Behavioral Style Research Articles

Remote work demands and work-life balance: Moderating effect of perceived leadership behavior

This study investigates the relationship between remote work demands, work stress, and work-life balance among employees in the service sector, specifically those working in Information Technology companies. The COVID-19 pandemic has forced organizations to shift to a new mode of working, which has led to significant changes in work and family roles. Due to the unpredicted changes, remote work causes work stress among employees. A cross-sectional study was chosen, and data were gathered from 242 employees working in the service industry. A purposeful sampling technique is used, and data were collected using a questionnaire. Grounded with Conservation of Resources (COR) stress theory and transformational leadership theory, the result of moderated mediation analyses specifies that the negative influence of remote work demands on the work-life balance of employees is potentially increased by work stress and reversed by the influence of their leader’s behavior style, specifically transformational leadership. Through the dimensions of transformational leadership such as idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individualized consideration, intellectual simulation, the leaders help the individuals working in the team cope with stress and support them in all possible ways to achieve the goal. The outcome also signifies the moderating effect of gender on balancing work and life.

Analyzing the Application of the Theory of Career Selection and Development according to Tom Holland to Students

Career guidance is one aspect of developmental guidance, so it is very necessary throughout a child's development. According to Holland, a very basic important element is that choosing and adapting a career is a reflection of a person's personality. One's career choice will represent an expansion of one's personality and an attempt to implement a broad range of personal behavioral styles within the context of one's work life. The subjects in this research were students in class IX-3 with a total of 30 students. The data collection technique used to analyze the data was by distributing questionnaires over a number of sheets of paper and analyzing them again using a Google Form review and the percentage results are then managed to find problems. This research uses primary data sources, the data analysis technique used is qualitative data analysis . So research results were found which showed that some students at the school did not have interest and talent in investigative and conventional environmental models. So that there is no suitability for applying Tom Holland's theory among students, which means that the problem is found in the field of learning, namely learning difficulties in understanding regular number calculations as well as well-organized language and the intellectual domain which influences the personality in determining the next career direction. because it is difficult to be an individual who is systematic and structured and has good and thorough planning. What role a counselor can play in providing career guidance services really depends on the focus of the career guidance/counseling they are dealing with.

ИЗМЕНЧИВОСТЬ ТИПОВ ИНСТРУМЕНТАЛЬНОГО ПОВЕДЕНИЯ ОПЕРАТОРОВ ПРИ МНОГОКРАТНОМ ВЫПОЛНЕНИИ МЕТОДИКИ «ГОМЕОСТАТ»

We investigated the relationship between the personal instrumental behavior of operators and success of group work on the «Homeostat» procedure. Previously it has been stated that analysis of the efficiency of homeostatic task performance concentrates predominantly on the motor-active activities rather than motor-inactive; obviously eccentric activities, motor-inactive particularly, do not add to the success. Styles of instrumental behavior were distributed into effective and ineffective. Success was boosted or impeded by certain instrumental activities in the process of passing from one task to another. In our investigation all possible combinations were divided into operation positive, negative and indefinite. More often than not, the presence of operation-positive members predisposed a successful task completion and, conversely, the presence of operation-negative members usually prognosticated a less successful completion. These observations point to the relationship between styles of instrumental behavior demonstrated by group members and level of success as a task group. However, for the relationship to be evident, a group should be composed with dominance of either operation-positive or operation-negative members.

Explaining the Creativity Model of Students Based on the Perception of Competence with the Role of Perfectionism

Objective: Students endowed with creative and critical thinking, alongside their unique intellectual and behavioral styles, confront academic and social life challenges. They efficiently fulfill their duties by optimally utilizing their existential forces and spirituality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of a model of student creativity based on perceived competence with the mediation of perfectionism. Methods and Materials: The design of this study was descriptive-correlational. For this purpose, 300 students were selected using cluster random sampling and responded to the Abedi Creativity Scale (1993), the Harter's Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents (1982), and the Frost, Marten, Lahart, and Rosenblate Perfectionism Scale (1995). Data analysis was performed using path analysis. Additionally, SPSS 24 and AMOS 24 software were utilized for classification, processing, data analysis, and hypothesis testing. Findings: The evaluation of the hypothesized model using fit indices showed that the model fits the measurement model (CFI=0.93, NFI=0.91, RMSEA=0.07). Overall, in the proposed model of the study, the results indicated that perceived competence is related to creativity both directly and indirectly through perfectionism (p<0.05). Moreover, the results showed a positive and significant relationship between perceived competence and perfectionism. Conclusion: Therefore, to enhance student creativity, intervening in perceived competence and perfectionism could be significant.

