Subsidiary Farms Research Articles

Комплексный подход к развитию инфраструктуры сбыта продукции аграрного малого и микро-бизнеса

Small and private subsidiary farms are important members of agricultural community. However, they still lack good infrastructure to market their products because they remain beyond the scope of state interest. The agricultural infrastructure in its present condition neither gives farmers access to co-financing nor allows them to shape the list of services they need. The research featured program documents issued by the Government of the Russian Federation that determine the development of wholesale food markets and aggregators of farm produce. The author generalized the experience of retail chains and agricultural consumer marketing cooperatives, as well as studied the cases of small rural businesses merging into marketing cooperatives in agricultural regions. The bibliographic study covered best foreign practices in shaping infrastructure for small farm produce, which were compared with Russian experience. The author also developed an abstract-logical method of establishing the interaction between stakeholders in a new system of farm produce aggregators. In this research, agricultural regions demonstrated the most acute problems in small business marketing. A good system of agricultural infrastructure supports production in all sectors of small business with growth potential. Today, small businesses are alone in organizing their own sales as wholesale distribution centers are not available to them. These centers work with small suppliers through intermediaries, i.e., aggregators. In the Kemerovo Region, an example of such aggregators is the one created on corporate principles between the Magnit retail chain and the Kalina-Malina agricultural consumer marketing cooperative. The experience demonstrated some advantages and disadvantages. The article introduces conditions for successful financial relations in commodity circulation chains in different distribution systems, including farmers, aggregators, and wholesale distribution centers. This approach reduces prices on consumer markets while increasing the efficiency of small farms.

Миграция современного сельского населения (на примере четырех СМО Республики Калмыкия)

The Republic of Kalmykia, a southern Russian region, has an agricultural focus. As a result of fundamental transformations in this economic sphere in the early 1990s, the region has been experiencing complex demographic and socio-economic processes for the third decade. The liquidation of Soviet states and collective farms deprived workers of guaranteed employment, which, in turn, contributed to the active social mobility of the rural population. Its migration behavior led not only to a decrease in the proportion of the rural population but also to a deterioration in the quality of the demographic potential of rural settlements (aging population, a high proportion of men who have never been married, deviant forms of behavior of the remaining single people), and the disappearance of villages. The author examines the mobility of the rural population of Kalmykia, using statistical information for the intercensal periods 2002–2010 and 2010–2021, passports of the four rural municipalities of the Tselinny district under study (Arshan Bulg, Baga-Chonos, Ovata, Yalmta). The number in these small settlements has decreased significantly. Despite the fact that collective enterprises operate in the territory of the studied self-government enterprises, only a small number of rural residents are employed in them, which is equivalent to one small team of former Soviet farms. The unresolved decades of such social problems as the lack of sources of increasing family income and jobs and the migration activity of villagers intensify the negative consequences of the post-Soviet transformations of the village and agrarian sector of the steppe region. It should be noted that the traditional management of personal farmsteads for rural residents of the republic is also undergoing changes. The data of the analyzed passports indicate a decrease in the number of personal subsidiary farms. Thus, the listed socio-economic factors contribute to the strengthening of social movements of rural residents both inside and outside the republic.

Employment in personal subsidiary farm: ethnic and regional features (the case of Khakassia)

Employment in a personal subsidiary farm (PSF), aimed at providing products for own subsistence, becomes an alternative to job for hire in conditions of high unemployment in rural areas. At the same time, the role of personal subsidiary farms varies in differing climatic, economic and socio-cultural conditions. The purpose of the article is to compare the practices of personal subsidiary farms in multiethnic region of Khakassia in order to identify the ethnoregional features of household farmsteads. Surveyed ethnic groups (566 respondents) are living in Russians, Khakass and Shors rural areas. Khakass people turned out to be the most active in the management of personal economy, the Shors were the least involved, and the Russians occupy a “middle” position. The differentiation of household plots is due to the fact that the motives for farming among these ethnic groups are not the same. Russians are engaged in economic activities mainly to provide themselves with food, although many of them just like this activity. The value of land and livestock is high for Khakass people and Shors, but most of them lead personal subsidiary farming rather as a habit.

