Subsequent Request Research Articles

Effects of communication mode on EFL learners’ engagement and request learning

This study examines how different communication modes (two kinds of computer-mediated communication and face-to-face mode) influence EFL learners’ engagement during a collaborative writing task and its impact on subsequent request learning outcomes, measured by sociopragmatic and pragmalinguistic competence. Ninety-six high school English learners were assigned to groups for text-based chat, audio chat, and face-to-face interactions to complete a collaborative writing task in pairs. Two versions of the Written Discourse Completion Test (WDCT) were employed as pre-tests and post-tests to assess and compare the learning outcomes in request-making across the three groups. Cognitive and social engagement of learners were assessed by using multiple measures derived from chat logs and recordings, while a post-task questionnaire was utilized to gauge emotional engagement during the task. The results indicated that learners in the face-to-face and audio-chat conditions demonstrated higher levels of cognitive engagement compared to the text-chat group. The text-chat group reported fewer instances of negative emotions. In terms of request learning outcomes, all groups showed an increase in sociolinguistic appropriateness; however, no significant differences were found in overall pragmalinguistic competence. Social and emotional engagement significantly correlated with sociopragmatic improvement in the audio-chat mode, yet these indicators did not demonstrate significant predictive power.

Toward Online Mobile Facility Location on General Metrics

We introduce an online variant of mobile facility location (MFL) (introduced by Demaine et al. (SODA 258–267 2007)). We call this new problem online mobile facility location (OMFL). In the OMFL problem, initially, we are given a set of k mobile facilities with their starting locations. One by one, requests are added. After each request arrives, one can make some changes to the facility locations before the subsequent request arrives. Each request is always assigned to the nearest facility. The cost of this assignment is the distance from the request to the facility. The objective is to minimize the total cost, which consists of the relocation cost of facilities and the distance cost of requests to their nearest facilities. We provide a lower bound for the OMFL problem that even holds on uniform metrics. A natural approach to solve the OMFL problem for general metric spaces is to utilize hierarchically well-separated trees (HSTs) and directly solve the OMFL problem on HSTs. In this paper, we provide the first step in this direction by solving a generalized variant of the OMFL problem on uniform metrics that we call G-OMFL. We devise a simple deterministic online algorithm and provide a tight analysis for the algorithm. The second step remains an open question. Inspired by the k-server problem, we introduce a new variant of the OMFL problem that focuses solely on minimizing movement cost. We refer to this variant as M-OMFL. Additionally, we provide a lower bound for M-OMFL that is applicable even on uniform metrics.

Using pupillometry and gaze-based metrics for understanding drivers’ mental workload during automated driving

This Horizon2020-funded driving simulator-based study on automated driving investigated the effect of different car-following scenarios, and takeover situations, on drivers’ mental workload, as measured by eye tracking-based metrics of pupil diameter and self-reported workload ratings. This study incorporated a mixed design format, with 16 drivers recruited for the SAE Level 2 (L2; SAE International, 2021) automation group, who were asked to monitor the driving and road environment during automation, and 16 drivers in the Level 3 (L3) automation group, who engaged in a non-driving related task (NDRT; Arrows task) during automation. Drivers in each group undertook two experimental drives, lasting about 18 min each. To manipulate perceived workload, difficulty of the driving task was controlled by incorporating a lead vehicle which maintained either a Short (0.5 s) or Long (1.5 s) Time Headway (THW) condition during automated car-following (ACF). Each ACF session was followed by a subsequent request to takeover, which happened either in the presence or absence of a lead vehicle. Results from standard deviation of pupil diameter values indicated that drivers’ mental workload levels fluctuated significantly more when monitoring the drive during L2 ACF, compared to manual car-following (MCF). Additionally, we found that drivers’ mental workload, as indicated by their mean pupil diameter, increased steeply around takeovers, and was further exacerbated by the presence of a lead vehicle during the takeovers, especially in the Short THW condition, for both groups. Pupil diameter was found to be sensitive to subtle variations in mental workload, and closely resembled the trend seen in self-reported workload ratings. Further research is warranted to assess the feasibility of using eye-tracking-based metrics along with other physiological sensors, especially in real-world settings, to understand whether they can be used as real-time indicators of drivers’ mental workload, in future driver state monitoring systems.

