Macro Structure Research Articles

MACRO STRUCTURE OF BILINGUAL (ENGLISH-KARAKALPAK) DICTIONARIES

This article examines the macro structure of bilingual English-Karakalpak dictionaries, highlighting the unique challenges and considerations in lexicographical organization. The macro structure, which encompasses the arrangement and organization of dictionary entries, plays a crucial role in ensuring user accessibility and practical functionality, particularly in bilingual dictionaries. The study begins with a theoretical overview of lexicographic principles, distinguishing between macro and micro structures and discussing common challenges in bilingual dictionary compilation. Key aspects of macro structuring, such as alphabetical organization, entry selection criteria, handling of dialects and loanwords, and cross-referencing systems, are analyzed in the context of English-Karakalpak dictionaries. Ultimately, this article underscores the critical role of well-structured bilingual dictionaries in preserving the Karakalpak language and supporting bilingual education and cultural exchange.

Polysomnographic and clinical characteristics of sleep apnea headache patients.

Sleep apnea headache can be defined as a persistent, widespread, throbbing headache that occurs recurrently, is not accompanied by any additional symptoms after waking up, and usually resolves within four hours. Diagnosis of the condition requires confirmation through polysomnography with an apnea-hypopnea index of at least 5, indicating the presence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). While sleep apnea headaches are common in 10-15% of individuals with OSAS, morning headaches are experienced by 5% of this population. The aim of this study is to examine both polysomnographic and clinical features associated with sleep apnea headache in individuals confirmed to have OSAS by polysomnography. The study was conducted in the sleep center of University of Health Science, Erenköy Mental and Nervous Disease Training and Research Hospital. We have examined the clinical and polysomnographic data of the patients with sleep apnea headache (SAH) diagnosed according to IHS-3 criteria retrospectively and grouped the patients as mild, moderate and severe OSAS. Patients with morning headache except sleep apnea headache and under PAP titration treatment were excluded. The differences between the sleep macro structures of patients with (WSAH) and without sleep apnea headache (WOSAH) were examined. The WSAH group consisted of 384 participants and the control group (WOSAH) consisted of 294 participants The mean age was 46.29 ± 12.18 and 45.08 ± 12.62 years, respectively. Patients in the WSAH group had significantly higher scores on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) (p = 0.004) and higher periodic limb movement index (PLMI) (p = 0.014) compared to the WOSAH group. WSAH patients exhibited shorter wake times after sleep onset (WASO) and lower scores on the sleep quality index, in contrast to WOSAH patients. Additionally, within the WSAH group, there was a negative correlation between age and several sleep parameters, including total sleep parameters. A positive correlation was observed between sleep duration (p = 0.009), waking up after sleep (p = 0.043), sleep efficiency (p = 0.001) and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) (p = 0.018). Additionally, ESS scores were positively correlated with AHI and total awake time (p = 0.000 and p = 0.008, respectively), while negatively correlated with stage N3 sleep percentage and mean minimum oxygen level (p = 0.001 and p = 0.020, respectively) in the WSAH group. The causes and possible mechanisms of sleep apnea headache are not fully clarified and the underlying processes are not fully understood. Sleep apnea headaches appear to be related to disturbances in nocturnal sleep. Dysregulation in regions that modulate sleep and nociception may be one possible mechanism.

Macroanatomy, Histomorphometry, and Androgen Receptor Expression in the Epididymis of Kacang Goats Aged 4, 8, and 12 Months

The epididymis is a crucial component of the goat's reproductive structure. The epididymis is responsible for the transportation, concentration, and maturation of sperm. This study aimed to examine the differences in the structure of macro and microanatomy, tissue composition, and the existence of androgen receptors in the epididymis of Kacang goats aged 4, 8, and 12 months. The assessment of macroscopic organ growth was done immediately after sampling, whereas microscopic measurements were carried out following histological preparations using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and immunohistochemical (IHC) procedures. The results on the macroscopic anatomy of the epididymis indicated a significant association between age with the width of the caput dexter and sinister and the circumference of the right cauda. However, no significant relationship was found between age with the corpus length and the left cauda's circumference. Significant variations were observed in the diameter and concentration of the agglutinated spermatozoa in the lumen during histomorphometry of the epididymis in three age groups of Kacang goats. There were no statistically significant variations in the expression of androgen receptors among the three age groups. This study showed that the correlation coefficient test reveals a positive relationship between age and the caput width and corpus length dimensions, indicating that these measurements tend to grow as age increases. On the other hand, the diameter of the agglutinated spermatozoa in the epididymal lumen exhibits significant variations between the ages of 4 months, with the ages of 8 months and 12 months, suggesting that the sperm becomes fully matured by the age of 8 months.

