Related Structures Research Articles

Towards a Warm Holographic Equation of State by an Einstein–Maxwell-Dilaton Model

The holographic Einstein–Maxwell-dilaton model is employed to map state-of-the-art lattice QCD thermodynamics data from the temperature (T) axis towards the baryon–chemical potential (μB) axis and aims to gain a warm equation of state (EoS) of deconfined QCD matter which can be supplemented with a cool and confined part suitable for subsequent compact (neutron) star (merger) investigations. The model exhibits a critical end point (CEP) at TCEP=O(100) MeV and μBCEP=500…700 MeV with an emerging first-order phase transition (FOPT) curve which extends to large values of μB without approaching the μB axis. We consider the impact and peculiarities of the related phase structure on the EoS for the employed dilaton potential and dynamical coupling parameterizations. These seem to prevent the design of an overall trustable EoS without recourse to hybrid constructions.

Diaphragmatic muscle dysfunction associated with artificial mechanical ventilation: a narrative review of the literature

Mechanical ventilation is a respiratory support therapy that can cause diaphragm muscle injury and induce dysfunction, which is associated with prolonged ventilation, weaning failure and mortality. Protecting the diaphragm during ventilation requires the use of tools to monitor diaphragmatic effort. The aim of this review was to address current and relevant elements about the pathophysiology of diaphragmatic function in ventilated patients. For this purpose, a narrative review of the literature available in Google Scholar, Pumed/Medline, regional SciELO, and academic Google was carried out under the terms: diaphragmatic function-diaphragmatic function in ventilated patients/diaphragmatic ultrasound in ventilated patients pathophysiology/ diaphragmatic function and others. Fundamental theoretical contents on the clinic of diaphragmatic muscle dysfunction, its relationship with artificial ventilation and related structures, such as the lung, are addressed. It is concluded that the diaphragm represents the main muscle involved in respiration and diaphragmatic muscle dysfunction represents a frequent complication in critically ill patients. Diaphragmatic ultrasound is a tool that aids decision making on artificial ventilation, potentially reduces the duration of respiratory support and associated complications

Coderived and contraderived categories of locally presentable abelian DG-categories

The concept of an abelian DG-category, introduced by the first-named author in Positselski (Exact DG-categories and fully faithful triangulated inclusion functors. arXiv:2110.08237 [math.CT]), unites the notions of abelian categories and (curved) DG-modules in a common framework. In this paper we consider coderived and contraderived categories in the sense of Becker. Generalizing some constructions and results from the preceding papers by Becker (Adv Math 254:187–232, 2014. arXiv:1205.4473 [math.CT]) and by the present authors (Positselski and Št’ovíček in J Pure Appl Algebra 226(#4):106883, 2022. arXiv:2101.10797 [math.CT]), we define the contraderived category of a locally presentable abelian DG-category B\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extbf{B}$$\\end{document} with enough projective objects and the coderived category of a Grothendieck abelian DG-category A\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extbf{A}$$\\end{document}. We construct the related abelian model category structures and show that the resulting exotic derived categories are well-generated. Then we specialize to the case of a locally coherent Grothendieck abelian DG-category A\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extbf{A}$$\\end{document}, and prove that its coderived category is compactly generated by the absolute derived category of finitely presentable objects of A\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extbf{A}$$\\end{document}, thus generalizing a result from the second-named author’s preprint (Št’ovíček in On purity and applications to coderived and singularity categories. arXiv:1412.1615 [math.CT]). In particular, the homotopy category of graded-injective left DG-modules over a DG-ring with a left coherent underlying graded ring is compactly generated by the absolute derived category of DG-modules with finitely presentable underlying graded modules. We also describe compact generators of the coderived categories of quasi-coherent matrix factorizations over coherent schemes.

