Subsequent Request Research Articles

Against conservation of specific epithets formed wrongly as nominative nouns in apposition

Together with 31 other incorrectly formed (i.e. as nominative nouns in apposition) specific epithets, the epithet of Streptomyces scabies was corrected to Streptomyces scabiei in Taxonomic Notes published in 1997 and 1998. A subsequent Request for an Opinion, published in 2001, to reinstate the incorrect epithets for ten of these species was denied by the Judicial Commission in 2002. In 2007, a further Request for an Opinion was submitted to the Judicial Commission which proposed the conservation of the incorrect epithet of Streptomyces 'scabies' over the corrected one, scabiei. After having stated once that the corrections made to the epithets were performed according to the correct application of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (now 'of Prokaryotes', ICNP), the Judicial Commission would lose authority and credibility if it were to follow a request to abandon even one of the now correct 32 epithets in favour of its incorrectly formed predecessor. Microbiologists who accept changes in names of genera should also accept the correction of grammatical or orthographical changes in specific epithets.

Changes to Practice for Continued Examination Filings, Patent Applications Containing Patentably Indistinct Claims, and Examination of Claims in Patent Applications; Final Rule (excerpts)

Biotechnology Law ReportVol. 26, No. 6 TextsChanges to Practice for Continued Examination Filings, Patent Applications Containing Patentably Indistinct Claims, and Examination of Claims in Patent Applications; Final Rule (excerpts)Published Online:29 Jan 2008https://doi.org/10.1089/blr.2007.9903AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail AbstractThe United States Patent and Trademark Office (Office) is revising the rules of practice in patent cases relating to continuing applications and requests for continued examination practices, and for the examination of claims in patent applications. The Office is revising the rules of practice to require that any third or subsequent continuing application that is a continuation application or a continuation-in-part application, and any second or subsequent request for continued examination in an application family, be filed to obtain consideration of an amendment, argument, or evidence, and be supported by a showing as to why the amendment, argument, or evidence sought to be entered could not have been previously submitted. The Office is also revising the rules of practice to provide that an applicant must provide an examination support document that covers all of the claims in an application if the application contains more than five independent claims or more than twenty-five total claims. The Office is also revising the rules of practice with respect to multiple applications that have the same claimed filing or priority date, substantial overlapping disclosure, a common inventor, and common ownership. These changes will allow the Office to conduct a better and more thorough and reliable examination of patent applications.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 26Issue 6Dec 2007 InformationMary Ann Liebert, Inc.To cite this article:Changes to Practice for Continued Examination Filings, Patent Applications Containing Patentably Indistinct Claims, and Examination of Claims in Patent Applications; Final Rule (excerpts).Biotechnology Law Report.Dec 2007.665-674.http://doi.org/10.1089/blr.2007.9903Published in Volume: 26 Issue 6: January 29, 2008PDF download

Consistency-based compliance across cultures

A field study investigated cross-cultural differences in choice-congruent behavior and its impact on compliance. U.S. and Asian participants received a request to complete an online survey and a month later they were approached with a larger, related request. Compliance with the initial request had a stronger impact on subsequent compliance among the U.S. participants than among the Asian participants. Despite their lower rate of compliance with the initial request, the U.S. participants who chose to comply were more likely than their Asian counterparts to agree to the subsequent request. Further analyses revealed that this effect was driven by differences in the individualistic/collectivistic orientation of the participants from the two cultures. Within both cultures, the more individualistic participants showed stronger consistency with their earlier compliance than the more collectivistically oriented participants.

Reciprocal favor exchange and compliance

Three experiments examined the effect of exchanging small favors on compliance to a subsequent request. In Experiment 1, undergraduate participants walked up a flight of stairs to sharpen a pencil for a confederate, and the confederate brought the participants a bottle of water. These participants were more likely to agree to a request from the confederate than participants who had not exchanged favors or who had performed a favor without receiving one in return. The order in which the favors were performed did not affect compliance rates. In Experiment 2, students selling bake sale treats retrieved a “fresh” treat for customers, and customers picked up some spilled pencils for the students. The percentage of customers who subsequently purchased treats replicated the pattern uncovered in the first investigation. In a partial replication of the first experiment, Experiment 3 findings ruled out explanations for the results based on mood and modeling of helping behavior. Taken together, the research suggests that a reciprocal exchange of favors with a stranger may trigger a friendship heuristic that people rely on when responding to a subsequent request.

