Acoustic Sub-bottom Profiling Research Articles

Bedform development in confined and unconfined settings of the Carchuna Canyon (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean Sea): An example of cyclic steps in shelf-incised canyons

Newly acquired high-resolution multibeam bathymetry in combination with sub-bottom acoustic profiles, surficial sediment samples, and three-dimensional flow simulations made possible the characterization of bedforms along the axial channel and depositional lobe of the shelf-incised Carchuna Canyon (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean Sea). This study aims to describe the erosional and depositional bedforms in confined and unconfined settings of the Carchuna Canyon in order to determine the genetic constraints on sedimentary processes leading to bedform development along the canyon in recent times.The straight Carchuna Canyon, deeply incised in the shelf up to 200 m off the coastline, hosts: (1) crescentic-shaped bedforms (CSBs) that exhibit distinctive crest concavities, asymmetries, and lengths along the axial channel; (2) continuous lateral levees and; (3) a channel bend with three depressed stretches of the levee crest that are less than 20 m high. A set of concentric sediment waves and two scour trails were identified proximal to the channel bend on the open slope east of the Carchuna Canyon. Two distinct acoustic groups consisting of four acoustic units with distinct acoustic patterns were defined along the sediment wave field. The sediment transport simulation shows the highest flow velocities along the Carchuna Canyon thalweg, while along the overbank deposition the highest velocity values occur along the top of the bedform crests, with the higher Froude values being found over the bedform lee sides.The occurrence of CSBs along the canyon axial channel suggests the imprint of confined sediment-laden gravity flows descending from the canyon head and exhibiting a flow variability along the canyon induced by local variations of slope gradient and/or sediment concentration. A spatial relationship is identified between the development of sediment waves over the overbank deposit and lowered levee crest heights at the channel bend. In contrast, more energetic downstream turbiditic flows exceed the levee crest at the channel bend, focusing the overflow and promoting erosion of the overbank deposit, thereby generating the scour trains. Based on the recent history of overbank deposition, two alternating scenarios of flow behavior can be interpreted. In a high-density turbidity current setting, erosion would prevail along the axial channel. Widespread spillover flows of coarse-grained sediments would occur in both levees, forming heterogeneous sedimentary patterns that change downslope within the depositional lobe due to lesser turbulence of spillover turbidity currents and gentler slope gradients. In contrast, in a low-density turbidity current setting, turbidity currents flowing along the Carchuna Canyon would form depositional bedforms in the axial channel, while spillover processes would be localized at the channel bend, forming either depositional or erosional bedforms over the depositional lobe according to the frequency, magnitude and focusing of turbiditic flows.

Geomorphology and Late Quaternary evolution of Lake Manicouagan, a deep impounded impact crater-fjord-lake of the eastern Canadian Shield hinterland

A geophysical survey of Manicouagan Reservoir (51.5°N; 68.3°W) has been undertaken using high-resolution swath bathymetry and acoustic subbottom profiling to explore the flooded Lake Manicouagan, Manikuakan in the Innu language. The drowned lake is a 60-km long arc-shaped basin lying within the Manicouagan impact crater, the so-called ‘Eye of Québec’. This dataset unravels the geomorphology and the late Quaternary environmental history of one of the deepest lakes in North America, which reached a natural depth > 320 m prior to the impoundment (> 100 m below modern sea level). The swath bathymetry imaged subaqueous landforms attributed to terrestrial inputs (e.g., sediment waves on drowned deltas, submerged ravines, deep lateral channels, subaqueous fans), slope features (e.g., gullies, slide scars, compression ridges), and water-level changes (terraces). The morphosedimentary record of Lake Manicouagan has no equivalent in regional fjord-lake surveys. The morphosedimentary record documents the successive paleoenvironments since the northward retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet margin 7.5 ka ago. The Late Quaternary history deduced from the acoustic dataset shows a three-stage evolution: deglacial, paraglacial/postglacial, and anthropogenic after the construction of the Manic-5 dam and the filling of the associated reservoir by ~140 m of water during the 1960s. The deposition of asymmetrical laminated infills during the paraglacial/postglacial stage probably resulted from the deflection of turbidity currents by the steep and sinuous sidewalls inherited from the impact structure, possibly under the joint influence of the Coriolis and centrifugal forces. Long-distance seismic source and/or large amplitude water-level fluctuations, either natural or man-made, are two potential triggers for lake-wide record of mass-movements initiated under and above the submerged shores. The 3D imagery of the drowned lakeshore is a means to promote a cultural landscape and preserve the memory of a heritage site for the Pessamiulnuat, the Innu of Pessamit, who occupied the lakeshore prior to the impoundment.