Inter-municipal Companies and Their Subsidiaries in Comparative Law Perspective: The Need for Public Law Applicability and Democratic Control

This paper explores the increasing trend whereby local governments create private legal entities to deliver public services or purely commercial activities. This phenomenon is known as ‘corporatization’. In relation specifically to inter-municipal cooperation, this tendency to resort to subsidiaries and participation in legal entities under private law results in an opaque tangle of subsidiaries and participations whose legal position is unclear. The study examines the challenges arising from these complex inter-municipal structures in relation to transparency, applicability of public law mechanisms, and democratic control, particularly in Belgium and the Netherlands. The paper parallels broader corporatization trends in the UK and France, where public authorities utilize private law instruments and contracts, leading to potential issues of democratic accountability and of balancing profit-making with the public interest. The paper argues that in a state governed by the rule of law, public law mechanisms are crucial for democratic oversight, even when legal entities created by private law are involved in public service provision. Using the private contractual route cannot exclude, therefore, the application of public law principles, given that both the ‘nature of the power’ and the ‘public function’ of the private legal entity can trigger the application of administrative law, administrative law principles, and judicial review.

A Computed Tomography (CT)-Based Observational Study of Anatomical Variations in the Sphenoid Sinus: Implications for Surgical Planning and Patient Outcomes.

The sphenoid sinus (SS), a paired paranasal sinus located within the sphenoid bone, is crucial in various physiological and pathological processes. Its anatomical variations are of significant interest in clinical practice, particularly in otolaryngology, neurosurgery, and radiology. This study aims to determine the anatomical variations of the SS and related structures using computed tomography (CT). An observational study was conducted at a tertiary care center. The study included 300 patients aged 7-70 who underwent CT brain scans. Exclusions included prior sinonasal surgeries, tumors, nasal polyposis, recurrent pituitary lesions, head trauma, and past orbital or cranial surgeries.Three-dimensional reconstructions assessed SS dimensions, pneumatization types, and variations in the internal carotid artery and optic nerve. A study on the types of SSs revealed that the reseller type is the most common, accounting for 45% of cases (135 instances). The sellar type accounts for 36% (110 instances), while the conchal type is the least common, observed in 18.33% of cases (55 instances). A significant association between the SS type and variations between neurovascular structures was seen, which was confirmed using chi-square tests. There was a statistically significant relationship between carotid artery variations and SS,with the normal course being predominant at 200individuals (73.33%). Approximately 40 cases(13.33%) present with dehiscence through the sinus, while 30 individuals (10%) show close proximity. Other, less common variations are observed in 10 patients (3.33%). Optic nerve variationsdisplayed distinct frequencies, with the normal course prevailing in 250 cases (83.33%). Approximately 30cases (10%) exhibit close proximity to surrounding structures, while 15 cases (5%) present with dehiscence through the sinus. Other less common optic nerve variations are observed in five patients (1.67%). Comprehensive knowledge of SS anatomy through CT scans is essential for enhancing surgical outcomes and ensuring patient safety.

Exploring the Impact of IT Governance Mechanisms on IT Agility

ABSTRACT As Information Technology (IT) becomes more integral, the importance of governance and the need to adapt IT to respond to environmental changes and opportunities increases. This study analyzes the impact of IT governance relational mechanisms, processes, and structures on IT agility. A practitioner focus group and survey shows that only relational governance mechanisms have a significant positive impact on IT agility. We discuss the implications for practitioners and researchers interested in IT governance and agility.

Determinantal point process attention over grid cell code supports out of distribution generalization.

Deep neural networks have made tremendous gains in emulating human-like intelligence, and have been used increasingly as ways of understanding how the brain may solve the complex computational problems on which this relies. However, these still fall short of, and therefore fail to provide insight into how the brain supports strong forms of generalization of which humans are capable. One such case is out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization - successful performance on test examples that lie outside the distribution of the training set. Here, we identify properties of processing in the brain that may contribute to this ability. We describe a two-part algorithm that draws on specific features of neural computation to achieve OOD generalization, and provide a proof of concept by evaluating performance on two challenging cognitive tasks. First we draw on the fact that the mammalian brain represents metric spaces using grid cell code (e.g., in the entorhinal cortex): abstract representations of relational structure, organized in recurring motifs that cover the representational space. Second, we propose an attentional mechanism that operates over the grid cell code using determinantal point process (DPP), that we call DPP attention (DPP-A) - a transformation that ensures maximum sparseness in the coverage of that space. We show that a loss function that combines standard task-optimized error with DPP-A can exploit the recurring motifs in the grid cell code, and can be integrated with common architectures to achieve strong OOD generalization performance on analogy and arithmetic tasks. This provides both an interpretation of how the grid cell code in the mammalian brain may contribute to generalization performance, and at the same time a potential means for improving such capabilities in artificial neural networks.