Mycophenolate Mofetil Dose Adjustment in Pediatric Kidney Transplant Recipients.

The Immunosuppressant Bayesian Dose Adjustment web site aids clinicians and pharmacologists involved in the care of transplant recipients; it proposes dose adjustments based on the estimated area under the concentration-time curve (AUCs). Three concentrations (T 20 min , T 1 h , and T 3 h ) are sufficient to estimate mycophenolic acid (MPA) AUC 0-12 h in pediatric kidney transplant recipients. This study investigates mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) doses and MPA AUC values in pediatric kidney transplant recipients, and target exposure attainment when the proposed doses were followed, through a large-scale analysis of the data set collated since the inception of the Immunosuppressant Bayesian Dose Adjustment web site. In this study, 4051 MMF dose adjustment requests, corresponding to 1051 patients aged 0-18 years, were retrospectively analyzed. AUC calculations were performed in the back office of the Immunosuppressant Bayesian Dose Adjustment using published Bayesian and population pharmacokinetic models. The first AUC request was posted >12 months posttransplantation for 41% of patients. Overall, only 50% had the first MPA AUC 0-12 h within the recommended 30-60 mg.h/L range. When the proposed dose was not followed, the proportion of patients with an AUC in the therapeutic range for MMF with cyclosporine or tacrolimus at the subsequent request was lower (40% and 45%, respectively) than when it was followed (58% and 60%, respectively): P = 0.08 and 0.006, respectively. Furthermore, 3 months posttransplantation, the dispersion of AUC values was often lower at the second visit when the proposed doses were followed, namely, P = 0.03, 0.003, and 0.07 in the 4 months-1 year, and beyond 1 year with <6-month or >6-month periods between both visits, respectively. Owing to extreme interindividual variability in MPA exposure, MMF dose adjustment is necessary; it is efficient at reducing such variability when based on MPA AUC.

Tell me more, tell me more: repeated personal data requests increase disclosure

Abstract Personal data is of great commercial benefit and potential sensitivity. However, for the consumers who provide their personal data, doing so comes with potential costs, benefits and security risks. Typically, consumers have the option to consent to the use of personal/sensitive data but existing research suggests consumer choices may only be weakly related to their concerns (the privacy paradox). Here, we examine if the repetitive nature of data requests alters behaviour but not concern, therefore, explaining the divergence. This work is theoretically grounded in ‘Foot in the door’ research in which small initial requests facilitate subsequent larger requests. An initial laboratory study asking for real, personal data demonstrated increased information disclosure at a subsequent request. A second online study replicated the increased information disclosure effect and found no change in associated privacy concern. We find this supports foot-in-the-door as one explanation of the privacy paradox. We suggest ways for businesses and consumers to encourage an acceptable level of disclosure to match personal beliefs for mutual trust and benefit.

A Time Pattern-Based Intelligent Cache Optimization Policy on Korea Advanced Research Network

Data is growing quickly due to a significant increase in social media applications. Today, billions of people use an enormous amount of data to access the Internet. The backbone network experiences a substantial load as a result of an increase in users. Users in the same region or company frequently ask for similar material, especially on social media platforms. The subsequent request for the same content can be satisfied from the edge if stored in proximity to the user. Applications that require relatively low latency can use Content Delivery Network (CDN) technology to meet their requirements. An edge and the data center constitute the CDN architecture. To fulfill requests from the edge and minimize the impact on the network, the requested content can be buffered closer to the user device. Which content should be kept on the edge is the primary concern. The cache policy has been optimized using various conventional and unconventional methods, but they have yet to include the timestamp beside a video request. The 24-h content request pattern was obtained from publicly available datasets. The popularity of a video is influenced by the time of day, as shown by a time-based video profile. We present a cache optimization method based on a time-based pattern of requests. The problem is described as a cache hit ratio maximization problem emphasizing a relevance score and machine learning model accuracy. A model predicts the video to be cached in the next time stamp, and the relevance score identifies the video to be removed from the cache. Afterwards, we gather the logs and generate the content requests using an extracted video request pattern. These logs are pre-processed to create a dataset divided into three-time slots per day. A Long short-term memory (LSTM) model is trained on this dataset to forecast the video at the next time interval. The proposed optimized caching policy is evaluated on our CDN architecture deployed on the Korean Advanced Research Network (KOREN) infrastructure. Our findings demonstrate how adding time-based request patterns impacts the system by increasing the cache hit rate. To show the effectiveness of the proposed model, we compare the results with state-of-the-art techniques.

