Acute Coronary Syndrome Subgroup Research Articles

Comparative Ten-Year Outcomes in Chronic and Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients Undergoing Invasive Diagnostics - Insights from the KORONEF Registry

Background: This study aimed to characterize acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients undergoing invasive diagnostics and to evaluate prognostic factors for all-cause mortality over a 10-year follow-up period. Methods: The KORONEF study was a prospective, observational, single-center study that enrolled 492 patients, of whom 467 had confirmed coronary artery disease (CAD). Baseline demographic, clinical, laboratory, and procedural data were analyzed, focusing on the differences between ACS and chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) patients. Results: Males made up the majority of both the CCS and ACS groups (62.2% vs. 63.6%, p = 0.773), with no statistically significant difference in patient age between the CCS and ACS subpopulations (64.9 ± 9.5 vs. 63.7 ± 10.3, p = 0.106). The 10-year all-cause mortality was 29.8%, with no statistically significant difference between ACS and CCS patients. However, statistically significantly more patients with CCS underwent CABG in the follow-up than ACS patients (9.9% vs. 4.6%, p = 0.042). In a multivariable analysis, in the ACS subgroup, statistically significant predictors of all-cause mortality at 10 years included being between 75 and 90 years old (HR 4.99), not having had a previous stroke (HR 0.27), the absence of cardiac arrest (HR 0.20), and a left ventricular ejection fraction > 60% (HR 0.23). Conclusions: The long-term outcomes of the ACS patients highlight age and left ventricular function as significant prognostic factors, underscoring the importance of these parameters in risk stratification.

Cardiac Myosin-binding Protein-C as a Biomarker in the Early Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome and Differentiation of Its Types

Abstract Background: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is primarily caused by atherosclerotic lesions within the intima of coronary arteries and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is the main acute clinical manifestation of CHD. The ACS is manifested in one of three subtypes and it is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. The three subtypes of ACS include: acute myocardial infarction (MI) with the electrocardiogram (ECG) presenting ST-segment elevation (STEMI), MI with no ST-segment elevation on ECG (NSTEMI), and the third subtype is unstable angina (UA). The early diagnosis of is important in decreasing morbidity and mortality in ACS patients. Objective: To investigate the role of serum level of cardiac myosin-binding protein-C (cMyC), compared with high-sensitivity cardiac troponin-I (hsCTn-I) in the early diagnosis of ACS and differentiation of its subtypes. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty patients (72 males and 48 females), aged ≥30 years selected from those who were admitted to emergency department (ED) of Al-Yarmouk teaching hospital and diagnosed with ACS by cardiologists. The duration between the onset of chest pain and admission to ED should not exceed 3 h in any cohort. Apparenty healthy subjects as controls group for the study were recruited from those who had no current illness, particularly CHD, no other systemic disease and each had a normal ECG. For each study subject, cMybp-C and hsCT-I serum levels on admission were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. For each ACS patient, serum level of hsCTn-I level was measured 3 h after admission. Results: The comparison of cMybp-C levels among study groups revealed an overall significant difference and on paired comparison of study groups, the cMybp-C mean level was significantly higher in each ACS subgroup than in controls group (P < 0.001), except in UA subgroup versus controls group. The cMybp-C levels showed a significant positive correlation with hsCT-I levels on admission in STEMI and NSTEMI subgroups but not in UA subgroup. The cMybp-C levels also showed a significant positive correlation with hscT-I levels 3 h after admission in STEMI and NSTEMI subgroups but not in UA subgroup. On receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the cMybp-C level had a better diagnostic accuracy than hscTn-I on admission in differentiation of patients with “STEMI or NSTEMI” from those with UA or from controls. Conclusion: Serum cMybp-C mean level is significantly higher in ACS patients with STEMI and NSTEMI than in controls and the increase was more significant than hsCTn-I mean level on admission, so it could help the early diagnosis of ACS patients. The serum levels of cMybp-C also had a better diagnostic accuracy than hsCTn-I on admission in differentiation of ACS patients with STEMI or NSTEMI from those with UA or from controls.

Ticagrelor monotherapy for acute coronary syndrome: an individual patient data meta-analysis of TICO and T-PASS trials.

In patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin and a potent P2Y12 inhibitor is recommended for 12 months after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. Monotherapy with a potent P2Y12 inhibitor after short-term DAPT is an attractive option to better balance the risks of ischaemia and bleeding. Therefore, this study evaluated the efficacy and safety of ticagrelor monotherapy after short-term DAPT, especially in patients with ACS. Electronic databases were searched from inception to 11 November 2023, and for the primary analysis, individual patient data were pooled from the relevant randomized clinical trials comparing ticagrelor monotherapy after short-term (≤3 months) DAPT with ticagrelor-based 12-month DAPT, exclusively in ACS patients undergoing DES implantation. The co-primary endpoints were ischaemic endpoint (composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) and bleeding endpoint [Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) type 3 or 5 bleeding] at 1 year. Individual patient data from two randomized clinical trials including 5906 ACS patients were analysed. At 1 year, the primary ischaemic endpoint did not differ between the ticagrelor monotherapy and ticagrelor-based DAPT groups [1.9% vs. 2.5%; adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.79; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.56-1.13; P = .194]. The incidence of the primary bleeding endpoint was lower in the ticagrelor monotherapy group (2.4% vs. 4.5%; adjusted HR 0.54; 95% CI 0.40-0.72; P < .001). The results were consistent in a secondary aggregate data meta-analysis including the ACS subgroup of additional randomized clinical trials which enrolled patients with ACS as well as chronic coronary syndrome. In ACS patients undergoing DES implantation, ticagrelor monotherapy after short-term DAPT was associated with less major bleeding without a concomitant increase in ischaemic events compared with ticagrelor-based 12-month DAPT. PROSPERO (ID: CRD42023476470).

Long-term outcomes of intravascular ultrasound-guided drug-eluting stents implantation in patients with acute coronary syndrome: ULTIMATE ACS subgroup

Objective: To explore the long-term effects of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) guidance on patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing drug-eluting stents (DES) implantation. Methods: Data used in this study derived from ULTIMATE trial, which was a prospective, multicenter, randomized study. A total of 1 448 all-comer patients were enrolled between 2014 August and 2017 May. Primary endpoint of this study was target vessel failure (TVF) at 3 years, including cardiac death, target-vessel-related myocardial infarction, and clinically-driven target vessel revascularization. Results: ACS was present in 1 136 (78.5%) patients, and 3-year clinical follow-up was available in 1 423 patients (98.3%). TVF in the ACS group was 9.6% (109/1 136), which was significantly higher than 4.5% (14/312) in the non-ACS group (log-rank P=0.005). There were 109 TVFs in the ACS patients, with 7.6% (43/569) TVFs in the IVUS group and 11.6% (66/567) TVFs in the angiography group (log-rank P=0.019). Moreover, patients with optimal IVUS guidance were associated with a lower risk of 3-year TVF compared to those with suboptimal IVUS results (5.4% (16/296) vs. 9.9% (27/273),log-rank P=0.041). Conclusions: This ULTIMATE-ACS subgroup analysis showed that ACS patients undergoing DES implantation were associated with a higher risk of 3-year TVF. More importantly, the risk of TVF could be significantly decreased through IVUS guidance in patients with ACS, especially in those who had an IVUS-defined optimal procedure.

Real-world assessment of antiplatelet treatment therapies for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients in the United States in a nationwide Electronic Health Record in 2018-2020