A study on Probe-Based Multicast Admission Control and enhancement

To provide scalable and simple Quality of Service(QoS) mechanism for multicast services, Probe-Based Multicast Admission Control (PBMAC) scheme was proposed. In this paper, PBMAC is studied and a so-called subsequent request problem is found in PBMAC, which degrades system performance significantly when the network traffic is heavily loaded. Based on the analysis on subsequent request problem, an Enhance PBMAC (EPBMAC) scheme is proposed, in which complementary probing is devised to solve the problem. Using a new metric of normalized requested equivalent link capacity, the performance of PBMAC and EPBMAC is analyzed and evaluated. Two implementations are proposed for incremental deployment. The paper finally introduces evaluation with packet-based simulations. Both analytical and simulation results show the significant improvement in performance.

An Enhanced Scalable Probe-Based Multicast Admission Control Scheme

To guarantee QoS for multicast transmission, admission control for multicast sessions is expected. Probe-based multicast admission control (PBMAC) scheme is a scalable and simple approach. However, PBMAC suffers from the subsequent request problem which can significantly reduce the maximum number of multicast sessions that a network can admit. In this letter, we describe the subsequent request problem and propose an enhanced PBMAC scheme to solve this problem. The enhanced scheme makes use of complementary probing and remarking which require only minor modification to the original scheme. By using a fluid-based analytical model, we are able to prove that the enhanced scheme can always admit a higher number of multicast sessions. Furthermore, we present validation of the analytical model using packet based simulation.

Risk factors for strong regret and subsequent IVF request after having tubal ligation.

To identify and describe pre-sterilisation characteristics most consistently associated with intensive post-sterilisation regret and subsequent request for IVF. Case control study. Fertility clinic in a tertiary referral urban hospital, Sydney, Australia. SAMPLE CASES: Ninety-seven sterilised women who underwent evaluation for IVF during the period 1986-1996; 101 sterilised women who remained satisfied with their tubal ligation. Variables known at the time of sterilisation including age, number of living children, history of abortion, underlying medical diseases, marital status, race, education, and timing of sterilisation. In the multivariate analysis of data, age at the time of sterilisation had the most pronounced effect on strong regret. Women younger than 30 years old at the time of sterilisation were more likely to request IVF treatment than women 30 to 34 years old. A concurrent caesarean section was associated with a threefold risk (95% CI, 1.05-10.03) relative to an interval procedure. A strong protective effect (OR = 0.07; 95% CI, 0.01-0.65) was found for women with more than two children compared to childless women. The overwhelming reason stated by women requesting IVF was change in marital status, and the desire to have a child with the new partner. Women with such characteristics who are considering tubal ligation need further caution and counselling.

A Comparison of Womenʼs Regret After Vasectomy Versus Tubal Sterilization

In Brief OBJECTIVE To compare the 5-year cumulative probability of regret and risk factors for regret among women whose husbands underwent vasectomy with women after tubal sterilization. METHODS A total of 525 women whose husbands underwent vasectomy were compared with 3672 women who underwent tubal sterilization in a prospective, multicenter, cohort study. RESULTS The cumulative probability of a woman expressing regret within 5 years after her husband's vasectomy was 6.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.6, 8.6), which was similar to the 5-year cumulative probability of regret among women after tubal sterilization (7.0%, 95% CI 5.8, 8.1). Women who reported substantial conflict with their husbands before vasectomy were more than 25 times more likely to request that their husband have a reversal than women who did not report such conflict (rate ratio 25.3, 95% CI 2.9, 217.2). Similarly, women who reported substantial conflict with their husbands or partners before tubal sterilization were more then three times as likely to regret their decision and more than five times as likely to request a reversal than women who did not report such conflict (rate ratio 3.1, 95% CI 1.4, 7.0, and rate ratio 5.4, 95% CI 1.6, 17.6, respectively). CONCLUSION Most women did not express regret after their husband's vasectomy and the probability of regret was similar to sterilized women. However, when there was substantial conflict between a woman and her husband before vasectomy or tubal sterilization, the probability of subsequent request for reversal was increased. The probability of women's regret within 5 years after their husbands' vasectomy was 6%; substantial conflict with the husband before vasectomy increased reversal requests 25-fold.

