research was carried out in a region of the state of Ceará (CE), semiarid region, where macauba is traditionally exploited, as no timber product, by the local community. Then, the objectives of the present study are to evaluate the current agroindustrial system - AIS, in a representative region of the Northeastern Brazil, and propose strategic actions to improve the AIS at macauba value chain. The framework used to analyze the AIS includes data gathering from field interviews and direct observations. Some challenges were identified through direct observations, such as the reliance of production on unfavorable conditions to crop, the deficiencies in technical assistance and the difficulty small farmers face in accessing credit and public policies. The AIS is primarily characterized by subsistence activities, even with access to in natura fruits, and a diversity of products derived from macauba, which are considered strengths of the system. In light of the results, this study proposes strategic actions to enhance the competitiveness of AIS, including investments in training, technical assistance and the creation of credit lines aimed at improving macauba AIS value chains.

ABSTRACT The formation and thaw of lake ice plays a critical role in the hydrology, ecology, and subsistence activities of northern regions. However, little research has examined ice phenology in small water bodies and complex deltaic environments, though these areas are particularly responsive to climate changes and could provide early indicators of broader environmental shifts. In this study, we use Sentinel‐2 imagery to map the timing of lake ice‐out in 145955 lakes in the Lower Kuskokwim River Basin in southwest Alaska from 2018 to 2023. The average ice‐out date across all lakes over the entire study period is May 14, with a standard deviation of 9.6 days and an average uncertainty due to cloud cover or missing data of 4.4 days. Ice‐out timing shows significant interannual variability that is largely driven by air temperature, with the earliest mean ice‐out date occurring on May 6 in 2019 and the latest on May 27 in 2023. The annual spatial variability in ice‐out timing also varies, with 2019 and 2023 exhibiting much wider variability than other years. We find a correlation between ice‐out timing and lake size, with small lakes (&lt; 1 km 2 ) losing ice on average 6 days earlier than large lakes. We also assess the predictability of ice‐out timing using the 0°C threshold date and find that smaller lakes respond faster to spring warming than larger lakes. Overall, our findings provide a novel estimate of spatial and temporal variability in ice‐out timing in a complex wetland environment, with implications for both ice‐out prediction in a warming climate and the importance of including smaller lakes in ice phenology analyses.

The suspension of United States foreign aid in early 2025, which constituted more than 80% of international assistance in several refugee-hosting countries, created a sudden funding shock with wide-ranging consequences for refugee livelihoods. This study examines the effect of these cuts on micro and small enterprises (MSEs) operating in refugee settings, which are central to livelihood and market resilience. Drawing on a rapid assessment conducted in Kenya, Rwanda, Ethiopia, and South Sudan, in May-July 2025, the study employed a partially mixed sequential equal status design, combining Inkomoko’s client loan portfolio data, 76 key informant interviews, and a targeted literature review. Results indicate that reduced aid flows contributed to declining household purchasing power, increased loan defaults, and business closures, alongside severe disruptions in food, health, and education services. Evidence also points to both fragility and resilience: repayment stress was most acute among refugees, with deterioration in early 2025 and only marginal recovery thereafter. At the same time, entrepreneurs demonstrated adaptive strategies; shifting toward subsistence activity, leveraging informal networks, and adopting digital tools. Business continuity was sustained through mobile training, WhatsApp groups, peer mentoring, and flexible financing, though women entrepreneurs faced sharper setbacks, underscoring the need for psychosocial and cooperative support. The study concludes that although refugee businesses remain highly exposed to aid volatility, their adaptive capacity can be strengthened through flexible, localized, and community-driven models that reinforce resilience in shifting humanitarian landscapes to a market systems thinking and focus on sustainable and private sector-led initiative.