Directions for improving statistical monitoring of personal subsidiary farms

The article presents proposals to improve the program of observation of a sample survey and household accounting of personal subsidiary farms, on the basis of which it is recommended to make changes to the statistical reporting form No. 2 «Information on agricultural activities of personal subsidiary and other individual farms of citizens» and to the form «Household book». It is proposed to conduct selective monitoring of personal subsidiary farms using typological selection, which requires the development of an official typology of personal subsidiary farms. In order to reduce the number of units of the aggregate of personal subsidiary farms subject to statistical surveys, reduce costs and improve the quality of the data obtained, censuses have been developed for the area of land and livestock.

New approach for regional water-energy-food nexus security assessment: Enhancing the random forest model with the aquila optimizer algorithm

To uncover the security aspects of the Water-Energy-Food-Nexus (WEFN) and develop innovative methods for evaluating its security, we initially utilize the coefficient of variation-cumulative information contribution rate (COV-CICR) model to select assessment metrics. This approach ensures a well-suited set of indicators for assessing the security of the WEFN. Subsequently, the WEFN security assessment model is developed by utilizing a random forest model that has been fine-tuned with the aquila optimizer. To illustrate this model's application, we use the example of the Hongxinglong branch of China's Beidahuang Farming Group Co., Ltd. The study conducted a detailed analysis of the spatiotemporal variations in the security of the WEFN (Water-Energy-Food Nexus) system across 12 subsidiary farms. Furthermore, it identified key driving factors and elucidated their mechanisms by accounting for data fluctuations. The research included calculating the contribution index of these key driving factors to accurately determine the dominant factors under varying conditions. The results indicate that over time, the WEFN security level in the study trended upward. From 2002–2008, the WEFN security level slowly increased. From 2009–2018, WEFN security remained stable. From 2018–2021, the security level rapidly accelerated. Spatially, the WEFN security in the southern region is lower than that in the northern region, while the central region’s security remained stable. The primary controlling factors for WEFN security also vary at different scales. In comparison to the BP, RF, and PSO-RF models, the AO-RF model demonstrates outstanding advantages in terms of fitting performance, reliability, reasonableness, and stability. This fully supports the applicability of the AO-RF model in WEFN security assessment. The research findings enrich the integrated application of intelligent optimization and machine learning in WEFN studies, introduce a novel analytical model for WEFN security drivers, and expand our understanding of the new mechanisms underlying WEFN security operations.

Models for creating innovative cooperatives for processing and sales of milk in private farms

The purpose of the article is to study the models for creating innovative “milk processing cooperative”, created on the basis of cooperative relations with dairy-producing personal subsidiary farms, to give recommendations. Based on the creation of dairy processing cooperatives in private subsidiary farms for processing and selling milk within the country, their great potential is being used and dependence on dairy products is being reduced. The models and options for creating dairy processing cooperatives based on the cooperation of private subsidiary farms in the dairy industry of the country are presented: 1) the creation of a “dairy processing innovation cooperative” based on a cooperative relationship with personal subsidiary farms; 2) under a cooperative agreement with personal subsidiary farms of the Turkistan region, the activities of the innovative dairy processing company FoodMaster-Shymkent LLP were considered; 3) the creation of a “dairy production cooperative” with a commercial dairy farm in the settlements of the district is suggested, based on the cooperation process. This is due to the fact that dairy processing and marketing cooperatives, along with the collection, processing, and sale of milk from personal subsidiary farms, of which they were members, assume responsibilities for processing land plots, foraging, providing breeding young animals, providing production and technical services, and state support for personal subsidiary farms. State support (subsidies, tax and credit benefits) through “milk-producing cooperatives”, in which personal subsidiary farms are created, support for personal subsidiary farms is provided through milk-producing cooperatives and milk-processing cooperatives.

