Subset Of Indian Population Research Articles

A retrospective cross-sectional study assessing adverse events following immunization (AEFI) of COVID 19 vaccine in a subset of Indian population

As the COVID-19 pandemic is an emerging healthcare concern, there has been swift vaccine development with minimal clinical trials questioning its protective efficacy outside of clinical trial conditions. The study aims to analyze the adverse events following immunization (AEFI) with COVID-19 vaccines among the domestic Indian population. It also aimed to evaluate the association between AEFI and demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and type of vaccine.This cross-sectional survey included participants ≥ 18 years of Indian origin for passive reporting of AEFI with COVID-19 vaccination using a questionnaire. The incidence of AEFI was calculated in percentage; the Chi-square test was used to determine associations between AEFI and independent variables.The incidence of reported AEFI was 76.4%. The most frequently reported AEFI was redness [74.38% (n = 328)], followed by pain [52.83% (n = 233)], swelling [52.83% (n = 233)], and fever [50.34% (n = 222)]. The majority of AEFIs were mild to moderate and resolved spontaneously. Females had significantly more AEFI with longer duration than males. The type of vaccine received had no significant effect on the number or duration of AEFI; 3.63% tested positive for COVID-19 after the first dose and 3.11% after the second dose of the vaccine, with no significant correlation between comorbidities and the presence of AEFI.More than three-fourths of the vaccines resulted in one or more forms of adverse events, but most events were self-limiting. Females were more prone to develop AEFI. Knowledge about what to expect after vaccination will help educate the public, allay misconceptions and reduce vaccine hesitancy.

Morphometric Analysis of Ulnar Variance and Its Demographic Dynamics Using High Resolution MRI: A Retrospective Study in Indian Population and Review of Literature.

Ulnar variance (UV) is the variation of the level of the distal articulating surface of the radius with respect to the distal articulating surface of the ulna. These variations either positive or negative can predispose to pathologies involving the wrist joint. The aim of this study was to measure the ulnar variance in a subset of Indian population using high-resolution MRI and compare our results with the existing literature. Retrospective analysis of 100 normal wrist MRIs were done performed during November 2020 to November 2021 and the ulnar variance was calculated using the Method of Perpendiculars. All the MRI sequences were performed by an experienced radiologist with prior fixed protocol for the study. The measurements were done on the mid-coronal section based on the Method of Perpendiculars using Meddiff Rispacs software. The average age of the participants was 42years, with Male to female ratio of 0.9:1. 47 MRIs were of the left wrist, while 53 MRIs were of the right wrist. The mean UV was -0.7mm (SD-0.175), ranging from -4.5mm to 3.5mm. There was a significant relationship between ulnar-variance and age, as ulnar-variance increases with the age (p value = 0.039). There was no statistically significant correlation of ulnar-variance with gender distribution and handedness. This study utilized high-resolution MRI for measuring ulnar-variance in a subset of Indian population and disclosed that the ulnar-variance affirms a positive correlation with age, while no specific pattern between the ulnar-variance and gender or handedness could be established.

Co-Occurrence of Taurodontism in Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip and Palate Patients in Subset of Indian Population: A Case-Control Study Using CBCT.

The present study aimed to assess the co-occurrence of taurodontism in nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP) patients in a subset of Indian population using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The study was a retrospective case–control kinds assessing 1500 CBCT scans over a period of 2 years; 67 scans out of 1500 showed cleft lip and palate (CLP). After fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 38 subjects out of 67 comprised the case group; 80 randomly selected subjects constituted the control group. The first and second permanent molars in both the arches (8 teeth) of each subject were assessed for the presence and severity of taurodontism using the objective criteria. Statistical analysis was done using the χ2 test. Inter and intraobserver agreement was evaluated by Kappa statistics. 71.05% subjects showed taurodontism in case group, while 45% subjects showed its presence in control group; results being significant for both the groups. However, the comparison of number of teeth with taurodontism in the 2 groups came out to be statistically insignificant. Also no significant association of taurodontism was seen with gender or the different types of cleft ( P = .437). Hypotaurodontism was the most prevalent type. There was a higher prevalence of taurodontism in both groups which had been underestimated in the previous studies. This emphasizes the significance of the use of CBCT in detection of dental anomalies which would otherwise go undetected.