Coping Behavior, Stress Overcoming, and Attributive Styles as Adaptation Resources in Seafarers

Coping Behavior, Stress Overcoming, and Attributive Styles as Adaptation Resources in Seafarers

Analyzing correlations between approaches to analyzing decision-making styles

Descriptive decision-making theories center on the analysis of individuals' decision-making styles (DMSs). Different approaches have been used to study DMSs, but this study focuses on two approaches: those of (1) Scott & Bruce and (2) Rowe. Scott & Bruce categorizes DMSs into rational, intuitive, dependent, avoidant, and spontaneous, whereas Rowe delineates them into analytical, behavioral, conceptual, and directive. Previous studies have independently used these approaches to identify dominant DMSs or to establish correlations between DMSs and various personal characteristics. In this study, both DMS approaches were concurrently used to examine their correlations. The sample comprised 263 students, and correlation analyses were conducted on the entire dataset and its subsets while considering different characteristics (i.e. students' gender and study program, and the data collection timeframe). Multivariate correlation, along with descriptive statistics, was employed to investigate the correlation between the two approaches. The analysis revealed a positive correlation between the behavioral and dependent styles and a negative correlation between the avoidant and analytical styles. Additionally, the examination of the dominant and submissive styles indicated a significant connection between the analytical and rational DMSs. Overall, the two approaches exhibited weak connectivity. For a more comprehensive understanding of decision-makers' behavior and enhanced predictive capabilities, the concurrent application of the two approaches is imperative.

Learning Analytics Model for Predictive Analysis of Learners Behavior for an Indigenous MOOC Platform (Tadakhul System) in Oman

The Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) platforms are widely used by the learner community all over the world. Using MOOC, the learners can choose the course of interest and learn it in their own pace. The main problem encountered in most MOOC based learning is the lack of a learning analytic system that monitors the learners’ interaction with their enrolled courses. This problem leads to incompletion or discontinuation of the course. In this paper, ‘Tadakul’ system, an original bilingual (English and Arabic) MOOC platform is developed for students of higher education institutions of the Sultanate of Oman. Using the Tadakhul system, learners of various higher education institutions of Oman can enroll themselves in various courses of their interest and complete the course at their own pace. This research aims in understanding the impact of learning analytics system used in the Tadakhul system. A novel deep-learning approach used in the system monitors the learning process of the learners based on their interaction with the enrolled courses. The feedback thus obtained, using the deep-learning approach, can be used to improve the student learning experience. To analyze the feedback obtained from the learners, an innovative approach of combining Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) network with a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is proposed. The BiLSTM model performs well in analyzing the sequential data whereas the CNN model is good in extracting the spatial features at each hidden layer that are important for evaluating the student’s learning patterns. Thus the proposed model can identify learner’s learning behavior and learning styles that help teachers better understand the individual needs. The results of the experimental study revealed that the proposed model outperformed conventional machine learning approaches in predicting learner’s learning behavior. Hence, the results obtained by integrating BiLSTM and CNN models on the Tadakhul platform can improve the student experience by making teaching more efficient and effective.

Development of self-regulation in youth through online and offline training

Relevance: Modern youth faces a multitude of complex challenges that are integral to their lives: academic and professional demands, personal growth challenges, achieving work-life balance, and separating from parental influence. In the face of constant time and resource constraints, maintaining high productivity across all life spheres while avoiding burnout becomes a critical task. Mastery of self-regulation skills can contribute to solving this problem by helping young men and women cope with stress, effectively manage time and resources, and achieve harmony across different aspects of their lives. Objective: This research is aimed at theoretically analyzing the issue of self-regulation, determining the effectiveness of its development among young men through psychological training in online and offline formats. Methods: To achieve the stated objective, a combination of methods was employed: theoretical methods including analysis, synthesis, and summary of psychological literature; empirical methods involving observation; psychodiagnostic methods utilizing V.I. Morosanova's "Behavioral Self-Regulation Style" questionnaire; and statistical methods including Fisher's angular transformation. The study involved 36 participants aged 18 to 25 years. Results: The results of the empirical study on the development of self-regulation in youth showed higher effectiveness in developing self-regulation skills among young men through offline training. Future prospects for further research include investigating components of self-regulation and studying volitional self-regulation.