A comparison of women’s regret after vasectomy versus tubal sterilization

OBJECTIVE: To compare the 5-year cumulative probability of regret and risk factors for regret among women whose husbands underwent vasectomy with women after tubal sterilization. METHODS: A total of 525 women whose husbands underwent vasectomy were compared with 3672 women who underwent tubal sterilization in a prospective, multicenter, cohort study. RESULTS: The cumulative probability of a woman expressing regret within 5 years after her husband’s vasectomy was 6.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.6, 8.6), which was similar to the 5-year cumulative probability of regret among women after tubal sterilization (7.0%, 95% CI 5.8, 8.1). Women who reported substantial conflict with their husbands before vasectomy were more than 25 times more likely to request that their husband have a reversal than women who did not report such conflict (rate ratio 25.3, 95% CI 2.9, 217.2). Similarly, women who reported substantial conflict with their husbands or partners before tubal sterilization were more then three times as likely to regret their decision and more than five times as likely to request a reversal than women who did not report such conflict (rate ratio 3.1, 95% CI 1.4, 7.0, and rate ratio 5.4, 95% CI 1.6, 17.6, respectively). CONCLUSION: Most women did not express regret after their husband’s vasectomy and the probability of regret was similar to sterilized women. However, when there was substantial conflict between a woman and her husband before vasectomy or tubal sterilization, the probability of subsequent request for reversal was increased.

Donma Hasarı ve Malüliyet Bir Olgu Sunumu

İş kazaları ve malüliyetler, zaman zaman yargıya yansımaktadır. Mahkeme durumun belirlenmesi için Adli Tıptan rapor talep etmektedir. Olgunun, 1987 yılında görev sırasında soğukta uzun süre kalmış olması nedeniyle ayakları donmuştur. Çeşitli sağlık merkezlerince görülen olgu, bu merkezlerde “burger”, “öpere sempatektomi, burger” gibi tanılar almış, ayrıca bir üniversite hastanesi tarafından da görülen olgu hakkında “ alt ekstremitede donuk sonucu periferik arter yetersizliği yoktur” raporu verilmiştir. Olgu, 1997 yılında ayağında meydana gelen hasar nedeniyle “Burger” tanısıyla emekli edilmiş. Kendisine daha once verilen tıbbi raporlar dikkate alınarak Emekli Sandığı tarafından vazife malülii olarak değerlendirilmemiştir. Olgu durumunun Burger’den kaynaklanmadığını ileri sürerek dava açmıştır. 2001 yılında mahkeme olgunun yeniden değerlendirilmesini istemiş, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Adli Tıp Anabi-lim Dalında yapılan incelemeler sonucunda öykü ile patolojik bulguların uyumlu olmadığı saptanmıştır. Ayırıcı tanı için olguda ayrıntılı fiziksel muayene ve radyolojik incelemeler yapılmış, “Burger” hastalığında kalıcı olan damar lezyonları ve kol-lateral gelişimin olguda gözlenmediği görülmüştür. Yapılan doppler ve anjiyografik incelemeler sonucunda sağ bacakta gözlenen patolojinin daha çok donma soması oluşan mirovasküler hastalıkla uyumlu olduğu kanaatini bildirir rapor düzenlenmiştir. Mahkeme düzenlenen bu rapor doğrultusunda hastanm vazife malülii olduğuna karar vermiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Maluliyet, Burger, Donma hasarı, Adli tıp.

The effectiveness of an altruistic appeal in the presence and absence of favors

A substantial corpus of research examining the norm of reciprocity leads to the prediction that doing a favor for another will enhance the probability that that other will comply with a subsequent request made by the favor provider. Experiments have reported data consistent with this prediction, but in these experiments the requests have been pro-social. Other dynamics may be involved, however, when the request is anti-social. Additionally, particular kinds of messages might prove more effective in gaining compliance with an anti-social request. Specifically, following research on the fundamental attribution error it is predicted that altruism messages are more likely to be effective in such circumstances. An experiment was conducted to test these ideas. No evidence of an effect of the norm of reciprocity was observed, and the altruism message was found to be more effective than a direct request message. Unexpectedly, a large sex difference emerged in a direction opposite to that reported in reviews of sex differences, i.e., males were more compliant than females.

