In recent years, increasing evidence has highlighted live-cell-based assay (live CBA) as the best available tool for screening for Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) autoantibodies (MOG-IgG) during MOG antibody-associated disease (MOGAD). However, in resource-limited settings in Latin America (LATAM), where even commercial kits (fixed CBA) can be scarce, accessing local live CBA is challenging due to its higher costs and technical complexity. In this narrative review, we identified 24 published studies that provide evidence of CBA locally used in LATAM countries. We identified only 4 studies (16.7 %) that used "live CBA" as the exclusive MOG-IgG testing method. Another 7 studies (29.2 %) reported using live CBA in combination with commercial tests ("live CBA and fixed CBA") to detect MOG-IgG. Brazil is the only country that has participated in all published studies using live CBA, either exclusively or alongside a commercial fixed assay. Argentina had the second largest participation in studies combining both methods (n = 4, 16.7 %), followed by Chile (n = 2, 8.3 %), Mexico (n = 2, 8.3 %), Ecuador (n = 2, 8.3 %), Colombia (n = 2, 8.3 %), Venezuela (n = 1, 4.1 %) and Peru (n = 1, 4.1 %), respectively. Our literature review suggests that live CBA availability is 16.7 % when considered as a single testing method, or up to 45.9 % when used to varying degrees in conjunction with fixed CBA. Importantly, more than half of the studies we analyzed (n = 13, 54.1 %) relied solely on commercial fixed assays ("fixed CBA" and "CBA") for MOG-IgG screening. Based on our findings, we critically discuss the pressing need for live CBA dissemination across LATAM countries. This initiative will lead to more accurate epidemiological data, enable faster diagnosis, and improve access to highly effective therapies for MOGAD patients living in this part of the world.

There is limited longitudinal data examining national gambling trends in Australia. This study examines longitudinal trends in gambling participation and higher-risk gambling in Australia from 2015 to 2022 using data from the nationally representative Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) panel study. Study participants were HILDA respondents aged 15 and older in 2015, 2018, or 2022 who completed the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI; N = 44,836 observations). Gambling participation was based on self-reported typical monthly expenditure on 10 gambling activities. Gambling risk was assessed using the 9-item PGSI and categorised as low-risk (0-2) or higher-risk (3+) gambling. Age and sex were included as socio-demographic variables. The results indicated that monthly gambling participation declined from 37.1% in 2015 to 32.9% in 2022 but levels of higher-risk gambling did not reduce at the same rate. Higher-risk gambling was independently associated with participation in electronic gaming machines (EGMs; OR = 8.0, p<0.001), race betting (OR = 2.3, p<0.001) and sports betting (OR = 1.5, p=0.01). These were the most popular forms of gambling among those aged under 25. Although overall gambling participation in Australia has declined to 2022, this did not result in a reduction to higher-risk gambling. Young adults were the least likely to gamble, but show disproportionate participation in EGMs, race, and sports betting, and an increasing rate of higher-risk gambling.

Efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of a cell culture-derived quadrivalent influenza vaccine compared with a non-influenza vaccine in infants and children across five influenza seasons: a phase 3, multinational, observer-blind, randomised controlled trial.

Intraoperative video recording (IVR) is a valuable data collection modality for health professions education (HPE) research, and certifying organizations are increasingly adopting video-based operative assessments. No guidelines exist for the collection and use of this data. This scoping review characterizes current use of IVR in HPE research, with a focus on strategic, ethical, and technological considerations, to provide recommendations for future use. Two surgeons, 2 education specialists, a resident, and 1 medical student followed Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review approach. Assisted by a librarian, the team utilized a MeSH search strategy to identify abstracts for screening, covering articles between 1991 and 2025. Paired researchers screened abstracts for studies with IVR that took place in the operating room (OR), with learners present. The team then reviewed studies, extracting 29 data points with intermittent check-ins to prevent rater drift. Descriptive statistics summarized IVR use in HPE research. A total of 7475 abstracts were screened, 291 full-text articles reviewed, 163 met inclusion criteria. Topics addressed included Surgical Performance (61.3%), Assessment (41.7%), and Teaching (33.1%). A total of 31.3% included an educational intervention. Studies included quantitative (94.5%) and qualitative (25.8%) analyses, of oral (21.5%) and/or nonverbal (10.4%) communication. Field of view was most frequently endoscopic (54.6%); 65.0% of studies included no audio. A total of 73.8% of studies reported Institutional/Ethics Review Board (IRB) status (Exempt 13.5%, Full Review 19.6%, "Approved" 39.9%). Consent was variably obtained from study participants and patients. Researchers relied heavily on laparoscopic video which cannot capture body position, team interactions, teaching, or equipment use. We recommend precise reporting on how IVR data are collected, including information about recording devices and their placement in the OR, for study quality and reproducibility. Consent and IRB processes should be fully detailed. IVR can be better leveraged to study research questions about intraoperative teaching or communication, nonverbal cues essential for learning through thoughtful choices about theoretical guidance.