СОЦІАЛЬНА ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНІСТЬ РЕКЛАМИ ЯК КОМПОНЕНТ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНОГО МАРКЕТИНГУ

Manipulative advertising technologies, through the formation of pseudo-needs, become a powerful factor in stimulating demand, stratifying society into subjectively meaningful communities based on the criterion of access to prestigious brands, imitation of life strategies, manner and style of behavior of advertising characters. With the help of advertising, certain standards and life priorities are imposed, a new lifestyle and standards of behavior are formed, which leads to a change in the value-normative component of culture. A frugal attitude to resources is changing to a consumerist lifestyle, which poses the task of socially responsible marketing to take into account the concept of sustainable development, the formation of ethical consumption as a social phenomenon based on the type of consumer behavior and is a response to the growing concern of the world community about environmental problems, balanced, non-destructive and inexhaustible use of natural resources. The stability of social development will be facilitated by propaganda in the field of advertising universal human values and ethical norms of behavior. Socially responsible advertising, as a component of responsible marketing, through the provision of reliable information about goods and services, their compliance with the ethical and cultural values of different cultures, through the formation of a universal system of values and norms of social behavior, can become a powerful factor in a socially responsible approach to the development of business and society , contributing to the realization of the goals of sustainable development, which is on the agenda of today's unstable world. Therefore, the issue of enshrining in the legislation of Ukraine the concept of socially responsible advertising and observing its principles in the activities of advertising companies is urgent. First of all, public organizations should be involved in the social responsibility of business, which will give their assessment of business, including advertising, and give recommendations on whether to display it, change or abandon advertising that is socially dangerous.

Parental Practices of Controlling and Supporting the Autonomy of Elementary School Children and Early Adolescents in Russia: A Qualitative Study.

Children's and adolescents' development of autonomy depends on the relationship with their parents and the parents' child-rearing practices. These might be aimed towards supporting or restricting autonomy, as well as its different aspects, such as independence or volitional functioning. To compare the practices described by foreign researchers as being the most beneficial for supporting autonomy with those used on a daily basis by Russian parents of primary school children and early adolescents. We conducted 26 semi-structured interviews with 16 mothers and 10 fathers of primary school children (n = 10) and early adolescents (n = 16). The practices of autonomy support and control used by parents were mostly similar to those described in foreign literature. However, new features were found: Guidance, Explanation of Patterns, and "Area of Responsibility". The behavior of Russian parents can be described through practices specific to different situations. Qualitative research suggests the absence of a unified style of behavior in relation to children's independence. Two types of autonomy support practices were used: encouraging independence and support for volitional functioning. Encouraging children's volitional functioning was perceived by parents as something that guides their behavior, yet mention of this practice was much less explicit than mention of encouraging independence. Further reflection is required on the observed situationality of practices - whether it should be assessed as chaotic, hindering autonomy, or flexible, promoting it.

Японське життя в стилі аніме як туристичний ресурс

Nowadays, the business card of Japan, along with high-quality cars and advanced technologies, is such a tourist phenomenon as anime - cartoons, series and computer games in a characteristic Japanese artistic design style, which is distinguished by qualitative differences and, of course, its original drawing. Unlike cartoons from other countries, which are intended mainly for children's audiences (such as, for example, cartoons produced by the company "Walt Disney Productions" (USA), Japanese anime is designed for teenage and adult audiences, which is why it has gained worldwide popularity. Аnime сartoon characters always have cute hairstyles and sport figures, but the main thing that sets them apart is very large eyes, which, according to the Japanese, speaks of the desire of their owner to contact the outside world. Together with the heroes of anime cartoons, goods in the style of " kawaii" with the use of children's accessories were produced and the style of behavior of young people "cosplay" - reincarnation into cartoon characters with appropriate clothes and behavior became fashionable the anime subculture received a concentrated expression in 2010-2020 in the Tokyo district of Akihabara. Such a youth cultural phenomenon, similar to demonstratively careless clothing and the behavior of London hippies in the 1970s and 1980s, turned out to be a powerful tourist magnet, attracting first tens and now hundreds of thousands of visitors. Moreover, a festival called AnimeJapan has been held for ten years, where every year there are more exhibitor companies that produce anime films, series, computer games; "anime" goods, organize viewing of anime film productions in offline and online formats. In 2023, such a festival already attracted hundreds of thousands of "cosplayers" from Japan and abroad and turned into a powerful tourist event.