후발적 경정청구사유에 관한 비판적 고찰

It is desirable from the point of view of justice to get back the tax that has been filed and paid incorrectly, whether it is tax return or assessment. However, if the tax system is designed in such a way that any tax wrongly&#x0D; paid can be refunded forever, regardless of the reason or any method, the tax legal relationship will be in an unstable state for a long time, undermining legal stability and putting an excessive burden on tax administration. Therefore, in order to receive various tax benefits under the tax law, not only the requirements set by the tax law must be met, but in many cases, procedural requirements such as reporting within a specified period are required. For the same purpose, an appeal period is set for contesting the validity of a tax disposition, and a period for exercising the right to claim for rectification is set. If so, it should be seen that the grounds for requesting a subsequent rectification can also be limited by law. &#x0D; In light of the text and system of the law, the grounds for requesting subsequent rectification stipulated in Article 45-2 Paragraph 2 of the Framework Act on National Taxes and Article 25-2 of the Enforcement Decree of&#x0D; the Framework Act on National Taxes should be regarded as enumerated. &#x0D; Article 45-2, Paragraph 2, Subparagraph 5 of the Framework Act on National Taxes and Article 25-2, Subparagraph 4 of the Enforcement Decree of the Framework Act on National Taxes contain the expression ‘similar grounds’, but the meaning is ‘similar grounds to those listed above’. It doesn’t mean ‘every reason other than those listed above’. Nevertheless, Supreme Court precedents sometimes broadly interpret the grounds stipulated in the statute as illustrative, and sometimes narrowly interpret them as if they were restrictive, in determining the grounds for a subsequent request for rectification. Regarding the argument, the Supreme Court lacks a consistent standard, such as overcoming the limitations of the principle of affirming rights and obligations when interpreting broadly, and raising differences between civil and criminal judgments when interpreting narrowly.&#x0D; In conclusion, although there is room for flexible interpretation of the current grounds for the request for rectification, it should be considered to be basically enumerative. Nevertheless, the attitude of forcibly fitting reasons that are not stipulated in the Framework Act on National Taxes to similar to those stipulated in the Act is judicial legislation close to law creation, not law interpretation. For example, it is the right direction to seek legislative improvement measures for issues that require taxpayer relief, such as the inability to collect debts due to the bankruptcy of debtors, changes in legal interpretation, and unconstitutional decisions.

Creating an effective web solution for managing images and their versions

Abstract The aim of this paper is to describe the process of creating a web service and its client applications. One can combine them and create Flare application, an image repository which simplifies the image management process in developing web or mobile applications. Original image versioning is enabled so that users can have several different versions of the same image in their application. These versions are created by adding parameters to the original image URL. The newly created image version is saved on the server to optimize each subsequent request for the identical version. Client application provides a graphical interface for web service interaction via HTTPS protocol.

When altruistic decisions shape egoistic motives: motivation shift in sequential charitable support

Prior studies of sequential moral behaviors suggest that when people believe they have made a moral decision (e.g. engaged in a prosocial act), subsequent decisions would be less moral. This paper investigates the motivation shift hypothesis, suggesting that people’s prosocial behavior is consistent when asked to make subsequent donations; however, their prosocial motivation is inconsistent. To test this hypothesis, two charitable message appeals were used: a message that focuses on the benefits to others (i.e. altruistic other-benefit) and a message that focuses on the donors’ benefits (i.e. egoistic self-benefit). In a pilot study and three experiments, this paper suggests that after agreeing to an altruistic charitable request, people are more generous if they see a self-benefit message appeal. We propose that consumers’ moral status plays a role which increases egoistic motivation in subsequent charitable decisions, following an altruistic charitable giving. This pattern is only observed when the subsequent request is asked by a different charity, as opposed to the same charity.

