Subsequent Attitudes Research Articles

User Perceptions of Algorithmic Decisions in the Personalized AI System:Perceptual Evaluation of Fairness, Accountability, Transparency, and Explainability

ABSTRACT With the growing presence of algorithms and their far-reaching effects, artificial intelligence (AI) will be mainstream trends any time soon. Despite this surging popularity, little is known about the processes through which people perceive and make a sense of trust through algorithmic characteristics in a personalized algorithm system. This study examines the extent to which trust can be linked to how perceptions of automated personalization by AI and the processes of such perceptions influence user heuristic and systematic processes. It examines how fair, accountable, transparent, and interpretable people perceive the use of algorithmic recommendations by digital platforms. When users perceive that the algorithm is fairer, more accountable, transparent, and explainable, they see it as more trustworthy and useful. This demonstrates that trust is of particular value to users and further implies the heuristic roles of algorithmic characteristics in terms of their underlying links to trust and subsequent attitudes toward algorithmic decisions. The processes offer a useful perspective on the conceptualization of AI experience and interaction. User cognitive processes identified provide solid foundations for algorithm design and development and a stronger basis for the design of sensemaking AI services.

Persuasion-Induced Physiology as Predictor of Persuasion Effectiveness

Physiological responses to persuasion can help to increase our understanding of persuasive processes, and thereby the effectiveness of persuasive interventions. However, a clear relationship between psychophysiology and persuasion is not yet established. This article investigates if peripheral physiology predicts persuasion effectiveness, and whether peripheral physiology yields information that is not represented in other predictors of persuasion. We studied physiological reactions in the cardiovascular, electrodermal, facial muscle and respiratory systems of 75 participants while they read gain- or loss-framed persuasive messages advocating increased oral health care behavior. Persuasion effectiveness was measured as pre to post intervention changes in self-reported attitudes and intentions, as well as through changes in behavioral compliance over three weeks. Overall, participants showed stronger attitudes and intentions directly after the intervention (short-term persuasion), but did not show changes in behavior or attitudes two weeks later (no long-term persuasion). On an individual level, physiological reactivity parameters yielded additional information – next to self-report measures – to predict persuasion effectiveness on attitude, intention and behavioral compliance. To conclude, our findings suggested a positive relationship between physiological reactivity to persuasive messages and subsequent attitudes, intentions and behavior, and quantified the extra personalization that psychophysiological measures might bring to persuasive messaging.

Nature Interpretation and Visitor Management Objectives: A Survey of Tourist Attitudes at Maasai Mara National Reserve, Kenya

Nature interpretation has been advocated as a soft and non-obtrusive on-site visitor management strategy to enhance visitor knowledge and understanding of the resource, mitigate visitor impacts, encourage the conservation and improvement of attraction areas, and assist visitors in enjoying their visit. However, the way in which nature interpretation programs are implemented, and the subsequent attitudes created amongst visitors can pose a challenge to the effectiveness of nature interpretation as a visitor management strategy. The situation becomes more complicated with limited resources to implement, monitor, and evaluate nature interpretation in expansive wilderness areas like Masai Mara National Reserve (MMNR). The question therefore is, does nature interpretation in MMNR create favourable attitudes amongst wildlife tourists, consequently leading to enhanced visitor experiences and satisfaction of the support for conservations, or not? This research, therefore, sought to establish the extent to which the attitudes created by nature interpretation affect visitor satisfaction or the enhanced visitor experience and support for conservation, broadly termed as visitor management objectives in MMNR Kenya. Thus, Ho1 postulated that attitudes created by nature interpretation do not influence visitors’ support for conservation in MMNR, and Ho2, that attitudes created by nature interpretation do not enhance visitor experience and satisfaction in MMNR. This study used a structured questionnaire for the survey to collect data from a sample of 351 respondents as a proportion of visitors into MMNR. Research findings revealed that a moderate relationship between attitudes created by nature interpretation and support to conservation with rs = 0.426 and p = 0.000, thus null hypothesis H01 was rejected. Secondly, results showed that attitudes created by nature interpretation moderately affected visitor satisfaction rs = 0.478 and p = 0.000, while similarly, null hypothesis H02 was rejected. The research concluded that various forms of NI result in the formation of attitudes that moderately affect support for conservation and visitor satisfaction. The study concluded that enhanced nature interpretation training and awareness creation, along with continual improvement initiatives, could unlock its full potential as a visitor management strategy. This consistent, well-coordinated, and diligent implementation of nature interpretation initiatives by all stakeholders in MMNR would sustain a cumulative, long-term impact.