Integrated Reconstruction of Late Quaternary Geomorphology and Sediment Dynamics of Prokljan Lake and Krka River Estuary, Croatia

The upper part of the Krka River estuary and Prokljan Lake are a specific example of a well-stratified estuarine environment in a submerged river canyon. Here, we reconstructed the geomorphological evolution of the area and classified the data gathered in the study, integrating multibeam echosounder data, backscatter echosounder data, side-scan sonar morpho-bathymetric surveys, and acoustic sub-bottom profiling, with the addition of ground-truthing and sediment analyses. This led to the successful classification of the bottom sediments using the object-based image analysis method. Additional inputs to the multibeam echosounder data improved the segmentation of the seafloor classification, geology, and morphology of the surveyed area. This study uncovered and precisely defined distinct geomorphological features, specifically submerged tufa barriers and carbonate mounds active during the Holocene warm periods, analogous to recent tufa barriers that still exist and grow in the upstream part of the Krka River. Fine-grained sediments, classified as estuarine sediments, hold more organic carbon than coarse-grained sediments sampled on barriers. A good correlation of organic carbon with silt sediments allowed the construction of a prediction map for marine sedimentary carbon in this estuarine/lake environment using multibeam echosounder data. Our findings highlight the importance of additional inputs to multibeam echosounder data to achieve the most accurate results.

Sedimentary model for mixed depositional systems along the Pacific margin of the Antarctic Peninsula: Decoding the interplay of deep-water processes

Mixed (turbidite-contourite) depositional systems are formed by a complex interplay of deep-water processes. An evaluation of their morphological elements and their lateral and spatial distribution is crucial to better understand the interplay of transport and depositional processes, involving along-slope bottom currents and down-slope turbidity currents. This work investigates extensive and still active mixed depositional systems developed along the Pacific margin of the Antarctic Peninsula, which comprise large asymmetric mounded drifts, dendritic channel-complex systems and wide trunk channels. These systems offer a unique setting to investigate diverse morphological elements at a high-resolution spatial scale (10–100 m), using multibeam bathymetry and acoustic sub-bottom profiles. Four main seismic units define distinct evolutionary stages for the Pleistocene to present day record: a) 1.3–1 Ma, characterized by aggradational mounded drifts built by a dominant along-slope bottom current; b) 1–0.6 Ma, built by synchronous interactions between a SW-flowing bottom current and NW-directed turbidity currents; c) 0.6–0.2 Ma, characterized by deposition of thick gravitational deposits across the margin under a weak SW-flowing bottom current comprising modified Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (LCDW); and d) 0.2 Ma – present, when synchronous interactions between the bottom current, characterized by flow speed fluctuations, and ephemeral turbidity currents led to intercalations of turbidites, contourites, reworked turbidite deposits and hemipelagites. Alternations in the stratigraphic stacking pattern suggest cyclic spatial and temporal variations of gravity-driven down-slope processes and along-slope bottom currents, which were responsible for the construction of these modern mixed depositional systems and which themselves were controlled by glacial-interglacial changes. The new results are compared with similar mixed depositional systems to decode the main processes involved in their formation, explore their interactions at short- and long-term time scales, and propose a conceptual sedimentary model.

Recent morpho-sedimentary processes in Dove Basin, southern Scotia Sea, Antarctica: A basin-scale case of interaction between bottom currents and mass movements