Improving the attribute retrieval on ABAC using opportunistic caches for Fog-Based IoT Networks

Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) is one of the most popular and fits access control methods for the Internet of Things (IoT). Yet, despite its popularity, just a few works address the attribute management and retrieval challenges that ABAC carries when applied to IoT. ABAC builds access policies using attributes, and most of the attributes needed for a policy evaluation in a massive and mobile IoT scenario come from an external source. As a result, the policy decision point must send an across-the-network attribute request for each policy evaluation, impacting ABAC latency and performance. Deploying attribute caches over the network can mitigate this problem, thus reducing the latency to get the needed attributes. However, due to attributes dynamic nature, the cost of keeping those caches refreshed increases for each new replica stored. Since the refreshment cost may get out of hand for massive and mobile IoT scenarios, this article presents a method to increase the performance of attribute caches without a considerable cost. The proposed method considers the mobility pattern of IoT devices and predicts where an attribute request will occur. Then, the new method proactively places the attributes closer to the subsequent access request, avoiding unnecessary caching. This approach enhances the tradeoff between the cost of creating a new replica and the benefits to the ABAC performance. Moreover, we characterize an actual authorization application running into the campus, and we use its logs to evaluate the method through trace-driven simulations. Evaluation results show our new approach can reduce up to 80% in the number of hops to achieve the attributes in the caches at negligible refreshment cost.

Stranger Things, Nostalgia, and Aesthetics

<i>Stranger Things</i>, Nostalgia, and Aesthetics

Can Narratives Increase Compliance?

Abstract. The current study assessed whether vicariously experiencing story characters granting a small favor can induce similar intentions from its audiences. Acting upon the perspectives of story characters, audiences may agree to a subsequent larger request to the same cause, as in the case of vicarious foot-in-the-door (VFITD). Study 1 found that a VFITD story was more effective in eliciting prosocial intentions than a non-VFITD story and a non-narrative message. That is, the VFITD condition generated greater intentions to volunteer in a series of activities, with attitudes mediating this process. Study 2 replicated this result. It also showed that when a VFITD story can generate sufficient levels of identification, it is more effective than a non-VFITD narrative in eliciting prosocial intentions. Implications of this study are also discussed.

Collaborative caching strategy based on optimization of latency and energy consumption in MEC

Mobile edge computing effectively reduces the network delay of requests during data transmission, reduces the transmission burden of data traffic in the network, and improves the quality of mobile services. However, the introduction of mobile edge computing architecture increases the cost of the actual network infrastructure deployment, which increases the complexity of resource management. An edge network architecture based on software-defined network technology is proposed, in which the SDN controller with the entire network state can manage data transmission more intelligently to maximize the utilization of edge servers. In addition, to solve the problems of high request delay and high operating cost in current caching strategies based on video services, a video caching strategy for mobile edge computing is proposed. First, we analyze the user’s request data and use the neural network model to predict the content of the user’s subsequent time slice request and pre-cache the user’s request. Then, improve the quality of user experience and choose the most appropriate edge node cache deployment plan. Finally, a video caching strategy for mobile edge computing with coordinated optimization of delay and energy consumption is proposed. The Branch and Bound algorithm is used to solve the optimization problem. Finally, we compared our algorithm with the LFU algorithm, PBC algorithm, COC algorithm, and R-LCCA algorithm. Experimental results show that the algorithm has a high cache hit rate, thereby reducing the cost of video providers and improving the quality of user experience.

Driving digitisation of the workforce. Junior doctor's digital devices rollout at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust: an early review of uptake, usage and effects

AimsA Quality Improvement Project (QIP) was completed at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM) to provide access of Trust laptops and smartphones (digital devices) to training doctors.The aim of the study was to assess the views of trainees before and after the rollout of digital devices. Also, to assess barriers of device uptake/usage.MethodTrainee doctors were surveyed before mass release of digital devices. Trainees were surveyed again 2 months later, providing ample opportunity to request a device.Correlated survey questions asked about training grade, expectation to request a digital device (and subsequent completed request), expected usage cases (and actual usage cases), expected benefits (and actual benefits), perceived importance of access to each device (before and after access) and barriers for device uptake. Also inquired were general comments about the project and actual lead time on device access.Result110, mixed training grade, doctors participated in both surveys combined. There was a high demand for digital devices. Laptop requests were highest, with greater clarity of potential usage cases noted for a laptop. Laptops were perceived to be the more important device to a trainee.Common usage cases for laptops were clinical work (in and out of working hours). There was also high usage around educational and audit/QIP activities. Smartphones were used only for clinical work (in and out of working hours).Having access to each device was most beneficial in saving clinician time. Other sizable benefits included improvements in communication with patients and other professionals, as well as benefits toward patient safety. The laptop specifically also improved educational access.A larger proportion of trainees requested a mobile phone than were previously expecting to. New ways of working due to the pandemic were noted to be motivating factors toward usage of devices.The biggest barrier to device uptake was the delay from request to acquisition (often over 4 weeks).Numerous respondents used personal devices for Trust related activities. This was more prevalent with smartphones, than with laptops.ConclusionDigital device rollout was a valued endeavour, with enhanced demand secondary to the pandemic. Primary usage and benefits supported clinical effectiveness. The primary access barrier was the delay from point of request to point of delivery. As SLaM, and the NHS as a whole, becomes increasingly digitised, this program is vital to allow the Trust to ensure the trainee workforce are digitally equipped to continue to deliver safe, effective and quality care.