Abstract Background Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular related deaths for adults in US. The clinical presentation of ACS is broad, which includes ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST-segment elevation MI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA). There are limited data around contemporary real-world treatment landscape, therefore it is critical to understand the treatment pattern of the US ACS patients in the real-world setting. Purpose This study evaluated antiplatelet therapy (APT) treatment patterns among US patients without atrial fibrillation or oral anticoagulants (OACs) who experienced their first hospitalized ACS event during observation period. Methods The Optum® de-identified Electronic Health Record dataset from January 2018 through December 2020 was used for this study. Adult patients with an inpatient primary diagnosis of ACS during the index period were identified by ICD10 codes. The date of admission for the first ACS hospitalization was the index date. Patients with atrial fibrillation diagnosis or a record for OAC use before index date and during hospitalization were excluded. ACS subgroups and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) status were assessed during index hospitalization; patient characteristics and in-hospital antiplatelet treatment type were also evaluated. Results Among 63,767 patients included in this study, the mean age was 64.1 and 40.5% were female; 89.2% were treated with APT. For those patients not treated with APT, majority were treated with parental anticoagulants. Among 89.2% APT treated patients, 52.7% were initiated on dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), 27.4% were initiated on single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT), and 9.1% switched between different DAPT regimens. The top three used DAPT were aspirin+clopidogrel (30.5%), aspirin+ticagrelor (18.9%) and aspirin+prasugrel (2.6%); the most used SAPT were aspirin (22.6%), clopidogrel (2.6%), and ticagrelor (2.0%). For ACS subtypes, 26.3% were diagnosed as STEMI, 62.9% were NSTEMI, and 10.8% were UA; of them, 45.0% had PCI procedure within 30-days before or after the index date. ACS patients with PCI procedure had the highest APT treatment rate (95.2%) and highest DAPT treatment rate (70.6%). Across ACS subtypes, patients hospitalized for STEMI had the highest usage of aspirin+ticagrelor (34.5%), whereas patients hospitalized for NSTEMI had the highest usage of aspirin+clopidogrel (34.7%). Conclusion We observed wide variability in APT treatment across STEMI vs. NSTEMI and +/-PCI. Only 38.1% of non-PCI treated ACS patients received DAPT despite current guidelines. Further analyses are planned to explore the varying APT (and/or anticoagulant) regimens.Figure 1Figure 2

Comparison of long-term outcomes of complete vs. incomplete revascularization in elderly patients (≥75 years) with acute coronary syndrome and multi-vessel disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

The optimal revascularization strategy for elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) remains uncertain. We evaluated the impact of complete revascularization (CR) vs. incomplete revascularization (IR) in elderly ACS patients with multivessel disease (MVD) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Using registry data from 2011 to 2019, we conducted a propensity-score matched cohort study. Elderly patients (≥75 years) with ACS and MVD who underwent PCI were divided into CR and IR groups based on angiography during index hospitalization. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), including all-cause mortality, recurrent non-fatal myocardial infarction, and any revascularization, were assessed at 3-year follow-up. Among 1,018 enrolled patients, 496 (48.7%) underwent CR and 522 (51.3%) received IR. After 1:1 propensity-score matching, we analyzed 395 pairs. At 3-year follow-up, CR was significantly associated with lower MACE risk compared to IR (16.7% vs. 25.6%, HR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.47-0.88, p = 0.006), driven by reduced all-cause mortality. This benefit was consistent across all pre-specified subgroups, particularly in ST segment elevation (STE)-ACS patients. In non-STE (NSTE)-ACS subgroup analysis, CR was also associated with a lower risk of cardiac mortality compared to IR (HR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.12-0.75, p = 0.01). In elderly ACS patients with MVD undergoing PCI, CR demonstrates superior long-term outcomes compared to IR, irrespective of STE- or NSTE-ACS presentation.

Markers of redox potential of blood leukocytes in acute coronary syndrome, depending on the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Aim Evaluating the redox potential of white blood cells (WBC) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) depending on the presence or absence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2).Material and methods The study included 100 men and women aged 35 to 65 years who were managed for ACS at the Primary Vascular Department (PVD) of the Vladivostok Clinical Hospital #1. The control group consisted of 30 healthy volunteers matched with ACS patients in major anthropometric characteristics. Examinations were performed according to clinical recommendations. Blood was withdrawn for measuring cell activity of enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; succinate dehydrogenase, SDH; and glutathione reductase, GR) and serum concentration of malonic dialdehyde (MDA). Based on the ACS type, all patients were divided into 3 main ACS groups, and then the groups were subdivided into subgroups based on the presence of DM2.Results Development of ACS was associated with changes in WBC redox potential. These changes were characterized by a significant decrease in SDH activity in all ACS patients, irrespective of their ACS type, and a moderate decease in GR in patients with myocardial infarction compared to patients with unstable angina and healthy volunteers. At the same time, the SOD activity and MDA concentration were practically unchanged compared to the control group. There were practically no significant differences in the enzyme activities between the ACS subgroups with or without DM2.Conclusion The WBC activities of SDH and GR on day 1 of ACS can be considered as the indicators for early diagnosis of mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from the cardiovascular catastrophe as well as the markers for impaired primary cell defense. MDA and SOD values are not informative for determining the intensity of oxidative stress and further damage of the antioxidant system.