Multibeam bathymetric imagery and acoustic sub-bottom profiles are used to reveal distribution patterns of sub-surface sedimentation in Dove Basin (Scotia Sea). The goals of the study are to determine the imprint of the inflow of deep Antarctic water masses from the Weddell Sea into the Scotia Sea, to establish the factors driving the styles of contourite deposition and to discern the relative contribution of alongslope versus downslope processes to the construction of the uppermost late Quaternary sedimentary record in the basin.The most significant morpho-sedimentary features in Dove Basin are linked to contouritic processes and to mass movements. Plastered drifts on the flanks of the basin constitute the most common contouritic deposits. Basement-controlled drifts on top of structural elevations are common along the central ridge, the central basin plain and scattered along the basin flanks. Sheeted drifts occur on top of adjacent banks or are restricted to the deep basin. In contrast, mounded drifts are poorly represented in Dove basin. A laterally extensive contouritic channel runs along the central ridge. Contouritic channels are also identified in the upper parts of the lateral banks and slopes. Numerous slide scars along the upper parts of the slopes evolve downslope into semitransparent lens-shaped bodies, with occasional development of across-slope channels. Semitransparent lenses occur intercalated within stratified deposits in the slopes of the basin, in the central ridge and in the deepest basin plain.The spatial arrangement of contouritic morphologies points to the influence of the water column structure and the basin physiography. In the eastern sub-basin, two different fractions (lower and upper) of Weddell Sea Deep Water (WSDW) leave an imprint on contourite deposits owing to the sloping interface between the two fractions. Contouritic influence is more subdued in the western sub-basin, and limited to the imprint of the lower WSDW. The upper parts of the surrounding banks are under the influence of deep-reaching Circumpolar waters (i.e., Lower Circumpolar Deep Water), which develops both depositional and erosional morphologies. The cross-section V-shaped morphology of the basin and the common occurrence of structural highs drive the predominance of plastered and basement-controlled drifts in the sediment record. The frequent alternation between contourites and downslope gravity-flow deposits is likely due to different processes associated with over-steepening in the basin, such as basement-controlled steep slopes, deformed drifts atop basement elevations, and the development of thick contouritic piles. Dove Basin is an example of a basin without mounded, plastered or mixed hybrid drifts in the transition between the lower slope and the deep basin, because the upper boundary of the deepest water mass —the Weddell Sea Deep Water— flows shallower along the middle slope. This fact underlines the relevance of the position and depth of water masses in shaping the morphology of the feet of slopes along continental margins.

Insights into the Connaught sequence of the Timiskaming varve series from Frederick House Lake, northeastern Ontario

A sub-bottom acoustic profile survey encountered a mass transport deposit (MTD) bed, 5–7 m thick, interbedded within glaciolacustrine deposits of glacial Lake Ojibway at Frederick House Lake, Ontario, Canada. Analysis of the thickness patterns of rhythmic couplets in recovered core samples revealed that the Connaught sequence, the youngest of the Timiskaming varve series, immediately underlie and overlie the MTD. Comparison to regional published varve series reveals two possible interpretations for the varve numbering: varve (v) 2066 to v2115, which requires the inference of a 55 varve year (vyr) disconformity just below the Connaught sequence, while the alternative numbering, v2011a to v2060a (a = alternative), extends continuously from older varves. Circumstantial evidence supporting the alternative numbering is as follows: (i) the uncertainty of applying a common 55 vyr disconformity to three varve series located up to 23 km apart and which otherwise exhibit closely matching thickness plots; (ii) the lack of evidence of an erosive unconformity in the sub-bottom acoustic profiles from Frederick House Lake; and (iii) the uncertain varve count within a key part of the Matagami series, located about 300 km away and from which the 55 vyr disconformity is extrapolated. At Frederick House Lake, the alternative numbering indicates that the maximum position of the Cochrane ice advance and the Connaught varves may be, in effect, contemporary in age. More broadly, the alternative numbering indicates that the youngest known varve that formed before the terminal drainage of glacial Lake Ojibway is v2074a rather than v2129 in the original numbering.

Geochemical and sedimentological responses of arctic glacial Lake Ilirney, chukotka (far east Russia) to palaeoenvironmental change since ∼51.8 ka BP

Palaeoenvironmental reconstructions with temporal coverages extending beyond Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) three are scarce within the data sparse region of Chukotka, Far East Russia. The objective of this paper is to infer palaeoenvironmental variability from a 10.76 m long, OSL- and 14C- dated sediment core from Lake Ilirney, Chukotka (67°21′N, 168°19′E). We analysed high-resolution sediment-geochemistry (XRF), sedimentology (TC, TN, TOC, grain-size), mineralogy (XRD) and preliminary micropalaeontological data (diatoms and pollen) from the core as well as acoustic sub-bottom profiling data from the lake basin. Our results affirm the application of XRF-based sediment-geochemical proxies as effective tracers of palaeoenvironmental variability within arctic lake systems. Our study reveals that a lake formed during MIS3 from 51.8 (±4.1) ka BP, following extensive MIS4 glaciation. Catchment palaeoenvironmental conditions during this time remained harsh associated with the continued presence of a catchment glacier until 36.2 (±2.6) ka BP. Partial amelioration reflected by increased diatom, catchment vegetation and lake organic productivity and clastic sediment input from mixed sources from 36.2 (±2.6) ka BP resulted in a lake high-stand ∼15 m above present and is interpreted as evidence of a more productive palaeoenvironment coincident with the MIS3 interstadial optimum. A transitional period of deteriorating palaeoenvironmental conditions occurred ∼30–27.9 ka BP and was superseded by periglacial-glacial conditions from 27.9 (±0.8) ka BP, during the last glacial maximum. Deglaciation as marked by sediment-geochemical proxies commenced at 20.2 (±0.8) ka BP. Our findings are compared with lacustrine, Yedoma and river-bluff records from across Beringia and potentially yield limited support for a marked Younger Dryas cooling in the study area.