Micro computed tomography analysis of barley during the first 24 hours of germination

BackgroundGrains make up a large proportion of both human and animal diets. With threats to food production, such as climate change, growing sustainable and successful crops is essential to food security in the future. Germination is one of the most important stages in a plant’s lifecycle and is key to the success of the resulting plant as the grain undergoes morphological changes and the development of specific organs. Micro-computed tomography is a non-destructive imaging technique based on the differing x-ray attenuations of materials which we have applied for the accurate analysis of grain morphology during the germination phase.ResultsMicro Computed Tomography conditions and parameters were tested to establish an optimal protocol for the 3-dimensional analysis of barley grains. When comparing optimal scanning conditions, it was established that no filter, 0.4 degrees rotation step, 5 average frames, and 2016 × 1344 camera binning is optimal for imaging germinating grains. It was determined that the optimal protocol for scanning during the germination timeline was to scan individual grains at 0 h after imbibition (HAI) and then the same grain again at set time points (1, 3, 6, 24 HAI) to avoid any negative effects from X-ray radiation or disruption to growing conditions.ConclusionHere we sought to develop a method for the accurate analysis of grain morphology without the negative effects of possible radiation exposure. Several factors have been considered, such as the scanning conditions, reconstruction, and possible effects of X-ray radiation on the growth rate of the grains. The parameters chosen in this study give effective and reliable results for the 3-dimensional analysis of macro structures within barley grains while causing minimal disruption to grain development.

RACISM IN THE FREEDOM WRITERS MOVIE BY RICHARD LAGRAVENESE: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS PERSPECTIVE

Abstract Racism is not the strange topic anymore for the people worldwide. The idea of racism is the exclusion of a group of individuals according to their race or ethnicity. One of the movies that raised this theme is The Freedom Writers. This movie is an American biographical drama movie written and directed by Richard LaGravenese in 2007. This study will identify racism using Van Dijk's Critical Discourse Analysis theory in the text dimension as reflected in The Freedom Writers movie. This study is a descriptive qualitative approach using Teun A. Van Dijk's Critical Discourse Analysis and only focus on text dimension (Macro Structure, Superstructure, and Microstructure). The main theme in the movie is the struggle against racism through education with the sub-theme of education as a tool of social change, highlighting Erin Gruwell's efforts to overcome racial divisions in her classroom through innovative teaching methods. The movie's structure begins with exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution that illustrate the challenges and successes in changing attitudes and promoting inclusivity in Erin's classroom. In this study, 11 texts in the scenes were found to contain elements of racism such as racial discrimination and systemic injustice, structural racism, negative stereotyping, and ignorance of context. Racism can cause traumatizing, violent effects on individuals, anger and irritation, and others. Keywords: Racism, Education, The Freedom Writers Movie, Van Dijk’s CDA

A Review on the Curing of Concrete using Different Methods

The hardened properties and durability of concrete are dependent on the moisture and temperature condition of the concrete during its hydration process. This review explores various methods of curing concrete focusing on their effectiveness in improving the performance and sustainability of concrete structures. Traditional methods of curing (such as ponding, sprinkling) and the modern curing techniques (such as curing compounds, self-curing agents and steam curing) are compared. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are highlighted and water curing is found to be the most effective method of concrete curing, for it allows for the maintenance of adequate moisture and temperature, and it does not change the macro and microscopic structure of the concrete. The research methodology includes extensive literature, experimental studies and performance evaluations. The review aimed at providing a comprehensive understanding of the best curing practices for different projects and working conditions.

Multi-objective topology optimization of macro structure and microtubule network structure for self-healing material

Abstract Self-healing materials possess the capability to promptly repair minor damages occurring during service, thereby effectively preventing safety accidents. This paper investigates a multi-objective topology optimization method for the macro structure and microtubule network of self-healing materials around pure epoxy resin materials, aiming to enhance the damage healing capability of the microtubule network while meeting the mechanical performance requirements of the macro structure. By introducing the design variables of macro structure and microtubule network, the corresponding topological description functions are established respectively. And study applies logical operations and post-processing techniques to generate an embedded microtubule network structure description. The objective functions include the flexibility of the macro structure, the along-travel head loss, and the total length of the microtubule network, with material volume serving as a constraint. In order to determine the head loss of the three-dimensional microtubule network structure, a Hardy-Cross method based on flow initialization and loop search is proposed. Multi-objective topology optimization is designed based on moving morphable components algorithm, enumeration method and Pareto principle. Develop iterative termination conditions by assessing the disparity between Pareto solution sets in each generation, thereby ensuring algorithm convergence. The numerical example of the Messerschmitt–Bölkow–Blohm (MBB) beamyields a flexibility of 0.059 without a carrier and 0.0728 with a carrier the macrostructural flexibility without a carrier is 81.0% compared to with a carrier, and the macrostructural profiles and the overall flexibility of the MBB beams with/without a carrier are close to each other. This method serves as a reference for optimizing large-scale self-healing structures.