Abstract. Permafrost thaw profoundly changes landscapes in the Arctic-boreal region, affecting ecosystem composition, structure, function and services and their hydrological controls. The water balance provides insights into water movement and distribution within a specific area and thus helps understand how different components of the hydrological cycle interact with each other. However, the water balances of small- (&lt;101 km2) and meso-scale basins (101–103 km2) in thawing landscapes remain poorly understood. Here, we conducted an observational study in three small-scale basins (0.1–0.3 km2) of a thawing boreal peatland complex. The three small-scale basins were situated in the headwater portion of Scotty Creek, a meso-scale low-relief basin (drainage area estimated to range between 130–202 km2) near the southern permafrost limit in the Taiga Plains ecozone in northwestern Canada. By measuring water losses (discharge and evapotranspiration [ET]), inputs (rainfall [R] and snow water equivalent [SWE]) and storage change (ΔS), and by calculating runoff (Q), we (1) aimed to quantify the growing season water balances (May–September, 2014–2016) of the three small-scale headwater sub-basins. After (2) comparing monthly sub-basin and corresponding basin water losses through ET and Q, we aimed to (3) assess the long-term (1996–2022) annual basin water balances using publicly available observations of discharge (and thus calculated Q), R and SWE in combination with simulated ET. (1) Growing season water balance residuals (RES) for the sub-basins ranged from −81 to +122 mm. The monthly growing season water balance for the sub-basin for which all water balance components throughout the 3 year study period were recorded exhibited large positive RES for May (+117 to +176 mm), since it included late-winter SWE routinely estimated in late March right before snowmelt. In contrast, lower monthly and negative RES were obtained for June–September (−41 to 0 mm). For two sub-basins, we provide two different drainage area estimates, highlighting the challenges associated with automated terrain analysis using digital elevation models (DEMs) in low-relief landscapes. Drainage areas were similar for one sub-basin, but they exhibited a fivefold difference for the other. This discrepancy was attributed to the high degree of landscape heterogeneity and resulting hydrological connectivity, with implications for Q calculations and RES. (2) Spring freshet contributed 41 % to 100 % (sub-basins) and 50 % to 79 % (basin) of the April–September Q. Spring freshet peaks were comparable, except for the driest year (2014), when the basin Q was more than 10 times lower than in the sub-basins. At both scales, ET was the dominant source of water loss, more than twice Q. (3) Over the long term (1996–2022), the increase in the basin runoff ratio (the ratio of runoff to precipitation) from 1996 to 2012 (0.1 to 0.5) has been attributed to the increased connectivity of wetlands to the drainage network due to permafrost thaw. However, the smaller mean and more variable runoff ratio from 2013 to 2022 may be due to wetland drying and/or changes in precipitation patterns. Overall, we demonstrate how the hydrological responses of rapidly thawing boreal peatland complexes – at both the sub-basin and basin scales – are shaped by complex factors that extend beyond year-to-year changes in precipitation and ET. Long-term hydrological monitoring is crucial to identify and understand potential threshold effects (e.g. changes in land cover and hydrological connectivity) and ecohydrological feedbacks affecting the local (e.g. subsistence activities), regional (e.g. water storage) and global ecosystem services (e.g. carbon storage) provided by thawing boreal peatland complexes.

ABSTRACT Globally, inland fisheries are important sources of food, particularly for some communities where fishing is socially or culturally important or where local community economics require families to find cheap sources of food. However, little information specific to subsistence inland fisheries and their dependent communities is available for the United States, especially for non-Indigenous populations. This study reports on a national survey of 600 fishery managers, fishers, and other relevant actors, examining current perceptions of subsistence fishing activities and their potential role in climate vulnerability. Findings suggest that the hidden contributions of fish harvests to food often go unreported, masked by a fuzzy boundary between recreational and subsistence activities. Respondents reported that fisheries are threatened by pollution and the compound implications of climate change. These fisheries may contribute more food to vulnerable communities than recognized, which merits increased consideration of subsistence fishers in climate adaptation planning.

Identifying the influence of low-density Indigenous populations in paleofire records has been methodologically challenging. In the Southwest United States, well-replicated fire histories suggest that abundant lightning and suitable climate conditions drove frequent low-severity wildfires in dry pine forests independent of human activities even as ethnography provided hints that highly mobile indigenous populations used fire in myriad land use contexts. Here, we leverage published and unpublished tree-ring fire history records from pine forests in Western Apache (Ndee) traditional territory in central and eastern Arizona (N = 34 sites, N = 649 trees) to demonstrate that historical fire regimes were overwhelmingly influenced by Ndee cultural burning. Our tree-ring synthesis shows significantly more frequent fires in Ndee territory than elsewhere in the region for centuries before the establishment of reservations (1600-1870 CE). Despite the heightened fire activity, fires were largely small and asynchronous, occurred disproportionately in late April and May, when Ndee invested significant subsistence activities in these pine forests, and occurred independent of climate drivers. This suggests that Ndee fire stewardship created a patchwork of nearly annual small, spring fires that inhibited natural fire spread and limited the influence of drought on fire activity. Our work shows that even relatively small, highly mobile populations of forager-gardeners had significant influence on some pre-Euroamerican fire regimes despite abundant natural ignitions. Our study shows clearly that Indigenous fire management impacted fire-size distributions, fire frequencies, and fire seasonality in ways that cannot be explained by seasonal and annual lightning densities.