Фитосанитарный мониторинг овощебахчевых и плодовых культур Астраханской области

The diagnosis of diseases of vegetable, melon and fruit crops in the Astrakhan region was conducted using the immunochromatographic method. The presence of viral, bacterial, and fungal infections was detected on plants in personal subsidiary farms. The research results indicate a deterioration of the phytosanitary situation in the region, characterized by the development of pathogens not only on host plants but also on representatives of phylogenetically distant families. Keywords: CROPS, PHYTOSANITARY MONITORING, PHYTOPATHOGENS, ASTRAKHAN REGION

Public Catering at Logging Sites in the Middle Volga Region during the Pre-War Five-Year Plans

The article examines one of the most important aspects of the industrial and domestic components of the logging process in the 1930s. The work of canteens and food stations for lumberjacks is considered using the example of the Middle Volga region, whose logging was typical for the European part of the USSR. At the same time, the article compares regional problems of catering at logging sites with all-Union trends. The source base for the article was the funds of regional archives of the Penza, Samara and Ulyanovsk regions and materials from periodicals of the 1930s. In general, the catering system at the logging sites of the largest logger in the Middle Volga region, the Sredles trust, was organized already at the end of the first five-year plan. The greatest number of problems in the public catering system in the third five-year plan were recorded in the Kuibyshevles sections. Typical methods for supplying the canteens of timber industry enterprises with products in the 1930s. began to organize their own subsidiary farms and purchase food. There are numerous complaints about the quality of food prepared in the forestry industry canteens. In some cases, the shortcomings of catering at logging sites were associated not with the general food shortage in the USSR, but with the low professionalism of canteen workers.

Regional ethnic economy: features and prospects of development (on the example of Khakassia)

The socio-economic realities of today force to look for development ways at the expense of internal resources. The deployment of local systems is perspective at the regional level, because they based on the traditional economic patterns of ethnic communities inhabiting the region. Ethnoeconomical patterns are the relevant model for the geographical, spatial and socio-cultural conditions in which they were formed. This fact allows us to highly evaluate their potential. This article attempts to assess the prospects for the development of the ethnic economy of a region Khakassia. Author uses statistical data and materials of sociological survey of ethnic communities of the region (Russians, Khakass people and Shors). They have the greatest influence on the vector of ethnoeconomical development of the republic. The peculiarity of the ethnic economy of Khakassia is the high role of households of the population. They play a significant role in the agricultural sector. They produce a large amount of both vegetables and meat products. There are various programs aimed at supporting the livestock industry for both peasant (farmer) farms and personal subsidiary farms at the regional level. Representatives of the titular ethnic group (Khakass people) and indigenous small-numbered peoples (Shors) generally remain focused on traditional economic practices: cattle breeding and crafts. Author concludes that the support of the distinctive types of economic activities of these ethnic groups is necessary not only from the point of view of economic expediency, but also for the preservation of the culture of these people.

Reproduction of the technology for the production of “Rossiysky” cheese in laboratory conditions, depending on the quality of milk

Relevance. Dairy processing enterprises are expanding the range of dairy products with the introduction of production of various cheeses. Small producers have also become active in cheese production. In 2023, the decrease in the price and demand for raw milk had a particularly strong impact on collective (farmer) and personal subsidiary farms. This caused the need for milk processing in rural conditions. Our research is aimed at developing technology for the production of ”Rossiysky” cheese for peasants and farms.Methods. The Kjeldahl method determined the mass fraction of protein, acid method — the mass fraction of fat, calculated — the mass fraction of dry matter and skimmed milk residue, ultrasonic — the mass fractions of milk fat, protein, lactose, milk powder, skimmed milk residue, the amount of added water, mineral salts, density, freezing point, temperature, by the express method — active acidity.Results. The chemical composition and physico-chemical properties of raw milk were studied in winter and spring. It was found that the mass fraction of fat in milk reaches 4.31–4.65%. Mass fraction of protein is 2.92–3.02%. The ratio of milk fat to protein is 1.48–1.54, with the recommended norm being 1.1–1.25. Changes were made to the technological scheme for the production of “Rossiysky” cheese, taking into account the characteristics of the quality of milk and the equipment used in the conditions of peasants and farms. To obtain milk with the required protein to fat ratio, the mixture was normalized. “Rossiysky” cheese was produced from normalized milk. The quality of cheese in terms of organoleptic, physico-chemical and microbiological indicators meets the requirements of regulatory documents.