Reciprocal Relation Between Career Values and Career Goal Progress: A Two-Wave Longitudinal Study

Existing research tends to treat individuals’ career values as relatively stable and independent factors that shape subsequent attitudes and behaviors, yet overlooks reverse causal effects. Employing the self-determination theory and the cognitive dissonance theory, we empirically tested the reciprocal relationship between career values and career goal progress, and the dynamic relations among different dimensions of career values. Data were collected using a time-lagged panel design across one year among a large sample of Chinese college students (N = 2339). Results show that intrinsic fulfillment value (Time 1) positively predicts career goal progress (Time 2); career goal progress (Time 1) is positively related to all three kinds of career values (Time 2). In addition, external compensation value at Time 1 attenuates intrinsic fulfillment value and work-life balance value at Time 2, and work-life balance value at Time 1 is negatively related to intrinsic fulfillment value at Time 2. Theoretical and practical implications of this research are discussed.

Silenced Narratives on Schooling and Future: The Educational Situation for Roma Children in Norway

This article explores how Roma pupils in Norway experience school. Using portraiture methodology, I narrate the experiences of Leah, Hannah and Maria, focusing on their situation before and after the transition from elementary to lower secondary school. The article demonstrates how children negotiate and are negotiated by, intersecting racializing and gendering structures, using decolonial perspectives. One key finding is the complexity in how the schools’ knowledge discourses, and subsequent practices and attitudes, play out in the girls’ agency. I emphasize the need to produce counter-narratives by identifying agency, rather than depicting Roma in positions as either exotic or marginalized. Overall, the article addresses how coloniality still produces and upholds structures of inequality that render groups like Roma as non-existent in education. Turning the lens towards the inadequacy of an educational system that struggles to recognize the need for radical structural change, the article challenges a strong metanarrative within research and public debate that depicts “the different Roma culture” as the main explanation to low educational attainment among Roma pupils. I argue that the agency of Roma in Norway, who historically have resisted formal education experienced as forced assimilation, represents a unique opportunity to critically examine and rethink how inclusion is understood and operationalized in schools. Thus, knowledge about how school is experienced by Roma pupils today constitutes a vital contribution to the needed effort to decolonialize the educational system.

Reluctant to Share: How Third Person Perceptions of Fake News Discourage News Readers From Sharing “Real News” on Social Media

Rampant fake news on social media has drawn significant attention. Yet, much remains unknown as to how such imbalanced evaluations of self versus others could shape social media users’ perceptions and their subsequent attitudes and behavioral intentions regarding social media news. An online survey ( N = 335) was conducted to examine the third person effect (TPE) in fake news on social media and suggested that users perceived a greater influence of fake news on others than on themselves. However, although users evaluated fake news as socially undesirable, they were still unsupportive of government censorship as a remedy. In addition, the perceived prevalence of fake news leads audiences to reported significantly less willingness to share all news on social media either online or offline.

The vicious cycle of stressors, food advertising and overeating: how stigmatizing anti-obesity PSAs, which precede food commercials, influence subsequent implicit and explicit attitudes toward high- and low-calorie food

ABSTRACT The present study examined how negative feelings induced by anti-obesity Public Service Announcements (PSAs) influence viewers’ emotional processing of subsequent food commercials. We also investigated how this viewing experience differentially influenced viewers’ explicit and implicit attitudes toward high-calorie foods, thereby influencing their behavioral intentions towards healthy eating. In an experiment, participants first watched a series of non-obesity PSAs followed by commercials for high-calorie, low-calorie, and non- food commercials. Next, they were exposed to a set of stigmatizing anti-obesity PSAs followed by the same types of commercials. Continuous response measurements (CRM) demonstrated that viewers experienced more negative feelings during anti-obesity PSAs than during non-obesity PSAs and that they also experienced more negative feelings during high-calorie food commercials compared to low-calorie food commercials when these ads were preceded by the anti-obesity PSAs. In turn, both regular-weight and overweight viewers reported less positive explicit attitudes toward high-calorie foods. Regular-weight viewers also had lower implicit attitudes toward high-calorie foods, leading to lower behavioral intentions toward healthy eating. In contrast, overweight viewers had more positive implicit attitudes toward high-calorie foods resulting in stronger intentions toward healthy eating.