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention vs Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery for Left Main Disease in Patients With and Without Acute Coronary Syndromes

Patients with left main coronary artery disease presenting with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) represent a high-risk and understudied subgroup of patients with atherosclerosis. To assess clinical outcomes after PCI vs CABG in patients with left main disease with vs without ACS. Data were pooled from 4 trials comparing PCI with drug-eluting stents vs CABG in patients with left main disease who were considered equally suitable candidates for either strategy (SYNTAX, PRECOMBAT, NOBLE, and EXCEL). Patients were categorized as presenting with or without ACS. Kaplan-Meier event rates through 5 years and Cox model hazard ratios were generated, and interactions were tested. Patients were enrolled in the individual trials from 2004 through 2015. Individual patient data from the trials were pooled and reconciled from 2020 to 2021, and the analyses pertaining to the ACS subgroup were performed from March 2022 through February 2023. The primary outcome was death through 5 years. Secondary outcomes included cardiovascular death, spontaneous myocardial infarction (MI), procedural MI, stroke, and repeat revascularization. Among 4394 patients (median [IQR] age, 66 [59-73] years; 3371 [76.7%] male and 1022 [23.3%] female) randomized to receive PCI or CABG, 1466 (33%) had ACS. Patients with ACS were more likely to have diabetes, prior MI, left ventricular ejection fraction less than 50%, and higher SYNTAX scores. At 30 days, patients with ACS had higher all-cause death (hazard ratio [HR], 3.40; 95% CI, 1.81-6.37; P < .001) and cardiovascular death (HR, 3.21; 95% CI, 1.69-6.08; P < .001) compared with those without ACS. Patients with ACS also had higher rates of spontaneous MI (HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.25-2.31; P < .001) through 5 years. The rates of all-cause mortality through 5 years with PCI vs CABG were 10.9% vs 11.5% (HR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.68-1.27) in patients with ACS and 11.3% vs 9.6% (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.95-1.50) in patients without ACS (P = .22 for interaction). The risk of early stroke was lower with PCI vs CABG (ACS: HR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.12-1.25; no ACS: HR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.16-0.75), whereas the 5-year risks of spontaneous MI and repeat revascularization were higher with PCI vs CABG (spontaneous MI: ACS: HR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.09-2.77; no ACS: HR, 3.03; 95% CI, 1.94-4.72; repeat revascularization: ACS: HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.19-2.09; no ACS: HR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.54-2.33), regardless of ACS status. Among largely stable patients undergoing left main revascularization and with predominantly low to intermediate coronary anatomical complexity, those with ACS had higher rates of early death. Nonetheless, rates of all-cause mortality through 5 years were similar with PCI vs CABG in this high-risk subgroup. The relative advantages and disadvantages of PCI vs CABG in terms of early stroke and long-term spontaneous MI and repeat revascularization were consistent regardless of ACS status. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT00114972, NCT00422968, NCT01496651, NCT01205776.

Association between Non-Dietary Cardiovascular Health and Expenditures Related to Acute Coronary Syndrome in the US between 2008–2018