CULINARY ACTIVITY AT THE CENTER OF THE TRILOGY

This article proceeds from a survey which aims to examine the social dynamics which structure the cooking activity in the socio-cultural area of Agonlin in the center-east of Benin and to bring out the trilogical relationship where the cultural, the vital and the economic are interrelated. Traditionally, cooking is a cultural activity that structurally differentiates communities through symbolic food offers which respond to social, spatial, temporal, and biological norms. It is at the center of other activities for which the purpose is to obtain food and integrates the system of values by ensuring the functions of medicalization and structuring of social relations. The socioculturality of cooking shapes the diet and constructs the social and cultural identities of this communitys members. With socio-economic changes, homo oeconomicus has rationally removed the cultural and spatial barriers of cooking, making it an activity of production of goods and services for commercial purposes where dishes are now monetized. We are witnessing a patrimonialization of traditional foods which positions the culinary activity in an economic sphere. This monetization of the culinary offer has impacted the societys way of life.

Research on group decision optimization and influence analysis in social network based on machine learning

With the rapid development of online social networks, the research on group decision-making in social networks has attracted extensive attention. Social networks facilitate interaction and behavior between individuals, businesses, and organizations. However, traditional group decision-making methods often ignore the social relationships between group members and fail to fully consider the impact of these relationships on subgroup division. In this work, we propose a novel model approach that combines graph neural networks and deep learning techniques to capture and analyze complex relational structures in social networks. The model uses node features and edge features to optimize the group decision-making process and effectively evaluate the influence between individuals through multi-layer network embedding and aggregation operations. Experimental analysis results show that the proposed method performs well in improving the accuracy and efficiency of decision-making, and significantly improves the quality of decision-making.

Verification and validation of electrostatic turbulence simulation for numerical Lie transform code

Abstract This paper reports the verification and validation of a new gyrokinetic (GK) code, numerical Lie transform (NLT), for electrostatic turbulence simulation in tokamak plasmas. Based on the standard cyclone base case (CBC), NLT has been verified against two typical GK codes, GK toroidal code (GTC) and GK numerical experiment of tokamak, by simulating the ion temperature gradient mode and trapped electron mode. The linear dispersion relation and mode structure agree well among all these codes. In nonlinear simulation, the time evolution of ion heat diffusivity obtained from NLT is consistent with the GTC results. Furthermore, utilizing experimental equilibria with obvious turbulence features from HL-2A shot #22388, the validation of NLT for real tokamak simulation has been carried out. The profiles of ion turbulent thermal diffusivity calculated by NLT match well with experimental results.

THE CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL SECURITY ANALYTICS: «ORDINARY» APPROACHES TO THE FORMATION OF PUBLIC EXPERT CONTENT

The article is devoted to the basics of public perception of the political security of the state in the conditions of a full-scale invasion of modern Russia into Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to establish the specifics of the analysis of communication threats to modern political security in the public sphere. The significance of “ordinary” or “everyday” approaches to political-security analysis and production of political-security content is characterized. It was emphasized that the “retrospective approach” or “method of historical analogies” in the situational dimension involves comparing the security message or the security crisis situation as a whole with certain historical events of the past. The behavior of the subjects (actors) of the retrospective analysis, who risk drawing the wrong conclusion and incorrectly reflecting the real world, is analyzed. The principles of commenting on the political and security situation based on taking into account a relatively narrow range of facts and circumstances are revealed. The factors of preparation for various outcomes of the development of events and increased preparedness for unexpected situations have been clarified. The guidelines for fostering a culture of “experimentation” and continuous improvement, which is especially important in the context of expert protection of business processes from potential political threats, are revealed. Security analytics ecosystems and the integration of open data observations have been proven to improve the effectiveness of security analysis. Networked horizontal communication and data sharing “ecosystems” between related non-governmental expert-analytical structures have been found to focus on understanding and using social and organizational networks to identify potential threats and opportunities for cooperation. It is substantiated that in the production of secure analytical content it is important to apply the principles of flexible project management. It was established that the possibilities of increasing the effectiveness of retrospective analytics appear on the basis of the selection of historical analogies according to the parameters of the functional conditions. It was found that analysts try to assess security events from the side of a “distant observer” based on a “backward” approach. It was concluded that an important means of discrediting informational “throws” of the enemy is an asymmetric communication action (action) based on the formation of the agenda.