Enigmatic Deep-Water Mounds on the Orphan Knoll, Labrador Sea

Deep-sea mounds can have a variety of origins and may provide hard-substrate features in depths that are normally dominated by mud. Orphan Knoll, a 2 km high bedrock horst off northeast Newfoundland, hosts more than 250 mounds of unknown composition, 10-1000 m high and 1-3 km wide in water depths of 1600–3200 m. The study objective was to characterize the size, shape, orientation, and composition of the enigmatic Orphan Knoll mounds, in order to determine their age and origin. Archival ship-based side-scan sonar, multibeam sonar, airgun, high-resolution sparker and 3.5 kHz acoustic sub-bottom profiling, and newly acquired ship-based multibeam sonar, video transects by remotely operated vehicle (ROV), rock samples, and near-bottom multibeam sonar data were analyzed. Four mounds were studied during two ROV dives. Archival sidescan sonar data show >200 mounds. Sparker profiles show that the mound crests are covered by condensed stratified Quaternary sediment and airgun seismic data show faults reaching near the seafloor. New multibeam sonar data show mounds are dominantly conical to elliptical in shape, but without preferred orientation or alignment. ROV transects and near-bottom multibeam showed that three mounds were rounded and symmetrically arranged, while a fourth was more asymmetrical, with steep faces on the southwestern and southeastern flanks, where finely bedded to massive sedimentary bedrock outcropped dipping 15-45°SW. Rock samples from the mounds include Eocene calcareous ooze and mid-Miocene bedded pelagic limestone. Thick ferromanganese crusts were found on many surfaces, obscuring possible outcrops from physical sampling. Polymetallic nodules were found on the slope of one mound. Ice-rafted detritus, including igneous and metamorphic rocks and Paleozoic limestone and dolostone, was common in the sediments immediately surrounding the mounds. Quaternary sub-fossil solitary scleractinian corals accumulated over a span of at least 0.18 Ma at the base of one mound. The presence of uplifted condensed Eocene-Miocene rocks on the mounds and faulting in seismic profiles suggest uplift during reactivation of old rift-related faults during the Neogene, with seabed mass wasting creating residual mounds, which were then draped by Quaternary proglacial muds. Sculpting of hemipelagic Quaternary sediment by bottom currents probably contributed to mound morphology.

Sub-bottom acoustic profiling as a remediation assessment tool for contaminated lakes

Frame Lake, a small (88.4 ha), shallow (< 6.5 m maximum depth), high-latitude lake found within the city limits of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada was selected due to the known legacy contamination of the lake’s sediments to test the feasibility of using seismic sub-bottom profiling to estimate total volumes of heavy metal contaminated sediments in lacustrine environments. To ground-truth the sub-bottom profiling results, physical and ICP-MS analyses were carried out on freeze cores collected from Frame Lake’s southern basin, and sedimentological marker beds and 14C dating was used to chronologically constrain the lake depositional history. ICP-MS results showed high levels of arsenic contamination (up to 1538 µg g−1) in late twentieth-century lake sediments, which contrasts sharply with measured Holocene values that averaged only 16 µg g−1 (n = 41, ± 5.4 SD). The high arsenic content in lakebed sediments, which tends to be concentrated within specific horizons, results in distinct seismic reflectors within the acquired Sonar data. Stratigraphic horizons where arsenic was concentrated do not necessarily correlate with actual depositional events as changes in lake hydrology and redox conditions have resulted in remobilization and migration of arsenic in lake sediments. Direct GIS software comparison of core data against the sub-bottom profiler transect results permitted an interpolated lateral and vertical reconstruction of the distribution of variously contaminated sediments throughout the entire lake basin. Based on our analysis, a minimum of ~ 230,000 m3 of contaminated sediments would need to be dredged from Frame Lake to achieve a minimum residual sediment arsenic concentration of < 150 µg g−1.