Multistage graph problems on a global budget

Time-evolving or temporal graphs gain more and more popularity when exploring complex networks. In this context, the multistage view on computational problems is among the most natural frameworks. Roughly speaking, herein one studies the different (time) layers of a temporal graph (effectively meaning that the edge set may change over time, but the vertex set remains unchanged), and one searches for a solution of a given graph problem for each layer. The twist in the multistage setting is that the solutions found must not differ too much between subsequent layers. We relax on this already established notion by introducing a global instead of the local budget view studied so far. More specifically, we allow for few disruptive changes between subsequent layers but request that overall, that is, summing over all layers, the degree of change is moderate. Studying several classical graph problems (both NP-hard and polynomial-time solvable ones) from a parameterized complexity angle, we encounter both fixed-parameter tractability and parameterized hardness results. Surprisingly, we find that sometimes the global multistage versions of NP-hard problems such as Vertex Cover turn out to be computationally more tractable than the ones of polynomial-time solvable problems such as Matching. In addition to time complexity, we also analyze the space efficiency of our algorithms.

P.168: Factors associated with successful family communication regarding brain death and organ donation – a single center experience in UAE.

Background: Family communication regarding brain death and the subsequent request for organ donation is challenging under any circumstances. In the UAE it is particularly difficult as the laws regarding brain death and organ donation were only enacted recently and the community awareness regarding these concepts is fairly low. For these reasons, the rates of consent for deceased organ donation are modest. We sought to determine the factors associated with a positive response from family regarding consent for deceased organ donation. Methods: We conducted a qualitative review of patient charts of all brain death patients where we were able to obtain consent for donation. We then attempted to identify any commonalities that were felt to be associated with a positive response. Results: A total of five cases were identified starting from the year 2017 when the laws in UAE were changed to permit deceased organ donation. A number of themes emerged. 1.Understanding of the concept of brain death in the lay population is poor. 2.In all cases of successful consent, several meetings over several days were needed for families to understand and accept the diagnosis of brain death. 3.“Decoupling” the information of brain death with request for organ donation is of paramount importance. It is rare for families to accept the diagnosis of brain death in the first instance. All successful requests were only made after the family had accepted the diagnosis and was planning on withdrawal of organ support. From past experience, we have encountered several cases of refusal when the request was made too early, before the family had explicitly verbalized understanding. 4.Presence of a first-degree relative at the bedside with authority to make decisions was a common factor in all successful cases. All of our donors happen to be expatriates. 5.In all five cases, family communication was handled by health care staff who had undergone specific training in family communication. 6.In only one of the five cases at our hospital was an interpreter used. Conclusions: The main factors associated with a positive response for deceased organ donation in our hospital include •allowing families sufficient time to accept the diagnosis of brain death •decoupling •having a first-degree relative with decision-making ability available at the bedside •using health care staff trained in family communication These findings need to be confirmed by a future study with a larger sample size.

Face Tracking And Recognition Using Matlab And Arduino

In this paper, we propose topologyprotectivediagram coordinative (VIOLA/JONES) strategy for halfway face acknowledgment. In any case, faces in true free is also stopped up by objects or absolutely fully completely different faces, that cannot provide the whole face footage to depiction, Key purpose primarily based fragmentary face acknowledgment ways in which to handle this, our VIOLA/JONES technique evaluates a non inflexible amendment secret writing the second organize geometric structure of the diagram, with the goal that more precise put together, powerful correspondence are visiting be dotted with the topological information so camera capture the face whether or nor matched or unmatched the image, if the matched the mortal you get the buzzer otherwise you can get semiconductor contraption light-weight watch the Arduino uno. We tend to propose a topology safe guarding helper coming up with (viola jones) strategy near develop the subsequent request structure for every face.