Revisiting the Most Stable Structures of the Benzene Dimer.

The benzene dimer (BD) is an archetypal model of π∙∙∙π and C-H∙∙∙π noncovalent interactions as they occur in its cofacial and perpendicular arrangements, respectively. The enthalpic stabilization of the related BD structures has been debated for a long time and is revisited here. The revisit is based on results of computations that apply the coupled-cluster theory with singles, doubles and perturbative triples [CCSD(T)] together with large basis sets and extrapolate results to the complete basis set (CBS) limit in order to accurately characterize the three most important stationary points of the intermolecular interaction energy (ΔE) surface of the BD, which correspond to the tilted T-shaped (TT), fully symmetric T-shaped (FT) and slipped-parallel (SP) structures. In the optimal geometries obtained by searching extensive sets of the CCSD(T)/CBS ΔE data of the TT, FT and SP arrangements, the resulting ΔE values were -11.84, -11.34 and -11.21 kJ/mol, respectively. The intrinsic strength of the intermolecular bonding in these configurations was evaluated by analyzing the distance dependence of the CCSD(T)/CBS ΔE data over wide ranges of intermonomer separations. In this way, regions of the relative distances that favor BD structures with either π∙∙∙π or C-H∙∙∙π interactions were found and discussed in a broader context.

Retrospective epidemiological study over 8‐year period on zygomatic complex fractures: A single centre experience

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to do a retrospective analysis of patients with zygomatic fractures who were treated at the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Regional University Hospital of Perugia, Italy, between 2016 and 2023.Materials and MethodsPatients were evaluated based on various parameters including age, sex, aetiology, symptoms, comorbidity, clinical findings, zygomatic fracture type, other facial fractures, treatment, waiting time before the operation, complications and sequelae. In the period described, we had 123 cases of zygomatic fractures requiring surgical intervention.ResultsAmong the patients, 101 were male (82.1%) and 22 were female (17.9%). The average age of the patients was 48.65 years (ranging from 7 to 94 years).The leading cause of these fractures was sports‐related injury (n = 32; 26.01%), and isolated zygomatic bone fractures were the most frequent (72.43%). The most common clinical signs and symptoms were pain, depression of the facial profile, difficulty in chewing, limitation of the buccal opening, difficulty in protrusion movements and mandibular lateralization. Ninety‐six per cent of patients underwent surgery under general anaesthesia, with open reduction and internal fixation.ConclusionsThe successful and effective management of zygomatic fractures requires a solid understanding of its anatomy, pathophysiology and related biomechanical structures and forces. The continuous research in epidemiology, aetiology, materials and techniques will further refine our treatments which are nowadays more and more customized according to the type of trauma.

Carbonyl Chemistry for Advanced Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems.

On the basis of the sustainable concept, organic compounds and carbon materials both mainly composed of light C element have been regarded as powerful candidates for advanced electrochemical energy storage (EES) systems, due to theie merits of low cost, eco-friendliness, renewability, and structural versatility. It is investigated that the carbonyl functionality as the most common constituent part serves a crucial role, which manifests respective different mechanisms in the various aspects of EES systems. Notably, a systematical review about the concept and progress for carbonyl chemistry is beneficial for ensuring in-depth comprehending of carbonyl functionality. Hence, a comprehensive review about carbonyl chemistry has been summarized based on state-of-the-art developments. Moreover, the working principles and fundamental properties of the carbonyl unit have been discussed, which has been generalized in three aspects, including redox activity, the interaction effect, and compensation characteristic. Meanwhile, the pivotal characterization technologies have also been illustrated for purposefully studying the related structure, redox mechanism, and electrochemical performance to profitably understand the carbonyl chemistry. Finally, the current challenges and promising directions are concluded, aiming to afford significant guidance for the optimal utilization of carbonyl moiety and propel practicality in EES systems.