What Else to Pay Attention in Terms of Bone Health Other than Osteoarthritis among Candidates Undergoing Total Knee Replacement: Observations in a Subset of Indian Population

Abstract Background Earlier it was thought that osteoarthritis and osteoporosis were mutually exclusive but many studies now prove that these diseases coexist. This study was undertaken to assess the bone health in terms of mineral density and other markers among patients undergoing total knee replacement due to osteoarthritis. Methods A total of 100 patients with advanced osteoarthritis undergoing total knee replacement and satisfying inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected. Detailed social, medical, personal, and family history was recorded. All participants underwent for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan (spine and both hips), X-rays (both knees and pelvis), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) scoring, and serum levels of vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, and Parathyroid hormone (PTH). Data collected and analyzed. Results In total, 87% of total participants were females. Mean values for age, height, weight, serum vitamin D3, serum PTH, serum calcium, serum phosphorus, serum alkaline phosphatase, WOMAC score, and bone mineral density (BMD) score (T-score) were 65.35 years, 160.15 cm, 69.37 kg, 26.91 ng/mL, 48.02 pg/mL, 9.01 mg/mL, 3.40 ng/mL, 57.91 IU/L, 56.32, and −1.16, respectively. Conclusion Osteopenia and osteoporosis seem prevalent in the Indian population with advanced knee osteoarthritis. Our findings do not support the hypothesis of inverse relation between osteoarthritis and lower BMD. The study reflected poorer bone health and lesser average age for Indian patients undergoing total knee replacement.

Demographic and Clinicoradiological Presentation of Tuberculosis in Patients with Sickle Cell Haemoglobinopathy: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Infectious disease is an important contributor to disability and death in Sickle Cell Haemoglobinopathy (SCH). India has a high burden of Tuberculosis (TB) and SCH is widespread among residents in and around Burla, Odisha. This was the first attempt to find the prevalence of SCH in active cases of TB in Indian adults. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of SCH in TB and to evaluate the demographic and clinicoradiological presentation of TB in patients with SCH in a subset of Indian population. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done from October 2010 to September 2012 in Department of Pulmonary Medicine of V.S.S.M.C, Burla, Odisha, India. The primary inclusion criterion was patients with TB and SCH. Demographic characteristics, clinical, radiological, microbiological and histopathology data were collected. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package of the Social Sciences (SPSS) 18.0. Association between categorical data was calculated using Chi-square test and Fischer’s exact test. A p-value of <0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: Out of 1243 TB patients who were screened, 64 TB patients had SCH. The mean age of the patients was 30 (±13) years with female predominance 33 (51.56%). The prevalence of SCH in TB was 51.49/1000, Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA) was 13.68/1000 and Sickle Cell Trait (SCT) was 37.81/1000. 47 (73.43%) patients had SCT and 17 (26.56%) patients had SCA. Majority of patients with SCA 15 (88.23%) and SCT 35 (74.46%) belonged to the age of ≤40 years. 38 (59.37%) patients had Pulmonary TB (PTB) and 26 (40.62%) had Extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). EPTB 11 (64.70%) was common in patients with SCA than PTB 6 (35.29%) and vice-versa in SCT 15 (31.91% vs 32 (68.08%) (p=0.018). Among PTB patients, cough was the most common symptom seen in 7(10.93%) patients of SCA and in 26 (40.62%) patients of SCT. The mean (±SD) haemoglobin in patients with SCA was 7.270 (±2.007) gm% and SCT was 9.021 (±1.578) gm% (p=0.002). The most common chest radiographic finding was nodules in patients with SCA 9 (52.94%), reticular opacities and pleural effusion 11 (23.40%) each in SCT. Conclusion: In the present study, 5.14% of TB patients had SCH. PTB was more common than EPTB in patients with SCH.

Variations in root canal morphology of the permanent mandibular first molar in Indian population- A CBCT study

The purpose of this study was to determine the variations in the number of canals and its morphology in permanent mandibular first molars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a subset of Indian population. A total of 350 CBCT scans were collected and evaluated in all three orthogonal planes to determine the number of root canals and study their anatomic variations using Vertucci’s classification.: The total number of roots and root canals, the root canal configuration, the incidence, and the correlations between left- and right-side occurrences and between males and females were analysed. Statistically significant differences were evaluated using the chi-square test with SPSS 16.0 for Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL), with significance set at p < 0.05.: The results of this study showed that predominantly, two thirds of the subjects had type VI mesial canal configuration and two-thirds had type I distal canal configuration. Also there was significant variance in the canal anatomy across gender and age of the subjects.: CBCT is a clinically useful tool in understanding the variations in root canal morphology, which guides in the assessment of the canal morphology aiding in successful root canal treatment.

Evaluation of vanillin as a probe drug for aldehyde oxidase and phenotyping for its activity in a Western Indian Cohort.