Background: Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) causes the most deaths in the United States and accounts for the highest amount of healthcare spending. Cardiovascular Health (CVH) metrics have been widely used in primary prevention, but their benefits in secondary prevention on total healthcare expenditures related to ACS are largely unknown. This study aims to quantify the potential significance of ideal CVH scores as a tool in secondary cardiovascular disease prevention. Methods: In a cross-sectional analytical study, ten years of Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) data from 2008 to 2018 were pooled, comparing ACS to non-ACS subgroups, utilizing a Two-part model with log link and gamma distribution, since our sample had both positive and zero costs. Conditional on positive expenditure, healthcare expenditure amounts were measured as a function of ACS status, socio-demographics, and CVH while controlling for relevant covariates. Finally, interactions of ACS with CVH metrics and other key variables were included to allow for variations in the effect of these variables on the two subgroups. Results: Improvements in CVH scores tended to reduce annual expenditures to a greater degree percentage-wise among ACS subjects compared to non-ACS groups, even though subjects with an ACS diagnosis tended to have approximately twice as big expenditures as similar subjects without an ACS diagnosis. Meanwhile, the financial impact of an ACS event on total expenditure would be approximately $88,500 ([95% CI, $70,200-106,900; p < 0.001]), and a unit improvement in CVH management score would generate savings of approximately $4160 ([95% CI, $5390-2950; p < 0.001]) in total health expenditures. Conclusions: Effective secondary preventive measures through targeted behavioral endeavors and improved health factors, especially the normalization of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, and smoking cessation, have the potential to reduce medical spending for ACS subgroups.

Therapeutic uncertainties: first finding of atrial fibrillation in acute coronary syndrome.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) and coronary artery disease share several risk factors and their simultaneous presentation in the same patient, sometimes in the course of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), is not a rare occurrence. Patients with AF and ACS represent an important clinical challenge in terms of diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. From a diagnostic point of view, AF may be new onset as a complication of ACS, or a pre-existing asymptomatic AF that is occasionally diagnosed during ACS. Regarding the prognosis, AF, whether new onset or already known, has been shown to exert a negative prognostic impact during ACS. Finally, the main therapeutic dilemma concerns the selection of the optimal antithrombotic therapy, which, at least in the first period following ACS, would require the combination of anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs, with a consequent increase in the risk of bleeding complications. Several randomized studies have evaluated the therapeutic options in patients with AF and coronary artery disease, overall showing the advantage of a dual therapy with an antiplatelet and an anticoagulant compared with a long-term triple therapy with dual antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy; the analyses of the ACS subgroups of these randomized studies confirmed such results also in the acute setting.

Ophthalmic Artery Morphological and Hemodynamic Features in Acute Coronary Syndrome.

PurposeTo examine the morphological and hemodynamic changes of the ophthalmic artery (OA) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).MethodsThis cross-sectional observational study included 31 patients with ACS and 10 healthy controls (HCs). The ACS subgroups were ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI; n = 10), non-STEMI (n = 10), and unstable angina (n = 11). OA three-dimensional (3D) models were reconstructed based on computed tomographic angiography, and morphological aspects of the OA were measured quantitatively. Moreover, numerical simulation by computational fluid dynamics was used to obtain hemodynamic information of the OA.ResultsThe study reconstructed 41 OA models. Hemodynamic simulation revealed a significant decrease in OA blood velocity in patients with ACS compared with the HCs (median velocity, 0.046 vs. 0.147 m/s; P < 0.001). No differences in the morphological data for the OA were observed. Also, no differences in the mass flow ratio of OA to the ipsilateral internal carotid artery was found. Similar differences were observed between the ACS subgroups and HCs. OA blood velocity was negatively correlated with body mass index, abdominal circumference, left ventricular ejection fraction, and triacylglycerol and was positively correlated with early to late transmitral flow velocity, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, serum creatinine, and potassium.ConclusionsThe initial OA blood velocity was slower in patients with ACS and was associated with ACS-related clinical parameters. To our knowledge, this is the first study to analyze OA characteristics in ACS using 3D model reconstruction and hemodynamic simulation, providing new perspectives on the relationship between ischemic heart disease and ocular manifestations.

D-dimer as a potential novel thrombus biomarker for predict stent thrombosis in patients on dual antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention

Abstract Background At present, it is worth noting that there is a lack of biomarker for the residual risk of thrombosis in patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). D-dimer is an important thrombus marker and widely used in clinical practice. Purpose We aim to investigate the correlation between D-dimer and the risk of stent thrombosis (ST) after PCI. Method This is a prospective, observational study of 10,724 patients who underwent PCI. The primary endpoint was ST, which was defined according to the Academic Research Consortium including definite, probable, and possible. Results Finally, 8565 patients were included in this study after excluding 2159 people with missing D-dimer data or lost to follow-up. After 2-year follow-up, there were 77 ST occurred. D-dimer levels were significantly higher in the ST group (0.33 [0.28, 0.56] μg/ml) than in the non-ST group (0.28 [0.20, 0.41] μg/ml) (P=0.001). Kaplan–Meier survival curve analysis showed that patients with high D-dimer levels had higher cumulative ST according to the median D-dimer level (0.28 μg/ml) in the total population, acute coronary syndrome (ACS) subgroup, and stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) subgroup, respectively. (log-rank test, all P&amp;lt;0.001) (Figure 1). After multivariate-adjusted cox hazard analysis, high D-dimer levels (≥0.28 μg/ml) were significantly associated with ST in the total population (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.25, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29–3.95, P=0.005) and ACS subgroup (HR: 2.13, 95% CI: 1.09–4.16, P=0.027); however, we did not find a statistically significant in the SCAD subgroup (HR: 2.56, 95% CI: 0.92–7.1, P=0.072). Conclusion In this real world and large sample data study, we reported for the first time that D-dimer was strong independent thrombosis biomarker in patient who underwent PCI. In the future, we may use D-dimer to guide individualized antithrombotic therapy after PCI. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences; Young and middle-aged talents in the XPCC Science and Technology Project

Combined use of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and intra-aortic balloon pump after cardiac arrest

ObjectivesWe investigated whether intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) combined with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) was associated with favourable neurological outcomes for patients after the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Moreover, we evaluated the aetiology of cardiac arrest on the effectiveness of this therapy in a sub-study. BackgroundThere is insufficient research on the optimal combination of machines for patients after ROSC is not established. MethodsThis is a large-scale, multicentre, 30-day cohort study. Among 80,716 patients who delivered to the emergency room, 935 patients treated with VA-ECMO after ROSC were included using the data from the Tokyo Cardiovascular Care Unit Network Registry between 2010 and 2017. The study patients were stratified according to the use of IABP [the ECMO + IABP group (n = 762) vs. the ECMO-alone group (n = 173)]. We also evaluated the cause of cardiac arrest [acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and non-ACS] in the sub-study. To adjust the patients’ backgrounds, we used the propensity score matching for additional analyses. The endpoint was 30-day favourable neurological outcome. ResultsThe ECMO + IABP group showed significantly better neurological outcomes than the ECMO-alone group (crude; 35% vs. 25%; log-lank P < 0.001). In the ACS subgroup, the ECMO + IABP group showed significantly better neurological outcome (crude; 34% vs. 18%; log-lank P < 0.001), but not in the non-ACS subgroup (crude; 38% vs. 32%; log-lank P = 0.11). These results are similar after adjustments to their backgrounds using propensity matching. ConclusionsCompared to VA-ECMO alone, the combined use of VA-ECMO and IABP is associated with better neurological outcomes after ROSC, especially in complicated ACS.

Global effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the rate of acute coronary syndrome admissions: a comprehensive review of published literature

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted healthcare systems across the world. The rate of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) admissions during the pandemic has varied significantly.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study is to...

Impact of sex on long-term cardiovascular outcomes of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes.

Women with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) generally present with more comorbidities and experience worse clinical outcomes compared with males. However, it is unclear whether this represents genuine sex-related difference or stems from clinical, procedural and socioeconomic factors. We analyzed consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-STEMI or unstable angina at a single tertiary-care center. Exclusion criteria were unknown sex, age < 18 years and PCI with bare metal stent or without stent placement. The study population was stratified according to sex. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) defined as the composite of death, spontaneous myocardial infarction, or stroke at 1year. Secondary endpoints were individual components of MACCE, target vessel revascularization (TVR) and clinically significant bleeding. Of the 7362 patients included, 5031 (68.3%) were men and 2331 (31.7%) women. Women were older and presented with a higher burden of comorbidities while men had more complex coronary anatomy. The incidence of 1year MACCE was significantly higher among women (8.0% versus 5.6%; p < 0.01) compared to men. Women also experienced a higher rate of bleeding (2.3% vs. 1.4%; p=0.02) while there were no differences between groups in terms of TVR (8.1% vs. 7.8%; p-value=0.83). Differences in outcomes were attenuated after multivariable adjustment. Findings were consistent across ACS subgroups. In a contemporary ACS population treated with drug-eluting stents, women experienced a higher crude rate of 1-year MACCE. This was no longer apparent after accounting for baseline imbalances.