Transfer learning-based Gaussian process classification for lattice structure damage detection

This study presents a novel approach for real-time vision-based structural health monitoring, focusing on evaluating the deformation state of lattice structures. The structures are renowned for their remarkable recovery capabilities and exhibit similar mechanical responses under compressive loads. Despite these characteristics, quickly assessing the health status of the applied structure using knowledge from another related lattice structure is usually time-consuming and impractical. To address this, we propose to combine Gaussian process classification with transfer learning, termed TL-GPC, to detect damage states under compressive loads while also achieving uncertainty quantification. By employing structural deformations captured via the optical flow algorithm as inputs, the internal transfer kernel factor in TL-GPC is tailored to model knowledge transfer between source and target domain inputs. Experimental results show that the proposed TL-GPC model can deliver higher damage detection accuracy while ensuring stable uncertainty quantification in scenarios with limited and unbalanced experimental data.

Recent advances in diagnosis of immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias: novel concepts and fundamental questions on autoimmune mechanisms.

Immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias (IMCAs) represent a group of disorders in which the immune system targets mainly the cerebellum and related structures. We address fundamental questions on the diagnosis and immunological pathogenesis of IMCAs, as illuminated by recent advances in the field. Various types of IMCAs have been identified, including post-infectious cerebellitis, Miller Fisher syndrome, gluten ataxia, paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD), opsoclonus and myoclonus syndrome, and anti-GAD ataxia. In some cases, identification of several well-characterized autoantibodies points to a specific etiology in IMCAs and leads to a firm diagnosis. In other cases, various autoantibodies have been reported, but their interpretation requires a careful consideration. Indeed, some autoantibodies have only been documented in a limited number of cases and the causal relationship is not established. In order to facilitate an early treatment and prevent irreversible lesions, new entities have been defined in recent years, such as primary autoimmune cerebellar ataxia (PACA) and latent autoimmune cerebellar ataxia (LACA). PACA is characterized by autoimmune features which do not align with traditional etiologies, while LACA corresponds to a prodromal stage. LACA does not imply the initiation of an immunotherapy but requires a close follow-up. Concurrently, accumulation of clinical data has led to intriguing hypotheses regarding the mechanisms of autoimmunity, such as a pathogenesis of autoimmunity against synapses (synaptopathies), and the vulnerability of the entire nervous system when the immunity targets ion channels and astrocytes. The development of PCD in patients treated with immune-checkpoint inhibitors suggests that molecular mimicry specifically determines the direction of autoimmunity, and that the strength of this response is modulated by co-signaling molecules that either enhance or dampen signals from the antigen-specific T cell receptor.

An Experimental Murine Model to Study Lipoatrophia Semicircularis.

Lipoatrophia semicircularis is a benign pathology characterized by subcutaneous tissue atrophy that affects the skin and related structures. Its etiology remains unclear; however, in the recent few years, it has been proposed that electrostatic charges could be a potential factor. Based on this hypothesis, the aim of this work is to study the cause-effect relation between electrostatic energy and LS, providing insights into the molecular mechanisms. For this purpose, an experimental murine model was created using obese mice. One group served as a control and the other groups involved charging clothes with varying connections to the ground: through the skin, through the clothes or not connected to the ground). Skin biopsies showed that the most significant lesions, including lipophagic granulomas with inflammatory infiltrate, were found in the first group (connected to the ground through the skin). Lipophagic reactions without an inflammatory infiltrate were observed in the other groups subjected to electrical discharges. In the control mice, no histological changes were observed. Oxidative processes were also measured in lower limbs tissue. Malondialdehyde levels significantly increased in the lower limbs after electrostatic discharges. However, the presence of ground through a wire attached to highly conductive clothes around the thigh significantly reduced the effect of electrostatic charges on lipid peroxidation. To our knowledge, this is the first study in which an experimental model has been used to reproduce LS induced by electrostatic energy, suggesting a cause-effect relationship between electrostatic charge and discharge with fat tissue lesion.