Assessment of the living standard of elderly people and their well-being in a changing social environment

The current scientific article presents the results of assessing the living standard of elderly people, their well-being, livelihoods in conditions of economic instability and changing social space. Global and all-Russian official statistics indicate an increase in the ageing process of the population. Besides, there is a steady growth in the share of pensioners in its structure. In recent years, in the Russian Federation in general and in the Republic of Bashkortostan in particular, there has been a real trend of ageing population, longer life expectancy (73 years), and a greater number of senior citizens in total (28.5 %). Old age is associated with a period of loss and separation from the usual way of life. The assessment found the key problems of this category: deterioration of health, narrowing of the social world, loneliness, low living standard, and financial difficulties. It is identified that the Russian pensioners belong to the main group of the poor, especially the lonely ones. Their poverty is determined by a decline in living standards and material security, rising inflation, and the high cost of medical care along with utilities. It was revealed that for an elderly person, the main income source is a pension, and in-kind income from personal subsidiary farms is an additional one. Despite the generally low level of pensions, a significant part of non-working pensioners provides financial support to their family members at the cost of personal well-being. Therefore, family values dominate in the minds of older people, and many of their needs are realised in the household.

Трудовые практики неработающих жителей удаленных сел (на примере Хакасии)

In conditions of prolonged unemployment, the sphere of labor and employment in rural areas is trans­forming. The labor market is changing, informal practices are spreading, new forms of employment are emerging, the number of villagers who do not want or are unaccustomed to work is growing, etc. The article aims at identifying labor practices among the unemployed population of remote territories using the example of Khakassia. Geographical remoteness is an additional factor limiting the possibilities of rural population labor behavior. The study was conducted based on a sociological survey of region’s remote areas residents (n = 404). The article compares the groups of villagers who are unemployed for different periods. The socio-demographic composition of these groups, as well as the strategies of their work behavior, differ. The first group of respondents, those who did not work for up to a year, can be considered frictionally unemployed. Most of them are able-bodied people living in large villages with a relatively high level of prosperity and focused on various labor strategies. The second group, people who did not work for several years, is quite diverse in its composition and represents almost all segments of the rural population. The respondents of this group are engaged in personal subsidiary farming, which serves as an alternative to formal employment. The third group consists of women of reproductive age who have never worked. They do not aim at finding work or other forms of self-employment, since their main activities are household management and childcare. Casual earnings (extra money made on the side) and fishing activities are common among the unemployed population, but the income from such activities is low and unstable. In general, the labor practices of the remote territories’ unemployed population depend on various factors, but the personal motivation of the villagers, which determines the strategy of their labor behavior, has the greatest influence.

ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ РОСТА И РАЗВИТИЯ ПОМЕСНОГО МОЛОДНЯКА ОВЕЦ В УСЛОВИЯХ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТЫВА

The aim of the study is to investigate the growth and development of crossbreeds obtained by crossing Tuvan coarse-wool short-fat-tailed ewes and a Gorno-Altai breed stud ram. The studies were conducted in 2023 in a private subsidiary farm in the village of Bayan-Kol, Kyzyl District, Kuu-Dag locality. As a result of crossing, first-generation crossbreed offspring were obtained. The obtained Gorno-Altai-Tuvan crossbreed young animals (experimental group) and purebred young animals of the Tuvan coarse-wool short-fat-tailed breed (control group) were selected for the experiment. Live weight was studied; absolute, average daily and relative gains were calculated. Measurements were also taken from the animals under study and body condition indices were calculated. The studies showed that the live weight of the crossbred young animals at birth was 5.16 kg, and at six months of age it was 37.48 kg, which is 1.28 and 1.14 times higher than that of the Tuvan short-fat-tailed breed, respectively. The crossbred animals grew well in width and had a more developed skeleton: the width at the hips (18.18 cm), chest girth (93.13 cm) and metacarpus girth (8.88 cm) were 1.37, 1.04 and 1.1 times higher, respectively. The measurements confirm the calculated indices of constitution: the index of massiveness of the crossbred young animals was 165.2 %, the index of bone content was 15.75 %, which is higher than that of purebred animals by 1.08 times and 1.14 times, respectively. However, the relative increase was 1.05 times higher in purebred young animals and was 156.0 %, which is most likely a consequence of the higher adaptability of Tuvan short-fat-tailed sheep to natural and climatic, feed conditions and their resistance to unfavorable factors.