Deglacial and postglacial paleoseismological archives in mass movement deposits of lakes of south-central Québec

Investigation of seismic activity in eastern Canada is important for natural hazard management as two major active seismic zones with many historical records are located in the region: the Western Québec seismic zone (WQSZ) and the Charlevoix–Kamouraska seismic zone (CKSZ), with the latter being the most active in northeastern America. This paper describes and analyses a dataset of high-resolution swath bathymetric imagery, sub-bottom profiles, and sediments cores collected in three lakes (Maskinongé, Aux-Sables, and St-Joseph) located between two active seismic zones. The geomorphology observed on high-resolution swath bathymetric imagery, the acoustic sub-bottom profiles, and the sediment analysis indicate that the lakes were disturbed by three phases of seismically induced mass movements since deglaciation: (i) during the deglacial Champlain Sea transgression and the rapid initial glacio-isostatic rebound between ∼13 and 10.5 ka cal BP; (ii) around 1180 AD; and (iii) the well-documented CKSZ 1663 AD M &gt;7 historical earthquake. The second phase of earthquake events (1180 AD) corresponds chronologically to a previously documented large landslide in western Québec, dated at ∼1020 years BP. This earthquake is responsible for remobilizing the largest volume of sediments in the entire stratigraphic sequence of Lake Maskinongé, the westernmost lake. This earthquake was not recorded in Lake Aux-Sables and St-Joseph, which are located eastward from Maskinongé, but the largest mass movement deposits are associated with the well-known 1663 AD event of eastern Québec. Therefore, both earthquake events are interpreted to have different epicenters and the lakes of southeastern Québec recorded earthquakes from both seismic zones.

Morphology and activity of the Helgoland Mud Volcano in the Sorokin Trough, northern Black Sea

Abstract Morphological change and activity of submarine mud volcanoes (MVs) are still poorly understood. In this study, we integrated acoustic subbottom profiles, Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) high-resolution bathymetric and backscatter data, Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) seafloor observations, Bottom Water Temperatures (BWT), and compositions of gas samples collected from three research expeditions, to study the morphology and activity of the Helgoland mud volcano (Helgoland MV) in the Sorokin Trough of the Black Sea. Based on the micro bathymetric and backscatter maps, we conducted a geomorphological analysis which differentiates the Helgoland MV into five regions, which are: the active center, the inner crest, the inner moat, the outer crest, and an outer moat. Special seafloor features, such as gas bubble emissions, mud breccia and mud pools, were observed in different regions by ROV observations. They indicate a heterogeneous distribution of materials and activities at the Helgoland MV. Active mud extrusion from the center was inferred from BWT elevations (up to 1.652 °C) that showed the same orientation as a major fault (NW-SE) at the location. Methane stable carbon isotopes (−58.1∼−63.6‰) and molecular compositions of light hydrocarbons (C1/C2+ = 2836, CH4 = 99.545%, C2H6 = 0.033%, C3H8 = 0.002%, CO2 = 0.417%) suggest a predominance of biogenic hydrocarbons with an admixture of thermogenic gas. Circular faults surrounding the Helgoland MV, as observed in the bathymetric and sub-bottom profiles, are speculated to be formed due to subsidence of the MV caldera and gravity driven sediment movement. A conceptual model is proposed to explain the interrelationship between the seafloor morphology and activity of the Helgoland MV. Combining multidisciplinary data, especially from the application of ROVs and AUVs, broaden the scope in which the activity and morphology of submarine mud volcanoes can be investigated.