Research on violence against children in Africa often relies on adult's qualitative accounts or on quantitative surveys that focus mainly on sexual abuse or on adverse childhood exposures. We seldom hear how young children describe their experiences and their perceptions of violence. This study aimed to describe children's personal experiences and perceptions of violence. The study was conducted from 2022 to 2023 in peri-urban and rural Mpumalanga, South Africa with 23 children aged between 6 and 12years who, together with their primary caregivers, were participants in a larger longitudinal cohort study. We used in-depth interviews alongside arts-based methods for the children. Interviews underwent reflexive thematic analysis. Children were highly exposed to physical and emotional violence both in and outside of the home. Physical violence was used as a discipline method by teachers, parents, or children's caregivers. Severe occurrences involved adults using objects to discipline children, including steel pipes, shoes, or classroom materials. Most children associated violence with fear and pain. However, they described physical abuse as a morally "right" act if they understood it to be a form of discipline for their wrong behaviours. Attitudes condoning violence also enabled peer-to-peer violence. Children were not confident in reporting cases of violence inflicted by adults due to the fear of sanctions and the belief that violence from adults was "accepted". In this sample, children had limited spaces that they marked as free from violence. Violence was normalised by the adults inflicting it, creating a state of cognitive dissonance among children, leading to victim blaming and, in turn, inflicting violence against same-age peers.

Long-Term Changes in Health-Related Quality of Life and Economic Burden After a SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Analysis of the Long COVID Prospective Cohort Study in Nairobi.

Sex-related differences in response to noxious stimulation at the beginning of life explored through a secondary analysis.

Objectives. To determine whether optimism and anger modify the association between neighborhood disadvantage and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and whether these relationships vary by ethnoracial group. Methods. We drew data from 4326 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA: 2000-2019), a cohort of US adults aged 45 to 84 years without baseline CVD. We measured neighborhood disadvantage using the Area Deprivation Index. We assessed optimism and anger (reaction and temperament) by self-report. We used multilevel Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios for incident CVD over 19 years of follow-up, adjusting for demographic, behavioral, and clinical factors. Results. A total of 879 incident CVD events occurred. Greater neighborhood disadvantage was associated with higher CVD risk. Tract-level optimism attenuated this association, whereas tract-level anger amplified it. Effects of optimism were stronger among Black participants, whereas anger more strongly exacerbated risk among Hispanic participants. Conclusions. Psychosocial resilience and risk factors modify the impact of neighborhood disadvantage on CVD, with important ethnoracial differences. Public Health Implications. Structural and community-partnered strategies are needed to address ethnoracial differences in how psychosocial factors modify the cardiovascular effects of neighborhood disadvantage. (Am J Public Health. 2026;116(5):711-721. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2025.308407).

Validation of the Wood Mental Fatigue Inventory in adolescents with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome.

Depression and cognition in adolescents: A comparison of cross-sectional and longitudinal effects.

Impact of life's essential eight and inflammatory markers on long-term cardiovascular disease risk and all-cause mortality: Insights from the Heart SCORE study.

The visual analogue scale (VAS) methodology for tracking hunger, fullness, desire to eat and prospective consumption attempts to capture conceptually distinct but related dimensions of motivation to eat. It is the most commonly used methodology to measure subjective motivation to eat in human appetite and energy balance research. The current paper examined the underlying factor structure of the 4 motivation to eat VAS: 1) in 552 participants from 13 studies at the Human Appetite Research Unit (HARU) at the University of Leeds through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) in fasting and post-meal conditions; 2) in 151 participants of the multi-center DiOGenes study through CFA in fasting and post-meal conditions before and after weight loss. EFA results indicated that >60% of the variance between the VAS variables was explained by one underlying factor. The CFAs confirmed that the one-dimensional structure presented an overall good model fit. The 4 VAS questions presented high factor loadings. The one-dimensional structure also revealed high construct reliability and convergent validity across the 13 studies. A second analysis further confirmed a one-factor structure in fasting and post-meal conditions before and after weight loss. Measurement invariance testing was conducted across sex and fasted vs non-fasted conditions. Results indicated model invariance across sex at the configural, metric, and scalar levels, and partial metric invariance across conditions. This current analysis indicates that hunger, fullness, desire to eat and prospective consumption VAS questions contribute to a single latent factor that should be used as a composite measure of the underlying process of motivation to eat. Additionally, this work suggests new methods should be developed to identify and measure different dimensions of motivation to eat states.