Interhospital aeromedical transports: Air medical activation intervals in adult and pediatric trauma patients

The purpose of this study was to determine whether pediatric trauma patients were transferred from community hospitals to trauma centers more expeditiously than adults of similar injury acuity. The study analyzed the air medical activation time, defined as the time delay between patient arrival at community hospitals and subsequent request for air medical transport to a Level I trauma center. Retrospective analysis of all interfacility air medical trauma transports by one service from October 1994 to June 1995 identified 40 pediatric and 156 adult patients. The mean air medical activation times for pediatric and adult trauma interfacility transports were 36.5 and 70.1 minutes, respectively ( P = .016). The study shows that community hospitals are able to expedite transfer of pediatric trauma patients and suggests that transfer delays for adult trauma patients may be reducible.

Are the increasing clinical demands for osmolality measurements and their associated electrolytes appropriate?

An audit of urine and plasma osmolalities and their associated urea and electrolytes over a 4 week period found that there were 124 plasma and 96 urine osmolality requests from 67 patients. In 21 patients (31.3 per cent), the osmolality results were useful in reaching a more precise diagnosis. In a further 11 cases, urine osmolality rather than plasma would have been appropriate. Seventy-one per cent originated from the Intensive Therapy Unit and were largely requested reflexly by the hospital computer order communication system. Plasma osmolal gaps could be calculated on 80 occasions (65 per cent). The formula 1.89 Na + 1.38 K + 1.03 urea + 1.08 glucose + 7.45 proved to be more accurate than the formula [Na+K] x 2 + urea+glucose (in mmol/L) with the latter showing a positive bias when compared to measured values. The osmolal gap was > 10 mOsm/Kg using the more complex formula on 23 occasions in 16 patients but only twice using the simpler calculation. These 16 patients usually had organ failure and were very ill. Urine sodium and potassium were measured on 72 occasions in 27 of these patients but urine chloride was never requested. Urine sodium < 20 mmol/L was found in 7 patients all of whom had relative or absolute hypovolaemia. Urine sodium was measured in 73 per cent of patients investigated for SIADH in general wards. Data was available to calculate the urine osmolal gap on 52 occasions. The value was > 100 mmol/L in 10 cases and this may be used as an index of the renal ammonium response to acidosis. Much potential derived information from simple indices is unused. As a result of this study, there was an approximate halving of the subsequent request volume.

Call blocking performance for dynamic channel allocation technique in future mobile satellite systems

Different dynamic channel allocation (DCA) approaches based on the evaluation of a cost function are proposed. The scenario considered is low earth orbit and geostationary orbit mobile satellite systems. A suitable user mobility model has been defined to generate interbeam handover requests. Different alternatives to manage interbeam handovers have been investigated. Among them, the most promising solution seems to be the queuing of handover requests. The quality of service parameters that have been considered are: blocking probability for new call arrivals, handover failure probability and the probability of incompletely served call owing to the initial blocking or to the failure of a subsequent handover request. Comparisons among the proposed DCA techniques and the fixed channel allocation technique have been carried out to find a solution that represents a good trade-off between the blocking performance and the required signalling load.

Noncompliant behavior of people with mental retardation

Literature pertaining to noncompliant behavior of people with mental retardation was reviewed. Noncompliant behavior was considered in terms of antecedents (characteristics of instructions), behaviors (characteristics of tasks being refused), and consequences (environmental results of noncompliance). Literature pertaining to nondisabled “oppositional” children was incorporated along with literature pertaining to persons with mental retardation. Research involving antecedent conditions suggested that noncompliance is more likely when instruction are vague and interrupted with other instructions. It also suggested that a series of high probability requests could enhance compliance to a subsequent low probability request. Research into behavior variables suggested that noncompliance is more likely when task demands are too difficult. Research into consequent conditions indicates that either positive or negative reinforcement may maintain noncompliant behavior. Treatment studies suggested that oppositional children respond poorly to verbal reward alone and somewhat better to tangible rewards and to programs utilizing timeout. By contrast, noncompliance by people with mental retardation appears to respond well to programs utilizing combinations of social and tangible rewards, but results also suggest that results of timeout programs are mixed. Implication for treatment were discussed along with suggestions for future research.