Characteristics and genetic analysis of submarine landslides in the northern slope of the South China Sea

Although the structural characteristics and triggering mechanisms of submarine landslides have been investigated, little attention has been paid toward the submarine landslides in canyons. In the Baiyun canyon, there are many small submarine landslides that could be an important sediment transport process of the canyons, but few have been studied. This study aims to examine the characteristics and mechanisms of submarine landslides in the Baiyun canyon on the northern continental slope of the South China Sea using multibeam depth data, acoustic sub-bottom profiles, and borehole data. The results suggest that the submarine landslides are mainly distributed in the head and side valley walls of the canyons. The surface morphology of the landslides is broken-stepped, tongued, or round, and the area of the landslides varies between 0.04 and 15.13 km2. Nevertheless, most of the landslides have an area of less than 2 km2. The scarp height of most landslides is between 20 and 40 m. Based on the internal acoustic structures of the landslides, the submarine landslides can be divided into brittle and plastic. The brittle landslides have clear landslide walls or sliding surfaces, whereas the interior of the landslides in the upper slope area of 650–740 m near the source of submarine canyon has the original stratigraphic structure. The interior of the plastic landslides is typically chaotic and has no clear landslide walls or sliding surfaces. The plastic landslides mainly occur in the head and sides of the canyon. We determined the slope stability using the software GeoSlope and concluded that the strength of the soil on the seabed slopes and the slope gradient are the main factors that control the landslides in the study area. Landslides occur when the slope gradient is greater than 9°. In addition, when the horizontal seismic load is not zero, slopes with a gradient of less than 9° are unstable. This study will be helpful in geological risk assessments and understanding of sediment transportation in the northern margin of the Northern South China Sea.

Late-Quaternary glacial to postglacial sedimentation in three adjacent fjord-lakes of the Québec North Shore (eastern Canadian Shield)

High-resolution swath bathymetry imagery allowed mapping in great detail the sublacustrine geomorphology of lakes Pentecôte, Walker and Pasteur, three deep adjacent fjord-lakes of the Québec North Shore (eastern Canada). These sedimentary basins have been glacio-isostatically uplifted to form deep steep-sided elongated lakes. Their key geographical position and limnogeological characteristics typical of fjords suggest exceptional potential for long-term high-resolution paleoenvironmental reconstitutions. Acoustic subbottom profiles acquired using a bi-frequency Chirp echosounder (3.5 & 12 kHz), together with cm- and m-long sediment core data, reveal the presence of four acoustic stratigraphic units. The acoustic basement (Unit 1) represents the structural bedrock and/or the ice-contact sediments of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and reveals V-shaped bedrock valleys at the bottom of the lakes occupied by ice-loaded sediments in a basin-fill geometry (Unit 2). Moraines observed at the bottom of lakes and in their structural valleys indicate a deglaciation punctuated by short-term ice margin stabilizations. Following ice retreat and their isolation, the fjord-lakes were filled by a thick draping sequence of rhythmically laminated silts and clays (Unit 3) deposited during glaciomarine and/or glaciolacustrine settings. These sediments were episodically disturbed by mass-movements during deglaciation due to glacial-isostatic rebound. AMS 14C dating reveal that the transition between deglaciation of the lakes Pentecôte and Walker watersheds and the development of para- and post-glacial conditions occurred around 8000 cal BP. The development of the lake-head river delta plain during the Holocene provided a constant source of fluvial sediment supply to the lakes and the formation of turbidity current bedforms on the sublacustrine delta slopes. The upper sediment succession (i.e., ∼4–∼6.5 m) consists of a continuous para-to post-glacial sediment drape (Unit 4) that contains laminated and massive sediment and series of Rapidly Deposited Layers. These results allow establishing a conceptual model of how a glaciated coastal fjord evolves during and after deglaciation in a context of rapid glacio-isostatically induced forced regression.

Geomorphology and Late Pleistocene–Holocene Sedimentary Processes of the Eastern Gulf of Finland

In 2017, a detailed study of the Eastern Gulf of Finland (the Baltic Sea) seafloor was performed to identify and map submerged glacial and postglacial geomorphologic features and collect data pertinent to the understanding of sedimentation in postglacial basins. Two key areas within the Gulf were investigate using a multibeam echosounder, SeaBat 8111 and an EdgeTech 3300-HM acoustic sub-bottom profiling system. High-resolution multibeam bathymetric data (3-m resolution) were used to calculate aspect, slope, terrain ruggedness and bathymetric position index using ArcGIS Spatial Analyst and the Benthic Terrain Modeler toolbox. These data and resultant thematic maps revealed, for the first time, such features as streamlined till ridges, end-moraine ridges, and De Geer moraines that are being used for the reconstruction of the deglaciation in the Eastern Gulf of Finland. This deglaciation occurred between 13.8 and 13.3 ka BP (Pandivere–Neva stage) and 12.25 ka BP (Salpausselkä I stage). Interpretations of the seismic-reflection profiles and 3D models showing the surfaces of till, and the identification of the Late Pleistocene sediment and modern bottom relief, indicate deep relative water-level fall in the Early Holocene and, most likely, several water-level fluctuations during this time.