Biological ageing is characterised by a gradual decline in physiological functions, resulting in increased susceptibility to diseases and mortality. We investigated the relationship between edentulism and biological ageing among adults in England. Data were drawn from participants in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing who completed three consecutive biennial waves (waves 2-3-4 or 4-5-6), yielding 1889 individuals providing 2390 three-wave panel observations (mean age at baseline 68.1; men 47.7%). Edentulism was assessed in waves 3 and 5. Biological ageing was estimated using the Klemera and Doubal method, integrating multiple biomarkers assessed in waves 2, 4 and 6. Linear regression with clustered standard errors was employed to evaluate the association between edentulism and biological age in the subsequent wave (i.e., 2 years after the assessment of edentulism). Models were adjusted for pre-exposure confounders, including biological age, gender, socioeconomic status, existing health conditions and functional limitation assessed in the prior wave (i.e., 2 years before the assessment of edentulism). Participants with edentulism exhibited a 5.8-year greater biological age than those with some remaining teeth in the subsequent waves. After adjusting for confounding variables, edentulism was associated with a 0.82-year greater biological age than those with some remaining teeth (95% confidence interval: 0.40-1.24) in the subsequent waves. Edentulism was longitudinally associated with a greater biological age. Strategies that incorporate oral health promotion, particularly the prevention of tooth loss, may contribute to healthy ageing.

Lifestyle interventions induce remission in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and those with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). We examined the long-term remission of IGT in the participants of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study and evaluated factors predicting remission during extended follow-up. 505 participants were included in analyses. The median duration of lifestyle intervention was four years, and follow-up lasted up to 18years. Remission was defined as normoglycaemia (fasting plasma glucose<5.6mmol/L, 2-h post-load glucose<7.8mmol/L, HbA1c<39mmol/mol). We examined predictors of remission (weight, fat distribution, physical activity, diet, and insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion based on repeated oral glucose tolerance tests). Remission rates were 32% at least once, 13%, 12%, and 11% at year 1, year 3, and the first post-intervention follow-up visit (median 5years, range 4 - 8years). Short-term predictors of remission included weight loss, reduction in waist circumference, higher intake of fibre and lower intake of saturated fats, physical activity, enhanced insulin sensitivity, and recovery of insulin secretion. In the longer term, only insulin secretory and sensitivity indices were associated with remission. IGT may be normalised in the long term through weight loss and healthier lifestyles choices.

Nature, nurture, or noise? Fluctuating asymmetry in permanent dentitions depends on trait plasticity and developmental timing.

Cognitive-Motor dual-task assessments in people with multiple sclerosis: A scoping review.

Sustainable and regulated educational-setting food interventions may support regular and appropriate nutritional intake, resulting in positive health outcomes. The aim of this review was to assess the strength of associations between educational-setting food interventions and health outcomes among students. The PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched systematically for studies that investigated the association on educational-setting feeding intervention and health outcomes. Students receiving vs those not receiving educational-setting feeding interventions were eligible. We extracted data on study characteristics, participants, feeding interventions, and health outcomes. Outcomes were aggregated and reported as mean difference (MD) or event rate (ER), along with 95% CIs, using a 1-stage approach and a random-effects model. We included 91 studies with a total of 47 241 students, of whom 25 220 received an educational-setting feeding intervention. Meta-analysis results indicated a significant association between educational-setting feeding intervention and higher hemoglobin (MD = 0.80; 95% CI, 0.73-0.88), body iron (MD = 1.60; 95% CI, 0.15-3.05), vitamin D (MD = 8.63; 95% CI, 6.46-10.81), zinc (MD = 1.19; 95% CI, 0.17-2.20), and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) (MD = -0.79; 95% CI, -1.42 to -0.15). Positive significant associations were also found for anthropometric parameters, including height, weight for age, height for age, and body mass index. No significant association with cognition was detected (MD = 1.27; 95% CI, -26 to 3.81). This work enhances the crucial role of educational-setting feeding interventions, highlighting their association with multiple health outcomes, and draws attention to the importance of integrated approaches to achieve better and more sustainable results. PROSPERO registration No. CRD420251027958.

Evaluating the Performance of Claude 3.7 Sonnet in Data Extraction Automation for Systematic Literature Reviews.

Chronic pain is a significant health issue, particularly for women, with South Asian women being an underrepresented group in research. This study aimed to explore the needs and challenges of South Asian women living with chronic pain and develop strategies to address them. Participatory Action Research. Sixteen South Asian women in the United Kingdom, aged 30 to 78 years, participated in three rounds of data collection through focus groups, co-development of two intervention approaches and feedback sessions. Participants completed the full long-form Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS) prior to phase 1 and again in phase 3. A paired-samples t-test was conducted using SPSS to determine whether there was a significant difference between pre- and post-intervention scores. Phase one identified two pain management intervention approaches: a tailored written resource and a group peer support intervention. Phase two provided insights into their design. Phase three evaluated the strategies following creation and pilot and identified key themes regarding effectiveness: resource design, effects and continued engagement. Quantitative analysis showed significant improvements in mental well-being scores across the course of the Participatory Action Research process. This study highlights barriers and facilitators to pain management among South Asian women, offering transferable insights for culturally sensitive interventions. Participatory approaches can facilitate the development of culturally tailored interventions with the potential to enhance coping, self-efficacy, empowerment and mental well-being. This study provides methodological and practical guidance for co-designing interventions for underrepresented communities, with implications for broader implementation and future research.

Experiences with recovery from substance use in a Northern Midwest Indigenous Reservation setting.