Assessment of Relationship between Lifestyle Behaviors and Severity of Perimenopausal Symptoms among Women

Menopause is a stage of transition from a reproductive to a non-reproductive state in the life of a woman. The perimenopause transition is defined as the period immediately before the menopause. The most common symptoms of menopause can be broken down into vasomotor, physical, emotional, or sexual complaints. Lifestyle behaviors play a significant role in women's experiencing menopausal symptoms during the perimenopause. Aims:It aims to assess the relationship between women's lifestyle behaviors and the severity of perimenopausal symptoms. Methods:Adescriptive correlational study of 120 perimenopausal women using a purposive sample was conducted at gynecology outpatient clinics and general medicine outpatient clinics at Assuit University hospitals from the first of January to the end of June 2023. Three tools were used for this study: a structured interview questionnaire, a modified menopausal rating scale, and a health promotion lifestyle profile. Results:This study reveals that 85.8% of perimenopausal women's lifestyle was poor. Also, 31.6% of perimenopausal women reported moderate perimenopausal symptoms. Somatic symptoms were the most prevalent symptoms on the menopausal rating scale, followed by psychological symptoms and, lastly, urogenital symptoms. There has been a highly statistically significant difference as regards the relationship between the severity of perimenopausal symptoms and women's lifestyle behaviors (p>0.001). Conclusion:There has been an intense negative correlation between women's lifestyle behaviors and the severity of perimenopausal symptoms. So, women need to get health education from the nurse specialists during perimenopause and nurses should plan and implement educational programs for the perimenopausal women about the healthy life style behaviors to reduce and manage their menopausal symptoms. Recommendation: Plan and implement a necessary educational program for perimenopausal women about healthy lifestyle behaviors to manage menopausal symptoms.

Розробка і впровадження нових організаційних структур в публічному секторі

Розробка і впровадження нових організаційних структур в публічному секторі

Antrenör Davranış Stilleri Algısının Spora Bağlılığı Yordama Etkisinin Yapısal Regresyon Modeli ile İncelenmesi

Bu çalışmada, sporcular tarafından algılanan antrenör davranışlarının spora bağlılık düzeylerini yordama etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma nicel araştırma yaklaşımlarından, ilişkisel araştırma deseni ile yürütülmüştür. Araştırma grubu, amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden ölçüt örnekleme ile belirlenen Sivas ilinde aktif olarak spor yapan, 18-27 yaş aralığında, 227’si erkek ve 166’sı kadın olmak üzere 393 sporcudan oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak, kişisel bilgi formu, antrenör davranış algısı ölçeği ve spora bağlılık ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler JAMOVI (2.2.5) programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde frekans, yüzde, ortalama, standart sapma, çarpıklık ve basıklık gibi betimsel istatistikler, Pearson korelasyon analizi, basit ve çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizlerinden faydalanılmıştır. Bulgulara göre sporcuların antrenör davranış stillerine yönelik algıları ile spora bağlılık (odaklanma, dinç olma) düzeyleri arasında anlamlı pozitif ilişkiler bulunmuştur. Ödüllendirici antrenör davranış algısının spora bağlılığın odaklanma boyutunu yordama etkisi anlamlıdır. Ödüllendirici davranış algısındaki 1 birimlik artış, odaklanma düzeyinde ,26 birimlik artışa karşılık gelmektedir ve odaklanma boyutundaki varyansın %11’ini açıklamaktadır. Eğitim-öğretim davranış algısının spora bağlılığın dinç olma boyutunu yordama etkisi anlamlıdır. Eğitim-öğretim davranış algısındaki 1 birimlik artış dinç olma düzeyinde ,17 birimlik artışa karşılık gelmektedir ve dinç olma boyutundaki varyansın yaklaşık olarak %14’ünü açıklamaktadır. Diğer boyutların spora bağlılığın boyutları üzerinde yordama etkisi anlamlı bulunmamıştır. Sonuç olarak, sporcuların antrenör davranış stillerine yönelik algıları ile spora bağlılık düzeyleri arasında anlamlı ilişki gözlenmiş olsa da yalnızca ödüllendirici ve eğitim-öğretim alt boyutlarındaki davranış algısı yordayıcıdır.