Sensitive clay landslide detection and characterization in and around Lakelse Lake, British Columbia, Canada

The Lakelse Lake area in northwestern British Columbia, Canada, has a long history, and prehistory, of rapid sensitive clay landslides moving on very low gradients. However, until now, many landslides have gone undetected. We use an array of modern tools to identify hitherto unknown or poorly known landslide deposits, including acoustic subbottom profiles, multibeam sonar, and LiDAR. The combination of these methods reveals not only landslide deposits, but also geomorphic and sedimentologic structures that give clues about landslide type and mode of emplacement. LiDAR and bathymetric data reveal the areal extent of landslide deposits as well as the orientation of ridges that differentiate between spreading and flowing kinematics. The subbottom profiles show two-dimensional structures of disturbed landslide deposits, including horst and grabens indicative of landslides classified as spreads. A preliminary computer tomography (CT) scan of a sediment core confirms the structures of one subbottom profile. We also use archival data from the Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure and resident interviews to better characterize historic landslides.

Subglacial processes on an Antarctic ice stream bed. 1: Sediment transport and bedform genesis inferred from marine geophysical data

ABSTRACTThe spatial pattern and morphometry of bedforms and their relationship to sediment thickness have been analysed in the Marguerite Bay Palaeo-ice stream Trough, western Antarctic Peninsula. Over 17 000 glacial landforms were measured from geophysical datasets, and sediment thickness maps were generated from acoustic sub-bottom profiler data. These analyses reveal a complex bedform pattern characterised by considerable spatial diversity, influenced heavily by the underlying substrate. The variability in length and density of mega-scale lineations indicates an evolving bedform signature, whereby landforms are preserved at different stages of maturity. Lineation generation and attenuation is associated with regions of thick, soft till where deformation was likely to be the greatest. The distribution of soft till and the localised extent of grounding-zone wedges (GZWs) indicate a dynamic sedimentary system characterised by considerable spatio-temporal variability in sediment erosion, transport and deposition. Formation of GZWs on the outer shelf of Marguerite Trough, within the error range of the radiocarbon dates, requires large sediment fluxes (upwards of 1000 m3 a−1 (m grounding line width)−1), and a &gt;1 m thick mobile till layer, or rapid basal sliding velocities (upwards of 6 km a−1).

A glacial landform assemblage from an inter-ice stream setting in the eastern Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica

Large ice streams that drain the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) into the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE) are currently thinning, accelerating and retreating rapidly (e.g. Rignot et al. 2014). These ice streams are assumed to have reached the continental shelf edge during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; c. 23–19 cal ka BP), some 450 km north of the modern grounding line (e.g. Larter et al. 2014). Recent modelling results suggest that the expanded LGM ice sheet was characterized by fast-flowing regions across the entire ASE shelf (Golledge et al. 2013). However, the original geomorphological imprint of former fast ice-flow has usually only been preserved within deep palaeo-ice stream troughs, for example as mega-scale glacial lineations (MSGLs) (Clark 1993). In contrast, the morphological record in inter-ice stream settings is believed to have been subsequently obliterated by ploughing iceberg keels (e.g. Dowdeswell & Bamber 2007). As a result, evidence for palaeo-ice sheet dynamics in these regions, which make up a substantial portion of the former ice-sheet bed, remain largely understudied (Ottesen & Dowdeswell 2009). The undisturbed geomorphological record from a palaeo-inter-ice stream setting in the ASE, north of Burke Island, revealed an assemblage of subglacial landforms that is entirely different from those in the deep troughs (Klages et al. 2013). The geomorphological record therefore provides new insights into basal conditions of the former WAIS in the Amundsen Sea sector that is also relevant to other sectors and to ice-sheet beds outside Antarctica. The seafloor in the inter-ice stream setting between the Pine Island (PIT) and the Abbot (AT) palaeo-ice stream troughs in the ASE (Fig. 1a) is characterized by a unique assemblage of glacial landforms that includes the following features (Klages et al. 2013, 2015). Fig. 1. Multibeam-bathymetry and acoustic sub-bottom profiles of submarine glacial landforms in an inter-ice stream setting …