Economic and anthropological research has shown that gender roles often originate from ancestral divisions of labor in subsistence activities. This paper examines the impact of ancestral matrilocality on women’s employment status in Malawi and Indonesia, focusing on both employment quantity and quality. Using individual-level data from the Malawi Integrated Household Survey and the Indonesia Family Life Survey, combined with ethnic-level cultural data from Murdock’s Ethnographic Atlas, we assess how matrilocality—where husbands relocate to their wives’ families after marriage—affects women’s likelihood of overall employment, wage employment and holding a formal job contract. We find that matrilocality significantly increases women’s likelihood of wage employment, enhances the probability of formal contract work, and reduces overall employment. Mechanisms driving these effects include strengthened household bargaining power and reduced tolerance for gender-based violence among matrilocal women. These results highlight the persistence of ancestral norms in shaping gendered labor market outcomes and support culturally sensitive policy interventions to reduce gender disparities.

The paper is a preliminary archaeological investigation of Old Ketare, an abandoned settlement in Kankara Local Government of Katsina State, Nigeria. With the recent interest in reviving this historically rich and cultural environment, this paper explores the oral tradition and various archeological strategies, particularly survey, typological classification, and material analysis. The use of systematic investigation helped the study to discuss in detail the settlement patterns, subsistence activities, and various ways the environment is been lived in. The study was able to utilise archeological findings to provide foundational knowledge about the various cultural practices and daily activities in the Old Ketare. This gives a baseline for subsequent research about the archeological and historical heritage of Old Ketare in Kankara Local Government of Katsina State. The discussions from this paper revealed the site to be left open for further archaeological investigation during excavation since this is the first time archaeological research has been conducted on the site.

The history of humankind has been shaped by the development of tools and technology, with tool use playing a critical role in human adaptation and survival. The Neolithic period marked a fundamental shift from foraging to agriculture and sedentism, during which grinding tools such as querns (galpan) and handstones (galdol) emerged as key implements for processing plant-based resources. These tools not only facilitated daily subsistence activities but also offer vital insights into Neolithic technology, dietary practices, and social organization. In Korea, various types of querns and handstones have been excavated from Neolithic sites, yet prior studies have primarily focused on typology and excavation data, lacking comprehensive analyses of manufacturing techniques, functional variability, and socio-cultural implications. This study aims to bridge these gaps by analyzing the manufacturing processes and use-wear traces of Neolithic grinding tools. Through a combination of experimental archaeology and ethnographic comparisons, this research r econstructs t ool u se b ehaviors a nd examines h ow f actors s uch as material properties, user posture, duration of use, and grinding techniques influence patterns of wear and surface modification. The results demonstrate that grinding tools reflect not only functional use but also broader aspects of labor division, technological knowledge, resource management, and symbolic practices. Additionally, considering the full life cycle of these tools—from production to use and disposal—reveals their embedded meanings within Neolithic communities. This study emphasizes the value of grinding tools as integrated cultural artifacts that embody both the practical and symbolic dimensions of Neolithic life, contributing to a more nuanced understanding of prehistoric societies and proposing new directions for future research.

Studying gender equality and unpaid work is important because it exposes the systemic undervaluation of women's contributions to the economy and society. Unpaid work, such as caregiving, housework, and subsistence activities, is primarily done by women and is largely considered worthless and unaccounted for in other traditional measures such as GDP. The intention of this article is to provide an overview and summary of the research on the concept and practices of gender equality and unpaid work. To do so, this study uses bibliometric analysis to examine the trends and characteristics of scholarly publications from 1991 to 2023 across a dataset comprising 2,489 journal articles sourced from 911 academic outlets.The article reports on the publication and its citation structure, key trends, and its growing push toward co-authoring. This study also visualises the most prominent topics and authors in the form of a network, using VOSviewer's bibliometric analysis. The study reveals a robust annual growth rate of 18.2%, indicating a rising interest in the research domain. The entire dataset consists of peer-reviewed journal articles, reflecting the academic rigour and dissemination of the research field. This analysis offers valuable insights into scholarly communication's evolution, collabouration patterns, and impact over the three-decade period.