Effect of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and CPAP Treatment on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Acute Coronary Syndrome in the RICCADSA Trial.

We aimed to address the impact of OSA and its treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). In this current analysis of the revascularized ACS subgroup (n = 353) of the Randomized Intervention with CPAP in Coronary Artery Disease and Obstructive Sleep Apnea (RICCADSA) trial (Trial Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov; No: NCT 00519597), participants with non-sleepy OSA (apnea-hypopnea-index [AHI] ≥ 15 events/h on a home sleep apnea testing, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS] score < 10; n = 171) were randomized to CPAP (n = 86) or no-CPAP (n = 85). The sleepy OSA patients (AHI ≥ 15 events/h and ESS ≥ 10) who were offered CPAP, and the ones with no-OSA (AHI < 5 events/h) were included in the observational arm. A post-hoc analysis was done to compare untreated OSA (no-CPAP; n = 78) and nonadherent sleepy/non-sleepy OSA (n = 96) with the reference group without OSA (n = 81). The primary endpoint (the first event of repeat revascularization, myocardial infarction, stroke or cardiovascular mortality) during a median 4.7-year follow-up was evaluated in time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for confounding factors. The incidence of MACCE did not differ significantly in intention-to-treat population. On-treatment analysis showed a significant risk reduction in those who used CPAP for ≥4 vs. <4 h/day or did not receive treatment (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.17; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.03–0.81; p = 0.03). Compared with the reference group, nonadherent/untreated OSA was associated with an increased cardiovascular risk (adjusted HR 1.97, 95% CI 1.03–3.77; p = 0.04). We conclude that OSA is an independent risk factor for adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with ACS. CPAP treatment may reduce this risk, if the device is used at least 4 h/day.

Evaluation of omentin levels in patients with unstable angina pectoris, non-ST elevated myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and STEMI

Aim: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is an ischemic cardiac disease that could result in myocardial necrosis with prolonged ischemia. Omentin (intelectin-1) is a new biomarker that is released from adipose tissue. It is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) and has an acute ischemic injury-reducing effect. This study aimed to assess the omentin levels in patients with unstable angina pectoris (USAP), Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: This case-control prospective study included 59 patients with ACS and 22 healthy subjects. MB fraction of creatine kinase (CKMB), troponin, myoglobin, and omentin levels were measured from venous blood obtained from each patient within six hours after the onset of symptoms. Plasma omentin levels were determined with an omentin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Results: The patient group was older than the control group (P 0.05). The rate of smoking was higher in the patient group, and the patient group was heavier than the control group (P>0.05). Omentin levels were similar in ACS patients and control subjects (6.0 (1.7) vs. 6.3 (1.3), P=0.40). There was no significant correlation among CKMB, troponin, myoglobin, and omentin levels. Moreover, omentin levels were similar in ACS subgroups (P=0.58). There was no significant correlation between body mass index and omentin levels (r =-0.186, P=0.09). Conclusion: This study revealed that there was no significant relationship between omentin and myoglobin levels in ACS patients. The potential usefulness of blood concentrations of omentin levels in understanding the relationship with ACS warrants further studies.

Safety and efficacy of double vs. triple antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation with or without acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a collaborative meta-analysis of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant-based randomized clinical trials.