Stratified glacimarine basin-fills in West Greenland fjords

Acoustically stratified sediments that infill glacially eroded bedrock basins are common in fjords (Seramur et al. 1997; Gilbert et al. 1998; Hogan et al. 2012; Dowdeswell & Vasquez 2013). Internally, such stratified sediments are often characterized by relatively smooth reflections that parallel the seafloor. Sills between basins usually comprise bedrock, sometimes covered by a thin veneer of glacimarine sediment and/or till. Fjords in West Greenland, including Rink Fjord and Vaigat, contain bedrock basins infilled by acoustically stratified sediment (Fig. 1). The basin fills are a product of rain-out from turbid meltwater plumes, probably supplemented by iceberg-rafting and downslope resedimentation. Fig. 1. Multibeam bathymetry and acoustic sub-bottom profiles of submarine basins close to the coast of West Greenland. ( a ) Multibeam bathymetry from Rink Fjord, West Greenland, with water depths >1000 m. ( b ) 3.5 kHz sub-bottom profile from Rink Fjord showing stratified, conformable basin fill (Facies 2) between basement pinnacles (Facies 1). VE×96. ( c , d ) Multibeam bathymetry in Vaigat strait and a coastal basin, West Greenland, respectively; arrows indicate ice-flow directions during the last glacial based on the orientation of sculpted …

Debris-flow deposits on the West Antarctic continental slope

Most of the West Antarctic continental margin has prograded during Neogene and Quaternary times, due largely to sediment delivery to the shelf break by ice sheets (Larter & Cunningham 1993; Nitsche et al. 2000; Cooper et al. 2008). Continental slope progradation is widely attributed to debris-flow deposition, but geophysical data that show the morphology of individual debris-flow deposits are rare. Morphologically, the continental slope can be divided into low seafloor gradient (<3°) trough-mouth fans (TMFs), developed at the mouths of some large palaeo-ice streams, and inter-fan areas with steeper slopes. We describe acoustic sub-bottom profiles and a sediment core from debris-flow deposits on Belgica Fan (Dowdeswell et al. 2008) and a sub-bottom profile of a debris-flow deposit on an inter-fan area on the Amundsen Sea continental slope (Fig. 1a). Fig. 1. Acoustic profiles from the West Antarctic continental slope and photographs and x-radiographs of a sediment core from the Belgica Fan (Dowdeswell et al. 2008). ( a ) Location of study areas (red box and red-filled rhombus; map from IBCSO v. 1.0). ( b ) Oblique view from NNE of a new regional bathymetry compilation over outer Belgica Trough (BT) and Belgica Fan (BF), incorporating all available multibeam and single-beam bathymetry, with shaded-relief illumination from ENE. Grid-cell size c. 900 m. White lines labelled x–x′ and y–y′ show locations of (c) and (d), respectively, and white oval shows location of (e). …

Seismic stratigraphy of the Heuksan mud belt in the southeastern Yellow Sea, Korea

To establish the seismic stratigraphy of the Heuksan mud belt (HMB) and reconstruct its depositional history, approximately 1,600 km of high-resolution seismic data were newly obtained using chirp acoustic sub-bottom profiler, sparker, and air-gun seismic systems. Based on seismic stratigraphic analysis, the HMB can be divided into three major seismic units (I, II, and III, from top to bottom) and four subunits (II-a, II-b, III-a, and III-b) overlying transgressive sands, pre-last glacial maximum (LGM) deposits, and the acoustic basement. Each unit and subunit show different seismic facies and geometry, being clearly separated from each other by bounding surfaces formed since the LGM. The spatial distribution, thicknesses and volumes of the seismic units were determined and plotted to document the sequential formation of the HMB. The correlation between deep drill core data (HMB-101, HMB-102, HMB-103, YSDP-101, and YSDP-102) and the seismic data suggests that subunits III-b and III-a were formed by the continuous accumulation of fine-grained sediment with partial sandy sediment in an estuarine/deltaic environment during the early to middle transgressive stage, accompanied by landward migration of the shoreline. Subunits II-b and II-a were probably formed by re-deposition of large volumes of sediment eroded from unit III during the middle transgressive to early highstand stage. Unit I is interpreted as the most recent mud deposit representing the highstand systems tract when sea-level rise terminated. The careful definition of seismic units and their interpretation proposed in this study, on the basis of the large and partly new seismic dataset covering the entire HMB together with deep drill core data, have been instrumental in reconstructing the depositional environment and formation mechanisms of the HMB.