Computed tomography based evaluation of the association between sphenoid sinus pneumatization patterns and variations of adjacent bony structures in relation to age and gender

Many studies revealed that the sphenoid sinus pneumatization (SSP) affects the protrusion/dehiscence of adjacent structures including optic canal (OC), foramen rotundum (FR), vidian canal (VC), and carotid canal (CC). Knowledge of this relationship bears vital importance to identify the safest surgical route during transsphenoidal procedures. Therefore, we aimed to determine the individualized prevalence of the protrusion/dehiscence of adjacent structures based on sagittal and coronal SSP (SSSP and CSSP) patterns. Computed tomography images of 300 patients were analysed to identify the SSSP and CSSP types, and the protrusion/dehiscence of adjacent structures was determined. The relationship between the variables was examined using statistical analysis in terms of age, gender, and laterality. The most prevalent SSSP type was postsellar (62.7%), followed by sellar (30%), presellar (6.6%), and conchal (0.7%). In 71.3% of patients, five types of CSSP were observed, with 23.6% and 21.7% exhibiting Type IV and V, respectively. Our results indicated that postsellar type, Type IV and V CSSP associated with the highest likelihood of protrusion/dehiscence of OC, FR, VC, and CC. Furthermore, no significant correlation was observed between these qualitative variables and gender, with the exception of the VC dehiscence, the protrusion of OC and CC. No notable differences were identified with respect to laterality. Also, the probability of having postsellar type, Type IV and V CSSP, as well as the protrusion of OC, VC, and CC, decreased with increasing age. Further detailed analysis of this association is required to predict the size of the surgical window and to prevent neurovascular injury.

Shared structure facilitates working memory of multiple sequences.

Daily experiences often involve the processing of multiple sequences, yet storing them challenges the limited capacity of working memory (WM). To achieve efficient memory storage, relational structures shared by sequences would be leveraged to reorganize and compress information. Here, participants memorized a sequence of items with different colors and spatial locations and later reproduced the full color and location sequences one after another. Crucially, we manipulated the consistency between location and color sequence trajectories. First, sequences with consistent trajectories demonstrate improved memory performance and a trajectory correlation between reproduced color and location sequences. Second, sequences with consistent trajectories show neural reactivation of common trajectories, and display spontaneous replay of color sequences when recalling locations. Finally, neural reactivation correlates with WM behavior. Our findings suggest that a shared common structure is leveraged for the storage of multiple sequences through compressed encoding and neural replay, together facilitating efficient information organization in WM.

An Analysis of the 2018 Life Study Curriculum Learning Outcomes and Textbook Assessment Questions in Türkiye

This study evaluates the learning outcomes and assessment questions in the 2018 Life Study Course Curriculum (LSCC) through the lens of the Structure of the Observed Learning Outcomes (SOLO) taxonomy. Employing a qualitative document analysis methodology, the research examined the curriculum's learning outcomes and corresponding questions in 1st, 2nd, and 3rd-grade life study textbooks. These materials were sourced from the Education Information Network platform managed by the Ministry of National Education. In total, 138 learning outcomes and 270 assessment questions targeting cognitive skills were analyzed. Our analysis revealed a predominant focus on unistructural-level learning outcomes within the curriculum, while also identifying numerous learning outcomes at the multistructural and relational structure levels. Additionally, learning outcomes at the abstracted structure level were notably present in the 3rd-grade curriculum. Conversely, the textbooks contained a minimal number of multistructural and relational assessment questions and entirely lacked questions at the abstracted structure level. When considered in conjunction, these findings highlight a low level of consistency between the curriculum's learning outcomes and the assessment questions in terms of their alignment with the SOLO taxonomy. The study concludes with recommendations for enhancing the cognitive alignment between textbook questions and curriculum learning outcomes.