BACKGROUND:Aldehyde oxidase (AO), a molybdoflavoenzyme, is emerging as a key player in drug discovery and metabolism. Despite having several known substrates, there are no validated probes reported for studying the activity of AO in vivo. Vanillin (4-hydroxy 3-methoxy benzaldehyde) is an excellent substrate of AO, in vitro. In the present study, vanillin has been validated as an in vivo probe for AO. Subsequently, a phenotyping study was carried out using vanillin in a subset of Indian population with 100 human volunteers.METHODS:For the purposes of in vitro probe validation, initially the metabolism of vanillin was characterized in partially purified guinea pig AO fraction. Further, vanillin was incubated with partially purified xanthine oxidase fraction and AO fractions, and liver microsomes obtained from different species (in presence and absence of specific inhibitors). For the phenotyping study, an oral dose of 500 mg of vanillin was administered to the participants in the study and cumulative urine samples were obtained up to 8 h after giving the dose. The samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and metabolic ratios were calculated as peak area ratio of vanillic acid/vanillin.RESULTS:(a) The results of the in vitro validation studies clearly indicated that vanillin is preferentially metabolized by AO. (b) Normal distribution tests and probit analysis revealed that AO activity was not normally distributed and that 73.72% of the participants were fast metabolizers, 24.28% intermediate metabolizers, and 2% were slow metabolizers.CONCLUSIONS:Data of the phenotyping study suggest the existence of AO polymorphism, in a Western Indian cohort.

Efficacy of digital volume tomography in the preoperative assessment of position of inferior alveolar canal with impacted mandibular third molars in a subset of Indian population

Context: Choosing an imaging source, which provides minimum radiation exposure to the patient, to facilitate surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars (MTMs), thereby avoiding unwanted neurological complications. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of digital volume tomography (DVT) in evaluating the position of inferior alveolar canal (IAC) in relation to impacted MTMs and comparing it with conventional radiography (CR) in a subset of the Indian population. Materials and Methods: Four experienced observers assessed two groups: 33 DVT and 33 CR images, for the position of root-tips of impacted MTM in the proximity to IAC, in both vertical and horizontal planes. The diagnostic information was compared in both the groups. Statistical Analysis: Chi-square test, Mann–Whitney U-test, and Kappa statistics were used. Results: Comparison between DVT and CR revealed no statistically significant variation in assessing relationship in the vertical plane. There was, however, a significant difference between the groups, while comparing the diagnostic information for the horizontal dimension, for both the mesial and the distal roots, with an advantage for DVT (P

Morphometric Analysis of the External Auditory Canal by Computed Tomography in Indian Population.

Various studies have shown variations in size and shape of different anthropometric measurements of external auditory canal. We conducted an anthropometric study of the three-dimensional anatomy of the osseous external auditory canal (OEAC) using high-resolution computed tomography the temporal bone to identify the variations in subset of Indian population from North India. A retrospective review of high-resolution computed tomography images of the temporal bones of 125 patients (250 external auditory canals) of different ages (mean 28.43years) acquired from September 2014 to February of 2015 was performed. Using a method, as proposed by Mahboubio et al. (Otol Neurotol 33:715-720, 2012), six defined dimensions of the OEAC in the parasagittal planes were recorded at the level of annulus, midcanal and the outermost point of osseous external auditory canal at bony-cartilaginous junction. The length and shape of the OEAC were also studied and the frequency rate of each was recorded. The most prevalent shape of the OEAC was found to be conical (64%) and the mean osseous external auditory canal length was 9.61mm. The length of the OEAC was significantly different between ages above and below 12years while the 6 defined cross sectional dimensions were statistically significant between ages above and below 8years. The history of chronic suppurative otitis media had a significant bearing on the inferior mid-anteroposterior dimension at the level of bony-cartilaginous junction. There was statistically significant difference in supero-inferior diameter in the posterior half at the level of mid-canal and outer bony-cartilaginous junction between males and females. The comprehensive set of standardized measurements collected in this study provides three-dimensional information on osseous external auditory canal geometry. These measurements and the methodology will contribute to the development of element models of the osseous canal for computational modeling purposes and also provide important measurements for design of in-the-canal hearing aids, specialized earplugs and for defining average sizes for canalplasty procedures, in pre- and postoperative surgical planning and assessment of canal atresia and stenosis in Indian population. No such previous study has been done in North Indian population.

Normative Soft Palate Dimensions and Morphology in a Subset of Indian Population: A Digital Cephalometric Study

Background: The variations in the morphology of the soft palate in normal patients help to establish the variations in morphology in various diseases. The classification system and statistical findings help to research velopharyngeal closure in cleft palate individuals and etiological study of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and other conditions. The aim of our study was to investigate the variations in the velar morphology and to analyze the variations of length and density of the soft palate. Materials and Methods: In this study, a sample of 100 normal digital lateral cephalograms was analyzed for the variations in morphology of the soft palate and evaluated for analysis of length and density of the soft palate. Results: The morphology of the soft palate showed seven different morphological types. There was a significant difference in length of the soft palate between preadult and adult age groups. Males showed significantly longer and denser soft palate than the females. Conclusion: There was a significant difference in length of the soft palate between preadult and adult age groups. Males showed signifi cantly longer and denser soft palate than the females