LEADERSHIP IN LONG-TERM CARE LEADERSHIP: THE NURSING HOME ADMINISTRATOR’S JOURNEY DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted long-term care (LTC) leadership and has made us all aware of the preciousness of life and the resilience it takes to keep moving forward during challenging times. This study aimed to understand how long-term care administrators have experienced changes in their leadership abilities and explore what resources they have drawn on to manage the COVID-19 pandemic. A qualitative research design included individual interviews (n = 20) conducted with LTC Administrators serving in leadership roles during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data were subjected to thematic analysis. Three categories related to long-term care administrators’ experiences of leading during the COVID-19 pandemic were identified: (1) changes in leadership behavior and decision-making styles, (2) transformational experiences of leadership during COVID-19, and (c) important lessons learned during a pandemic. We found that LTC leaders have responded to the COVID-19 pandemic by adapting, navigating, and creating new ways to be leaders in an environment of rapidly changing regulations. Findings illustrate how LTC leadership has experienced nursing home and assisted living administrators during the COVID-19 pandemic. There have been innovative changes in care processes, workflows, and responses to regulation. Long-term care leaders have been forced to create new ways to lead, resulting in new leadership styles emerging.

Corrigendum to: Criterion validity of an instrument to measure behavioral styles in Ecuadorian population

Corrigendum to: Criterion validity of an instrument to measure behavioral styles in Ecuadorian population In the article entitled "Estudio de validez de criterio de un instrumento para medir estilos conductuales en población ecuatoriana", published on pages 123-142, number 1, volume 11 of the journal CienciAmérica by authors Moreno and Puertas published in 2022 [1], there is a correction in the section "DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST". SCOPE TEXT Subsequent to the publication of this article, Dr. Jaime Moreno was informed that he is listed as the author of the system called "Psiconet", which is registered with SENADI. This fact was completely unknown to the aforementioned author, which is why it was not possible to inform the Journal of this fact in a timely manner. Acting with such unawareness, Dr. Moreno CLARIFIES in the present statement, that there is a title registered in his name as author of the system called "Psiconet" and that this fact does not compromise or invalidate the integrity, findings and conclusions of the present article. This clarification seeks to ensure transparency and reaffirm the validity of the work. Note from the editor of CienciAmérica: the journal remains neutral with this process. The online version of the original article can be found at doi: 10.33210/ca.v11i1.385. REFERENCE [1] J. Moreno and L. Puertas, “Estudio de validez de criterio de un instrumento para medir estilos conductuales en población ecuatoriana”, CienciAmérica, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 123, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.33210/ca.v11i1.385 . This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.

РОЛЬ РОССИЙСКОГО КРЕАТИВНОГО КЛАССА В РАЗВИТИИ СОВРЕМЕННОГО ОБщЕСТВА

The article is devoted to the study of the causes of the emergence of the creative class in a post-industrial society. The place and role that it plays in modern society is considered. The importance of the creative class lies in the fact that the growth of its number and the expansion of its influence on society leads to the fact that the introduction of scientific and technological progress in public production is happening at a faster pace. The purpose of the research presented in the article is to study the features of the creative class in the conditions of modern Russian society. The scientific novelty of the research consists in substantiating the relationship between the emergence of a creative class and the formation and development of a post-industrial society. New requirements are being imposed on employees of post-industrial society, the main of which are creativity. An objective need to activate and encourage a person’s creative abilities is being formed in society.
 The practical value of the research consists in the formation of prerequisites for the development of methods and technologies for motivating representatives of the Russian creative class, taking into account its characteristics and behavioral styles.