AimsSafety and efficacy of antithrombotic regimens in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may differ based on clinical presentation. We sought to compare double vs. triple antithrombotic therapy (DAT vs. TAT) in AF patients with or without acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing PCI.Methods and resultsA systematic review and meta-analysis was performed using PubMed to search for non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC)-based randomized clinical trials. Data on subgroups of ACS or elective PCI were obtained by published reports or trial investigators. A total of 10 193 patients from four NOAC trials were analysed, of whom 5675 presenting with ACS (DAT = 3063 vs. TAT = 2612) and 4518 with stable coronary artery disease (SCAD; DAT = 2421 vs. TAT = 2097). The primary safety endpoint of ISTH major bleeding or clinically relevant non-major bleeding was reduced with DAT compared with TAT in both ACS (12.2% vs. 19.4%; RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.56–0.71; P < 0.0001; I2 = 0%) and SCAD (14.6% vs. 22.0%; RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.55–0.85; P = 0.0008; I2 = 66%), without interaction (P-int = 0.54). Findings were consistent for secondary bleeding endpoints, including intra-cranial haemorrhage. In both subgroups, there was no difference between DAT and TAT for all-cause death, major adverse cardiovascular events, or stroke. Myocardial infarction and stent thrombosis were numerically higher with DAT vs. TAT consistently in ACS and SCAD (P-int = 0.60 and 0.86, respectively). Findings were confirmed by multiple sensitivity analyses, including a separate analysis on dabigatran regimens and a restriction to PCI population.ConclusionsDAT, compared with TAT, is associated with lower bleeding risks, including intra-cranial haemorrhage, and a small non-significant excess of cardiac ischaemic events in both patients with or without ACS.

Genomewide Association Study of Platelet Reactivity and Cardiovascular Response in Patients Treated With Clopidogrel: A Study by the International Clopidogrel Pharmacogenomics Consortium.

Antiplatelet response to clopidogrel shows wide variation, and poor response is correlated with adverse clinical outcomes. CYP2C19 loss‐of‐function alleles play an important role in this response, but account for only a small proportion of variability in response to clopidogrel. An aim of the International Clopidogrel Pharmacogenomics Consortium (ICPC) is to identify other genetic determinants of clopidogrel pharmacodynamics and clinical response. A genomewide association study (GWAS) was performed using DNA from 2,750 European ancestry individuals, using adenosine diphosphate‐induced platelet reactivity and major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events as outcome parameters. GWAS for platelet reactivity revealed a strong signal for CYP2C19*2 (P value = 1.67e−33). After correction for CYP2C19*2 no other single‐nucleotide polymorphism reached genomewide significance. GWAS for a combined clinical end point of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (5.0% event rate), or a combined end point of cardiovascular death or myocardial infarction (4.7% event rate) showed no significant results, although in coronary artery disease, percutaneous coronary intervention, and acute coronary syndrome subgroups, mutations in SCOS5P1, CDC42BPA, and CTRAC1 showed genomewide significance (lowest P values: 1.07e−09, 4.53e−08, and 2.60e−10, respectively). CYP2C19*2 is the strongest genetic determinant of on‐clopidogrel platelet reactivity. We identified three novel associations in clinical outcome subgroups, suggestive for each of these outcomes.

Serum VEGF: Diagnostic Value of Acute Coronary Syndrome from Stable Angina Pectoris and Prognostic Value of Coronary Artery Disease.

Background Although the level of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is elevated in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients, its potential role in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or stable angina pectoris (SAP) patients remains unclear. Objectives To evaluate diagnostic accuracy of serum VEGF in determining ACS patients from SAP and analyze the association of serum VEGF with coronary artery lesions in SAP or the GRACE score in ACS, which is involved in the poor prognosis of low serum VEGF. Methods 248 CAD patients and 48 healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. Serum VEGF levels were detected by using ELISA. The Gensini score or GRACE score was calculated among SAP or ACS patients. All the patients were followed up for a period of 12 months (mean: 10.77 months). Results VEGF serum concentrations were higher in the ACS subgroup than in the SAP subgroup (P < 0.001) with diagnostic accuracy of ACS from SAP (AUC: 0.667, sensitivity: 68.5%, specificity: 60.1%, P < 0.001). Patients with high risk of Gensini score showed reduced VEGF levels (P < 0.001) accompanied by a negative correlation (r = −0.396, P < 0.001). Patients with a higher GRACE score indicated lower VEGF levels (P < 0.001). Low serum VEGF was one of the potential risk factors with adjusted HR of 0.531 (P=0.048). Conclusion Serum VEGF exhibits efficient diagnostic value for detection of ACS from SAP with a cutoff value of 648.75 pg/mL. Low serum VEGF indicates severe coronary artery lesions and a higher GRACE score, which suggests poor clinical outcomes.