Инновационные разработки для сельского хозяйства в регионах ДФО: сотрудничество вузов и сельхозтоваропроизводителей

Abstract. For many regions of the Far East, the commercialization of scientific developments in agriculture is primarily associated with creating interest in innovative products of medium and small producers, such as Peasant Farms (PF) and Personal Subsidiary Farms (PSF), which constitute the main share of agricultural producers in the Far East. Methods of systematic and abstract analysis, synthesis, which served as a basis for application and identification of cause-and-effect relations in solving the problems of promotion of innovation development in agriculture in the region. The system of innovation promotion for medium and small producers on the example of the Buryat State Agricultural Academy is considered. The scientific novelty lies in the development of a model of involving small and medium agricultural producers in innovation activity by promoting innovation development of universities. In the article, there is a description of the project of the Buryat State Agricultural Academy on promotion and popularization of agro-innovations, which has been adopted for implementation. As a result of this project, structure responsible for commercialization of innovative products, design and prototyping of innovative agricultural products have been created in addition to the traditional research departments of the university. The proposed model is aimed at generating interest in innovations among the main producers of agricultural products in the region – private farms and household farms, which currently shun innovations due to the prevailing opinion about the high cost of production and promotion of innovative products. The article describes the mechanism for the formation of interaction channels for testing innovative agricultural products, informing manufacturers about the results of testing, reducing risks for business and the process of promoting innovative developments of the university through the involvement of small and medium-sized agricultural producers.

The influence of the age of sheep producers on the productivity of brood

With the increase in the tourist flow in the Altai Mountains, the demand for lamb has increased, so methods are needed to improve the meat productivity of lambs. The article presents the results of a study of the influence of early mating of rams of the Prikatunsky meat-wool type on the productivity of their offspring under conditions of year-round grazing in the Altai Republic. According to the results of the productivity of the offspring, the breeding value of the producing sheep was determined. Experimental groups of queens and offspring were kept in the same flock, providing them with equal maintenance and feeding conditions — a method of maintaining queens and lambs year-round pasture maintenance followed by culling lambs at four months of age. According to the experiment results, the sheep of the second group are characterised by the best milk productivity with a high reliability of the difference. As a result, it was found that the age of the producer rams at the time of the first mating does not hurt the productivity of their offspring. In addition, it was found in the experiment that the descendants obtained from a younger ram differ in the best productivity indicators. Thus, by using sheep producers at an early age, it is possible to determine their breeding value one year earlier, which will significantly reduce the cost of their maintenance and, as a result, increase the profitability of the industry in private hands in peasant farms, personal subsidiary farms of citizens and individual enterprises.

Veterinary and sanitary examination of milk from subsidiary farms of the republic of Mari El