Cognitive thoughts mediating compliance in multiple request situations

The purpose of this investigation is to examine the effects of two different cognitive sets in the foot-in-the-door paradigm which were expected to differentially affect compliance with a second request. A field experiment showed that subjects, for whom compliance with a first request is accompanied by a set implying a continuous involvement with a charitable cause will be more likely to comply with a subsequent request related to that cause, than will subjects whose initial compliance is accompanied by a set implying that their obligation to the cause has been fulfilled.

Past trauma and present functioning of patients attending a women's psychiatric clinic.

A women's psychiatric clinic, incorporated within a university teaching general hospital and staffed entirely by women, was opened in March of 1980. The authors studied a sample of 100 women who came to the clinic and characterized them by demographic variables, psychiatric diagnoses, health problems, chronic illness, death in the family, and traumatic incidents. Death in the family before she was 18 was found to predict a woman's subsequent request for or completion of sterilization. Physical or sexual abuse was significantly related to abortion, and abortion and trauma were significantly correlated.

The cyanobacteriales: A legitimate order based on the type strain Cyanobacterium stanieri?

As a logical consequence of the definition of a bacterium (Stanier and van Niel, 1962), R. Y. Stanier created the name "cyanobacteria" as a replacement for "blue-green algae". As such, cyanobacteria entered the 8th issue of Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology 1974 as members of the Procaryotae Murray 1968, this kingdom being composed of two divisions, Cyanobacteria and Bacteria. An even tighter integration of cyanobacteria with other bacteria was proposed by Gibbons and Murray (1978) for the next edition of Bergey's Manual. These authors suggested that the cyanobacteria be integrated as an order Cyanobacteriales in the class Photobacteria. However, this proposal was doomed to failure by constraints imposed under present rules of the Bacteriological Code (Lapage et al., 1976), one of which is that the type of an order is the genus upon whose name the higher taxon is based. A genus Cyanobacterium did not exist when Gibbons and Murray made their proposal, and a subsequent special request by the same authors for an exemption from this rule was not granted (Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology, Holt, 1978). We present here a revised classification for unicellular cyanobacteria dividing in one plane wherein we propose, among other changes, the creation of two new genera. Cyanobium and Cyanobacterium. With the creation of the latter genus, the requirement for recognition of cyanobacteria as a legal order Cyanobacteriales under the Bacteriological Code should be fulfilled. We suggest that the type species of this genus by Cyanobacterium stanieri, in honor of the late Roger Y. Stanier.

Anxiety and the foot-in-the door technique.

Summary The present study investigated whether students’ compliance with an initial neutral and small request (supplying demographic information) would increase their willingness to comply with a subsequent larger and highly anxiety producing request (to supply information regarding indices of sexual maladjustment). Ss’ (N = 80) perceptions of the degree to which the subsequent request was anxiety producing were also measured. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon was demonstrated; however, contrary to prediction, there was no difference in compliance with a subsequent task regardless of whether it was low or high anxiety producing. Interestingly, the anxiety perception measure indicated that Ss who complied with the initial and subsequent highly anxiety producing request viewed this task as less anxiety producing than did a control group.

Scheduling with slack time

We consider a scheduling problem concerning a set of jobs {J 1, J 2,..., J n } in which the job J i requests C i units of computation time every T i units of time periodically. These jobs are to be executed by a timeshared single-processor computing system. It is assumed that the requests for each job arrive at the system at the beginning of the request periods and that deadline for completion of the requested computation in each period coincides with the beginning of the next period. For a set of jobs that is schedulable by a certain algorithm, the time span between the completion of a request and its deadline is referred to as the slack time of the request. It is shown here that when the set of jobs is scheduled according to the rate monotonic algorithm, the slack time of the first request of any job is no larger than the slack time of any subsequent request of that job. This result enables us to determine lower bounds to slack times of all requests.