Black College Women’s Interpersonal Communication in Response to a Sexual Health Intervention: A Mixed Methods Study

ABSTRACT We investigated interpersonal communication generated from a successful sexual health intervention for Black college women attending a Historically Black College/University (HBCU). Guided by the integrative model of behavioral prediction and the theory of gender and power, the intervention combined point-of-access health messages with condom distribution via condom dispensers. Using a mixed-methods approach, we examined communication partners, content, mode, valence, and perceived impact. Data were gathered from surveys (N = 105) and interviews (n = 10) with young adult women at an HBCU campus, conducted three months after the intervention. The findings revealed that 43% of women engaged in interpersonal communication and 21% engaged in online interactions about the dispensers. Friends were the most common conversation partners, and the conversations were mainly about condoms and the dispensers themselves. In general, the discussions were positive, showing support for the dispensers. Regression analyses revealed positive, significant associations between interpersonal communication and two key outcomes: condom acceptability and condom intentions. Overall, this study adds to research linking health communication interventions to interpersonal communication and subsequent attitudes and beliefs. Health communication interventions should actively encourage young Black women to share health-promoting information within their social networks to extend both the reach and impact of those interventions.

How children and adolescents think about, make sense of, and respond to economic inequality: Why does it matter?

Research published in the special section documents how children's and adolescents' awareness and sensitivity to group-level exclusion, inequality of opportunity, and broader patterns of economic inequality in society influence and are associated with moral emotions, moral reasoning, and decisions about resource allocation. It also assesses the intersecting influence of societal hierarchies on youth's understanding of economic inequality and the socioemotional and behavioral correlates of their discernment of structural arrangements that produce inequality and marginalization. These advances in knowledge raise several interesting issues, among them (a) when during the life course explanations of poverty and distributive justice reasoning crystallize; (b) whether distinct developmental trajectories exist in these domains; (c) whether early patterns of moral emotions, reasoning, and decision-making shape interactions with less economically advantaged peers and predict subsequent attitudes and behavior pertaining to social justice issues; (d) the role of educational experiences and parental socialization in youth's understanding of structural causes for group inequalities; and (e) whether and why structural thinking about inequalities may be domain-specific (e.g., race, social class, income, gender). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

A Case Study of Public Trust, Collective Action, and Water

Public trust is a critical component in the governance of public resources. The structure of that governance can have a profound impact on the level of trust citizens have in the way resources are allocated. This study relates the findings of an exit poll conducted during the primaries for the 2016 presidential elections. The questions related to the level of trust voters had regarding their local government and their subsequent attitudes toward the water conservation messaging from those governments. The findings support national survey findings that citizens in the United States have a high level of trust in local government, which enables longer-term solutions to collective action problems.

Making sense of being recalled: a grounded theory

Purpose A high proportion of forensic mental health service users (FSUs) are recalled to secure hospitals from conditional discharge in the community. The limited research on recall to date has preliminarily identified why FSUs are recalled, but not how they make sense of the process. The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual understanding of how FSUs make sense of being recalled to hospital. Design/methodology/approach A constructivist grounded theory approach was used. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 11 FSUs from different levels of forensic service security who had been recalled varying numbers of times across a wide timeframe. Findings A theoretical model was constructed to illustrate the process of how FSUs make sense of being recalled. FSUs appraise being recalled on a continuum from negative to positive, based on their experiences when conditionally discharged and their reflections on the circumstances of being recalled. The nature of their appraisal appears to reciprocally influence their subsequent attitudes towards and their engagement with forensic services. Research limitations/implications The proposed mechanism of how FSUs make sense of being recalled, particularly their dynamic appraisal of it, should now be investigated longitudinally. Future qualitative research could explore forensic service staff perspectives on recall. Practical implications Enhancing the positivity of FSUs’ appraisals about being recalled may improve their attitudes about and engagement with forensic services. Originality/value This is the first research study to construct a theoretical model of recall.

The Effects of Victimization and Fear of Crime on the Legal Socialization of Young Adolescents in São Paulo, Brazil.

It is important to understand how young adolescents come to view authorities during formative years. Experiencing, witnessing, and fearing victimization have been linked to the process of legal socialization and subsequent attitudes and behavior. In addition, procedural justice may influence adolescent perceptions of fairness of the authorities. The present study tested whether procedural justice mediated and moderated the relationship between young adolescents' direct and vicarious victimization and developing a sense of legitimacy in authority and cynicism towards authority. A longitudinal sample of 800 Brazilian students, age 11 to 12, living in São Paulo was used to fit structural equation models to examine these relationships. The findings revealed a partial link between victimization and legal socialization. The overall mediating model significantly predicted the direct and indirect relationships between victimization and fear of crime and the formation of legitimacy and cynicism. The moderating effect of procedural justice on direct victimization also significantly predicted the formation of legitimacy. Implications and future research directions are discussed.