Pharmacological pain relief and fear of childbirth in low risk women; secondary analysis of the RAVEL study

BackgroundFear of childbirth may reduce the womens’ pain tolerance during labour and may have impact on the mother-infant interaction. We aimed to assess (1) the association between fear of childbirth antepartum and subsequent request for pharmacological pain relief, and (2) the association between the used method of pain relief and experienced fear of childbirth as reported postpartum in low risk labouring women.MethodsSecondary analysis of the RAVEL study, a randomised controlled trial comparing remifentanil patient controlled analgesia (PCA) and epidural analgesia to relieve labour pain. The RAVEL study included 409 pregnant women at low risk for obstetric complications at 18 midwifery practices and six hospitals in The Netherlands (NTR 3687). We measured fear of childbirth antepartum and experienced fear of childbirth reported postpartum, using the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire.ResultsWomen with fear of childbirth antepartum more frequently requested pain relief compared to women without fear of childbirth antepartum, but this association did not reach statistical significance (adjusted odds ratio (aOR2.0; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8–4.6). Women who received epidural analgesia more frequently reported fear of childbirth postpartum compared to women who did not receive epidural analgesia (aOR3.5; CI 1.5–8.2), while the association between remifentanil-PCA and fear of childbirth postpartum was not statistically significant (aOR1.7; CI 0.7–4.3).ConclusionsWomen with fear of childbirth antepartum more frequently requested pain relief compared to women without fear of childbirth antepartum, but this association was not statistically significant. Women who received pharmacological pain relief more frequently reported that they had experienced fear of childbirth during labour compared to women who did not receive pain relief. Based on our data epidural analgesia with continuous infusion does not seem to be preferable over remifentanil-PCA as method of pain relief when considering fear of childbirth postpartum.Trial registrationNetherlands Trial Register 3687; Register date: 5 Nov 2012.

Understanding the foot-in-the-door effect as a pseudo-effect from the perspective of the Campbell paradigm.

Compliance with a small request (a metaphorical foot-in-the-door) promotes compliance with a subsequent big request. Whereas some explanations expect a drop in the behavioural costs of the big request, others suspect that the effect comes from boosting the underlying attitude. However, evidence for both explanations is equivocal and circumstantial, at best. Drawing on what Kaiser et al. (2010) call the Campbell paradigm, we present an integrative account: Compliance with any request demands a corresponding attitude to counterbalance the costs of the request. In our research, 229 participants were randomly assigned to either a foot-in-the-door (i.e., initially asked to sign a pro-environmental petition) or a control condition. Small-request-compliant participants were more likely than control participants to also comply with the big request and to continue filling out environmental-issues-related questionnaires. However, this foot-in-the-door effect occurred without diminishing behavioural costs or increasing attitude levels. Accordingly, the greater likelihood of small-request-compliant participants to also comply with the big request can be parsimoniously explained by baseline variability in people's attitude levels that manifests in their compliance with the initial request. We conclude that several of the foot-in-the-door effects reported in the literature carry the risk of representing mere pseudo-effects.

Network Coding in the Link Layer for Reliable Narrowband Powerline Communications

The wide availability of power distribution cables provides an interesting no-new-wires communication channel. However, its electrical characteristics make it a harsh environment for the data transmission purpose and prevent the deployment of services with high reliability requirements. This paper proposes and implements an OSI-Layer2 network coding-based cooperative scheme with the aim of improving communication reliability in indoor narrowband powerline channels. The proposed scheme uses random linear network coding with a sliding window and relaying. We use network coding to replace the retransmissions triggered by legacy subsequent repeat request (ARQ) schemes. We evaluate the performance of our approach in terms of throughput and delay. Regarding the throughput achieved in harsh environments, we show that our scheme often more than doubles the throughput of existing legacy ARQ schemes. At the same time, and even under the large variation of traffic characteristics, it is shown that the delay is likely to be upper bounded by a few seconds, a bound that cannot be guaranteed in other existing transmission techniques.