Fishing has progressed from a subsistence activity to a multi-billion-dollar industry, but overfishing has put significant pressure on fishery resources, causing management and financial challenges. Evaluation of the comparative economics and performance of different fishing systems to identify the best fishing system will help to promote sustainable fishing envisioned by UN SDG Agenda 2030. The study was conceptualized to analyze the performance of fishing systems integrating economic and multi-criteria analysis. Total of 150 fishers from five different fishing systems viz. multiday trawler, multiday gillnetter, purse and ring seiner, motorized and non-motorized (traditional) systems has been considered for the study with eleven performance indicators. Methodologies like fuzzy VIKOR (FVIKOR), a multi-criteria decision-making approach that ranks alternatives by measuring their distance from the ideal solution, cost–benefit analysis and descriptive statistics were adopted to analyze the data. The FVIKOR analysis revealed that the motorized crafts followed by multiday gillnetter, purse and ring seiner, multiday trawler and non-motorized craft exhibited the best performance respectively. And the benefit-cost (BC) analysis revealed the maximum profitability for multiday gill netters with B-C ratio of 1.52 followed by motorized (1.49), purse & ring seiners (1.45), multiday trawler (1.20) and non-motorized (1.07) fishing systems. In contrast to the traditional deterministic and mono-criterial approach, integrating economic analysis with fuzzy multicriteria framework has helped to improve the knowledge of various fishing systems. FVIKOR methodology allows analysis of comprehensive performance of fishing systems more efficiently and conveniently. It is very helpful to aggregate the different indicators into a single composite index, making it easier to grasp the results, conveying relevant information for decision making in fisheries management.

Abstract High spatial and temporal resolution models are essential for understanding future climate impacts and developing effective climate resilience plans. However, existing regional and global river models often lack the resolution needed to accurately capture local conditions. This study uses a series of high-resolution models, including the Regional Arctic System Model, mizuRoute, and the river basin model, to analyze Arctic and sub-Arctic Alaskan hydrology. We compare a historical baseline (1991–2020) with six midcentury (2035–64) futures: two pseudo–global warming scenarios based on historical meteorology and four direct dynamically downscaled global climate models. The six futures reveal significant uncertainty in future annual discharge and peak flows, although a widespread increase in discharge during April (+63%) and October (+31%) is consistently shown across models. Projected increases in rain and shifting weather patterns lead to a transition from snow to rain in spring and autumn, reducing the fraction of snowmelt contributing to river discharge. Rising evapotranspiration moderates discharge changes, particularly in autumn, by offsetting precipitation increases. Average summer river temperatures are projected to increase by approximately 1.5°C, doubling the number of river segments that experience 18°C days, a critical threshold for salmon survival, and intensifying the heat flux to the ocean adding an average of 3.3 × 1012 MJ yr−1. These changes in the hydrologic cycle could profoundly impact riverine and oceanic ecosystems, posing substantial challenges to communities reliant on these environments. Significance Statement The purpose of this study is to enhance our understanding of the midcentury climate change impacts on the Alaskan hydrologic cycle. In all six of the potential future scenarios, river flows in spring and autumn are predicted to increase and river temperatures are projected to be warmer throughout the year. These changes are significant as higher river temperatures could jeopardize fish survival. Additionally, the combined effect of increased river water and higher temperatures during spring and autumn will contribute more heat to the ocean, possibly reducing nearshore sea ice. This is crucial because many communities depend on rivers and sea ice for transportation and subsistence activities.

Hamparan Rawang District is one of the sub-districts in Sungai Penuh City, Jambi Province which has a culture and tradition. One of the traditional ceremonies in Hamparan Rawang District is the Kenduri Sko Traditional Ceremony or what is called Kenduri Pusako. Assessment of the cultural importance of plant species diversity in Kenduri Sko is useful in ethnobotanical studies which include subsistence activity strategies and traditional classifications. Data collection was carried out by interviewing key informants using the "in depth interview" method, then estimating the cultural importance value of each plant species used in Kenduri Sko with the ICS(Index Cultural Significance) formula. The results of the study found that Kenduri Sko is a tradition that symbolises the greatness of customs in their respective regions with the aim of improving friendship and which is characterised by the crowning of traditional titles, cleaning heirlooms and uniting male children of butino children. Based on the results of interviews and estimation of ICS values, it is known that the ICS value of useful plants for Kenduri Sko ranges from 8 to 50. Areca nut (Areca catechu L ) has the highest ICS value, while Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. has the lowest ICS value.