Defining Work Stress in Young People

Stress experienced by young workers can be very different from stress experienced by adults because of differing psychosocial developments. It is important to understand how early workplace experiences shape young workers' subsequent attitudes and behaviors, which may affect their psychological well‐being. This study examined how 18 young workers ages 17–29 perceive work stress. The authors found that young workers view job stress in 3 dimensions: lack of opportunity to learn, poor social interaction, and lack of opportunity to exercise initiative. Young workers also view work demands as challenging tasks and become job crafters to find more satisfaction in routine tasks.

The Relationship Between a Balanced Time Perspective and Self-monitoring of Blood Glucose Among People With Type 1 Diabetes.

Self-monitoring of blood glucose helps people with type 1 diabetes to maintain glycemic control and reduce the risk of complications. However, adherence to blood glucose monitoring is often suboptimal. Like many health behaviors, self-monitoring of blood glucose involves exerting effort in the present to achieve future benefits. As such, the present research explored whether individual differences in time perspective-specifically, the extent to which people have a balanced time perspective-are associated with the frequency with which people with type 1 diabetes monitor their blood glucose and, thus, maintain glycemic control. Adults with type 1 diabetes completed measures of time perspective, feelings associated with monitoring, attitudes toward monitoring, and trait self-control. Objective data regarding the frequency with which participants monitored their blood glucose levels and their long-term glycemic control were extracted from their medical records. Hierarchical regression analyses and tests of indirect effects (N = 129) indicated that having a more balanced time perspective was associated with more frequent monitoring of blood glucose and, as a result, better glycemic control. Further analyses (N = 158) also indicated that there was an indirect relationship between balanced time perspective and monitoring of blood glucose via the feelings that participants associated with monitoring and their subsequent attitudes toward monitoring. These findings point to the importance and relevance of time perspective for understanding health-related behavior and may help to inform interventions designed to promote self-monitoring of blood glucose in people with type 1 diabetes.

Daily mistrust: A resource perspective and its implications for work and home

AbstractMistrust is a daily occurrence at work. Yet little is known about how perceptions of being mistrusted by coworkers may affect employees’ subsequent daily attitudes and behaviors. Indeed, the existing literature on mistrust has overwhelmingly focused on how mistrust affects the trustor (person whose trust is violated) but not the trustee (the mistrusted person). This is problematic because conservation of resources theory (COR) suggests that perceived mistrust is a negative experience likely to affect the mistrusted employees’ subsequent attitudes and behaviors both at work and at home. To investigate this possibility, we conducted an experience sampling study of employees and their significant others over 3 consecutive workweeks. Consistent with COR, day by day perceptions of mistrust increased employees’ emotional exhaustion, consequently leading to withdrawal from colleagues at work and conflict toward their significant other at home. Moreover, supporting self‐enhancement (rather than self‐verification) theory, these effects were stronger when employees perceived mistrust to be high (vs. low) in justification. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of this research.

Pre-school numeracy play as a predictor of children’s attitudes towards mathematics at age 10

Numeracy activities in early childhood have been linked to children’s mathematical performance in subsequent years. However, few studies have examined associations between early numeracy play and children’s subsequent attitudes towards mathematics. This study draws on the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 2011 assessment to provide a retrospective snapshot of pre-school numeracy play reported by the parents of 10-year-old children (N = 4560). Most children were found to have engaged frequently in some form of early numeracy activity. However, children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds had less regular engagement with numeracy play, while spatial play (e.g. building blocks) was less common among girls. The extent to which children engaged in pre-school numeracy play was significantly associated with greater confidence and (for children from higher socioeconomic backgrounds) liking of mathematics at age 10, controlling for other factors. The results highlight socioeconomic and gendered differences in children’s early activities about which policy-makers, educators and parents should be aware. They also suggest the potential role of numeracy play in fostering positive attitudes towards mathematics, which should be considered amid efforts to increase participation in science, technology, engineering and maths domains.