At present, in order to avoid buying adulterated milk, some consumers buy the whole milk from private farms. However, when purchasing this product, there is a risk of harm to health. This is due to the fact that some cattle owners may improperly exercise health care and comply with conditions for keeping the animals. Purpose: To conduct a veterinary and sanitary assessment of raw milk samples from subsidiary farms of the Republic of Mari El. The material for this assessment was three raw milk samples from different subsidiary farms. In the selected samples, we determined the organoleptic, physico-chemical and microbiological properties. Standardized methods were used to determine these parameters. All test samples were a homogeneous white liquid free of sediment and flakes with a clean pleasant taste and smell, which met the requirements of GOST 31449-2013. The values of all samples for physicochemical properties were also within the limits specified in the standard, which indicates the milk naturality. However, when determining the QMA&OAMO (quantity of mesophyll aerobic and optional-anaerobic microorganisms), the obtained results greatly exceeded the established limits. The study of the sample cultures for coliform bacteria showed that, unlike samples 1 and 3, sample 2 has no bacteria of this group. The results of the microbiological quality demonstrated that either animals from which milk was obtained were kept in improper sanitary and hygienic conditions, or the milk obtained was contaminated with microorganisms at the consumer packaging stage. This study showed that all samples meet the requirements of GOST 31449-2013 for organoleptic and physico-chemical properties.

Dangerous bacterial infections of farm animals in Russia and the Tyumen region

In the 21st century, there is a clear trend of growth in quantitative and qualitative indicators of Russian animal husbandry. The Tyumen region is distinguished by the sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex. In conditions of intensive development of animal husbandry in Russia and the Tyumen region, it is of particular importance to preserve the health of livestock at enterprises and in private subsidiary farms. The article examines particularly dangerous bacterial infectious diseases of farm animals. Such diseases include anthrax, tuberculosis, brucellosis and leptospirosis. The main epidemic characteristics in dynamics over the past five years, including the incidence of animals and the spread of infections in Russia and the Tyumen region, have been analyzed, peaks in morbidity and main trends have been identified. Brief characteristics of diseases are presented, the main preventive measures and measures provided for by legislation are analyzed.

ТИПОЛОГИЯ ЛИЧНЫХ ПОДСОБНЫХ ХОЗЯЙСТВ ПО ДАННЫМ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЙ МИКРОПЕРЕПИСИ 2021 Г.

In the article, according to the agricultural micro-census of the Republic of Tatarstan in 2021, a methodology for classifying personal subsidiary farms has been developed, on the basis of which four types of farms are identified: resident, consumer and commodity personal subsidiary farms, as well as implicit farms. Subtypes are allocated within each type of farms according to the size of agricultural production. By applying the methodology to the sample survey data, it was concluded that resident micro-farms, which make up 17% of the total number of personal subsidiary farms in the region, produce no more than 5-6% of gross agricultural output and receive no more than 0,1% of income from its sale, therefore it was proposed to exclude this category of personal subsidiary farms from statistical observation. The results of the typology can be used by the state statistical and agricultural management bodies.

Оценка размерности личных подсобных хозяйств на основе группировокпо земельной площади

The article analyzes the approaches of state statistical bodies to the construction of analytical groupings of private subsidiary farms by the total land area and the total sown area. Analytical groupings published according to the national agricultural censuses, as a rule, represent distribution series, where the characteristics of the selected groups are limited only by the number of farms, the volume of the phenomenon and its ratio to the total. In addition, the program for publishing the results of the agricultural microcensus does not provide for a regional section. In order to improve the quality of the summary, analysis and presentation of the data on private subsidiary farms, it is proposed to revise the intervals for a number of grouping indicators and to significantly expand the set of features characterizing analytical groups. On the basis of depersonalized primary data of the agricultural microcensus, the article shows the possibilities of analyzing the size, specialization and intensification of agricultural production of private subsidiary farms while conducting a complete summary of the signs of the observation program. The trends of decrease in the total number of private subsidiary farms and their land and sown area revealed according to the census data indicate a reduction in the size of agricultural production of the category of households of the population, which makes it possible to raise the question of the expediency of their continuous survey and the introduction of censorship, as it is done in some foreign countries. On the basis of the data of the sample survey of private farms and the microcensus of 2021, an estimation of the value of the gross agricultural production by groups of farms according to the size of the land area was given, and it was proposed to introduce a requirement of 1000 m2 of land area for the inclusion of private subsidiary farms in the list of respondents of agricultural censuses.

Agricultural insurance as a modern tool for protecting agricultural production on personal subsidiary farms

Agricultural insurance as a modern tool for protecting agricultural production on personal subsidiary farms