Before the Anthropocene, Bedouin communities in Southern Israel were based on a clan structure-a kin-based social network; clans were culturally and socially homogenous communities with a strong authority structure. Work consisted of subsistence activities necessary for physical survival. Group-based authority and cooperative problem solving were adaptive in this ecology. Throughout the Anthropocene, the Bedouin of Southern Israel have had to adapt to diverse urban environments, expanded educational opportunity, and exposure to media emanating from different cultures. Our study explored the implications of these ecological shifts for epistemic thinking by comparing three generations of 60 Bedouin families: adolescent girls, their mothers, and their grandmothers (N = 180). Families were evenly divided among three residence types differing in degree of urbanization and degree of population homogeneity: unrecognized Bedouin villages consisting of single clans; recognized Bedouin villages, towns, or cities, consisting of multiple clans; and ethnically diverse cities. Results: Across the generations, media exposure and formally educated parents have weakened the epistemic authority of family elders, in turn weakening clan identity. Ethnically diverse cities have weakened extended family identity. At the same time, personal knowledge and professional expertise have gained new cultural importance. These changes in epistemology and identity are adaptive in the ecological environments that have multiplied in the Anthropocene era. Local identity was strongest both in diverse cities, with their many attractions, and in unrecognized villages, where the population continues to occupy ancestral lands.

A agricultura familiar se caracteriza pela diversidade produtiva, visando segurança alimentar, renda e capital social. A criação de animais se insere nessa dinâmica, o qual inclui a avicultura, a qual é uma das atividades socioeconômicas mais difundida na agricultura familiar. Apesar da avicultura comercial ter como um de seus pilares a biosseguridade, visando condições zoossanitárias apropriadas que implicam a saúde e bem-estar animal e saúde pública, a avicultura de subsistência enfrenta constantes desafios no que concerne a práticas sanitárias e prevalência de doenças. Nesse contexto, é essencial compreender as dinâmicas dos fatores sociais, econômicos e culturais dessa atividade de subsistência, haja vista o risco aos estabelecimentos comerciais, como também a saúde do homem e do ambiente. Sendo assim, este artigo de revisão teve por objetivo evidenciar os desafios sanitários em pequenos criatórios de galinhas e seus impactos. Para isso, utilizaram-se bibliográficas entre os anos de 2010 e 2024, disponíveis na internet. Após leitura dos textos selecionados, observou-se que a atividade de criar aves está inserida no cotidiano do produtor rural, como estratégia de segurança alimentar e renda. Todavia, ainda se mantém práticas tradicionais, pouca tecnologia e manejo sanitário irregular, comprometendo a sanidade animal. Sendo assim, conclui-se que há grande demanda por apoio técnico aos pequenos produtores e de planejamento de ações dos órgãos oficiais de sanidade animal, visando melhoria dessa atividade e, por conseguinte, a saúde das pessoas e dos animais. Palavras-chave: agricultura familiar; avicultura; saúde animal; saúde única. Abstract Family farming is characterized by productive diversity, aiming at food security, income and social capital. The raising of backyard animals is inserted into this dynamic, which includes chickens and other domestic fowl, which is one of the most practiced socioeconomic activities in family farming. Despite commercial poultry having health management as one of its fundamental pillars, aiming at appropriate health conditions that imply animal health and welfare and public health, backyard chicken farming faces continuous challenges when it comes to sanitary practices and disease prevalence. In this context, it is essential to understand the dynamic of social, economic, and cultural factors of this subsistence activity, considering the risks for the commercial poultry farms as well as for human health and the environment. Hence, it was proposed in this review to show the health challenges in backyard poultry farming and its impacts. For this purpose, bibliographical sources available on the Internet between the periods of 2010 and 2024 were selected. After reading the bibliographical material, it was observed that chicken rearing is inserted into the daily lives of rural families as a food security and income strategy. However, traditional management remains, with low technology and poor sanitary management, compromising animal health. Thus, it was possible to conclude that there is a great demand for technical support to small-scale producers and for planning actions by animal health agencies, aiming at the improvement of this activity and, therefore, the health of people and animals. Key words: animal health; family farming; one health; poultry.