Changing perceptions and reasoning process: Comparison of residents’ pre- and post-event attitudes

Upon a systematic assessment of how residents’ trust in government(s) and attachment to a marquee event influence their evaluations of the event’s impacts and subsequent attitudes towards the hosting of the event, this study further explores the dynamic nature of residents’ subjective evaluations and corresponding attitudes to the event. In line with the confirmation bias theory, findings clearly demonstrate that residents’ trust in government(s), attachment to the event, perceptions of the event’s impacts and ultimate support to the event have changed in a predictable manner over time. Moreover, findings indicate that individuals’ direct experience with the event alters the associations between their cognitive/affective evaluations and attitudes towards the event, with a shifted focus to the cognitive evaluations after the event.

Trust Repair and Self‐Affirmation: The Effect of Engaging in a Self‐Affirming Activity on Trusting Behaviour after a Trust Violation has Occurred

Interpersonal trust and cooperative relationships are essential in workplace and social settings. Interpersonal trust is an attitude that reflects a willingness to be vulnerable to another person based on the expectation that he or she will act benevolently. A trust violation occurs when an individual’s expectations about the way a person would act have not been met. According to self‐affirmation theory, people are motivated to protect their sense of self‐worth. If someone experiences a threat to their self in one domain, they can satisfy the self‐affirmation motive by affirming an aspect of their identity in a different domain. The purpose of this study is to look at how self‐affirmation influences trust violation and repair. I examine whether engaging in a self‐affirming activity, prior to or following a trust violation, increases an individual’s subsequent trusting behaviour. Participants share personal information and complete an obstacle course task with a confederate to develop trust. They then play a money game in which the confederate breaks participants’ trust by sharing less money than expected with the participant. In two conditions participants complete an affirming writing task either prior to or following the violation; in two other conditions, they complete a non affirming writing activity prior to or following the violation. There is also a no writing control condition. Subsequent trusting behaviour and attitudes are measured using questionnaires and tasks. This research identifies factors that help manage trust violation and restore trust, which is essential to effective relationships in the workplace.

Interplay of secondary pre-service teacher content knowledge (CK), pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) and attitudes regarding scientific inquiry teaching within teacher training

BackgroundBeginning teachers encounter several constraints with respect to scientific inquiry. Depending on their prior beliefs, knowledge and understanding, these constraints affect their teaching of inquiry.PurposeTo investigate quantitatively the longitudinal relationship between pre-service teachers’ knowledge and attitudes on scientific inquiry teaching as part of a short teacher training.SampleN = 121 pre-service teachers for teaching biology at the secondary level in Germany and Switzerland.Design and methodsWe applied a pre–post-research design. As part of the teachers’ attitudes we measured cognitive beliefs, affective states and self-efficacy. In addition, the teachers completed a test on content knowledge (CK) and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). To examine the relationship between the different measurements, we applied structure equation modelling.ResultsThere was no significant relation between CK and PCK at both time points. The analysis further demonstrates that the PCK acquired after the training on teaching scientific inquiry predicts subsequent attitudes. Prior CK does not affect subsequent attitudes regarding teaching scientific inquiry. Moreover, prior attitudes do not substantially predict subsequent PCK and CK. In addition, prior teaching experience in biology explains individual differences, and self-efficacy attitudes predict changes in attitudes with respect to teaching scientific inquiry by the end of training.ConclusionsIt appears that even short PCK training seminars may affect pre-service teacher attitudes towards scientific inquiry. Hence, teaching education programmes should be designed to broaden PCK.

Social Integration of Vietnamese Women Married to Foreigners (Case Study in Penghu Islands and Taipei, Taiwan)

Objective - This research primarily focuses on the subject of social integration and related issues. Social integration is interpreted as being the process of inclusion and acceptance of individuals in a system, the creation of relationships among individuals and their subsequent attitudes towards society. It is the result of conscious and motivated interaction and cooperation between individuals and groups Methodology/Technique - This paper is based on information that came from a case study undertaken in 2014 on the Penghu Islands and in Taipei, Taiwan. Quantitative data was collected from the available literature and qualitative data derived from interviews and the observation of 31 people including Vietnamese women who married Taiwanese husbands; local government officers. Findings – Evidence from this research showed that social integration and related issues are highly influential in determining the success, or failure of cross-border marriages. The three types of social integration (formal residential, social and community and personal) overlap and complement each other to promote the social integration of Vietnamese women who married Taiwanese men. Novelty - It is hoped that these research findings will provide a valuable resource for researchers, theorists of social integration, those interested in the impact of social capital on the lives of community members and community leaders concerned with the impact of relationships that bind the community to community. Type of Paper - Empirical Keywords: Social Integration; Vietnam-Taiwan; International Marriage. JEL Classification: J12, J15.