Women's personal behavioral styles and their relationship with types of money beliefs and behaviors, money attitudes and socio-psychological attitudes in the sphere of motivations and needs

Introduction. The study of the relationship between women's personal behavioral styles and various aspects of their attitudes to money has become relevant these days because of the forced adaptation of Ukrainians to new conditions of life and professional activity associated with a war in Ukraine. Aim: To analyze the relationship between women's personal behavioral styles and the types of money beliefs and behavior, money attitudes and socio-psychological attitudes in the field of motivations and needs. Methods. J. Hay's "Personal Styles" questionnaire, A. Furnham's "Money Beliefs and Behavior Scale" (MBBS) (modified by M. Simkiv), T. L. Tang's "Monetary Ethics Scale" method (MAS) (modified by M. Simkiv), and "Diagnostics of Social and Psychological Attitudes of the Individual in the Field of Motivations and Needs"). Results. There are positive and negative statistically significant relationships between personal styles ("Parent-controller", "Parent-educator", "Functional adult", "Adaptive child", "Natural child") and types of money beliefs and behavior (money obsession, power, economy, inappropriate behavior with money), monetary attitudes (money as a good, money as an evil, money as a means of achieving success, money as a factor in respect for people, planning expenses, money as a means of achieving freedom and power), as well as socio-psychological attitudes in the field of motivations and needs (process orientation, result orientation, altruism orientation, freedom orientation, power orientation, work orientation, and money orientation). Conclusions. The obtained results can be used in designing training and motivational programs for women in the system of state-run, commercial and public organizations.

Modern Psychological Technologies for Correcting Conflict Situations in Limited Coalitions (Based on Volleyball Material)

The purpose of the work – to determine the peculiarities of the response of sportswomen to conflict situations in the conditions of a limited coalition of the volleyball team in order to optimize the process of sports training. Materials and methods. Participants: 30 amateur volleyball players (women), who participated in park and beach volleyball competitions in the 2022-2023 season under the auspices of the Zaporizhzhia Regional Volleyball Federation. Age range: 18-27. Methods: Analysis and systematization of data from scientific and methodical literature and the electronic resource of global information network “Internet”; pedagogical observations; psychological testing according to the method of K. Thomas “Determining the style of behavior in a conflict situation”; pedagogical experiment of controlling orientation; methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The analysis of the experimental indicators allows us to state that the volleyball players of the main group significantly improved the “cooperation” (+6.67%) and “compromise” (+6.67%) indicators, while the “avoidance” indicator significantly decreased (-13.33%). Based on this, we note that the technology for correcting conflict situations in limited coalitions of the volleyball team is quite effective (indicators of volleyball players of the main group). Among the volleyball players of the control group, an increase in indicators according to the “compromise” criteria (+6.67%) and a decrease according to the “avoidance” criterion (-6.66%) were recorded. Conclusion. Modern technologies of psychological training in volleyball, which relate to issues of correction of conflict situations in limited coalitions, are a prerequisite for increasing the effectiveness of the competitive activity of volleyball players. The main ways of applying these technologies in the training process in volleyball are the psychological diagnosis of female athletes taking in to account their personal qualifications, social roles in the limited coalition of the volleyball team; targeted application in competitive micro- or mesocycles of training to increase the effectiveness of training and competitive activities in limited coalitions.

Understanding students’ backtracking behaviors in digital textbooks: a data-driven perspective

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to explore students’ backtracking patterns in using a digital textbook, reveal the relationship between backtracking behaviors and academic performance as well as learning styles. This study was carried out for 2 semesters on 102 university students and they are required to use a digital textbook system called DITeL to review courseware. Students’ backtracking behaviors are characterized by seven backtracking features extracted from interaction log data and their learning styles are measured by Felder–Silverman learning style model. The results of this study reveal that there is a subgroup of students called backtracker who backtrack more frequently and performed better than the average students. Furthermore, the causal inference analysis reveals that a higher initial ability can directly cause a higher frequency of backtracking, thus affecting the final test score. In addition, the significance analysis reveals no significant correlation between backtracking behavior and learning style. Building upon these experimental findings, we offer several suggestions for the future advancement of digital teaching materials development.