Exploring the Construction of Angela Merkel's Identity by Global Print Media across International Platforms

This study is an attempt to observe and analyze the intricate operations of media discourses in the identity construction of “world leader” i.e. Angela Merkel. It highlights that how through the explicit and implicit discourse layers’ construction, the macro and micro semantic structures are created in a newspaper, for portraying the desired positive or negative image of a world leader. The theoretical framework has been structured over the basics of the Van Dijk’s (1980) The Theory of Semantic Macrostructures. The macro- level analysis focuses the core themes and main propositions publicized in the selected data. The micro-level analysis concentrates on the lexicalization and syntactic patterns employed by media experts in creating the larger positive image as world leader through smaller level discourse language constructions, focusing her social and political posterities. Furthermore, the study highlights the gradually constructed personal, social and political identities’ portrayal of Angela Merkel as a powerful world leader, through the world newspaper articles discourse and discursive practices.

Flood sediments as a source of replenishment of alluvial soils with plant nutrition elements

Flood sedimentation in conditions of regular floodplain flooding is a key factor in the formation of alluvial soil. The nature of the passage of hollow waters and their composition affect the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of flood sediments, while having a significant impact on the agroecological state of the floodplain agricultural landscape. The aim of the research was to study the role of flood sediments in enriching the underlying alluvial soil with nutrients. The experiment was conducted on reclaimed arable lands of the Ryazan region in 2023. Determination of the sediment load level and sampling on the surface were carried out using plastic sedimentation samplers fixed on the soil surface, located at a distance of 200 m from each other. The installation was carried out on March 23, the duration of sediment collection was 42 days before the descent of the hollow waters. The average sediment load level of 15.4 t/ha was established, the agrochemical properties of flood sediments and underlying soil were studied, the structure of organic matter, macro– and microelements with flood sediments and their removal from the corn harvest to silage was analyzed. Together with sediments the soil received (kg/ha): total nitrogen – 107.80, total phosphorus – 43.10, total potassium – 104.70, organic matter – 2464,0, mobile phosphorus 15.20, exchangeable potassium 17.80; trace elements (g/ha): boron – 11.86, molybdenum – 1.54, zinc – 122.74, manganese – 1215.06, copper – 200.20, cobalt – 52.05. With a corn harvest for silage of 36.1 kg/ha, the takeaway was: N – 105 kg/ha, P2O5 – 33 kg/ha, K2O – 105 kg/ha. The conducted studies indicate the undoubted agronomic value of flood sediments, they can partially meet the need for fertilizers, therefore, it is necessary to take into account the mass of the substances used to carry out appropriate adjustments to the fertilizer application system. In 2023, the mass of incoming substances with flood sediments completely covered the need for nitrogen; for mobile phosphorus the need decreased to 17.8 kg/ha, for exchangeable potassium the need decreased to 87.2 kg/ha.

Experimental study of dual nano-network, high-temperature resistant aerogel material as an integration of thermal management functions

Thermal management system is highly desirable to guarantee the performance and thermal safety of lithium-ion batteries, but it reduces the energy density of battery modules and even is unable to provide highly effective protection. Here, a thermal management function integrated material is presented based on high-temperature resistant aerogel and phase change material and is applied at both charge–discharge process and thermal runaway condition. In this sandwich structure Paraffin@SiC nanowire/Aerogel sheet (denoted as PA@SAS) system, SiC nanowires endow the middle aerogel sheet (SAS) a dual nano-network structure. The enhanced mechanical properties of SAS were studied by compressive tests and dynamic mechanical analysis. Besides, the thermal conductivity of SAS at 600 °C is only 0.042 W/(m K). The surface phase change material layers facilitate temperature uniformity of batteries (surface temperature difference less than 1.82 °C) through latent heat. Moreover, a large-format battery module with four 58 Ah LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 LIBs was assembled. PA@SAS successfully prevents thermal runaway propagation, yielding a temperature gap of 602 °C through the 2 mm-thick cross section. PA@SAS also exhibits excellent performance in other safety issues such as temperature rise rate, flame heat flux, etc. The lightweight property and effective insulation performance achieves significant safety enhancement with mass and volume energy density reduction of only 0.79% and 5.4%, respectively. The originality of the present research stems from the micro and macro structure design of the proposed thermal management material and the combination of intrinsic advantages of every component. This work provides a reliable design of achieving the integration of thermal management functions into an aerogel composite and improves the thermal safety of lithium-ion batteries.

Influence of stress and geology on the most prone time of rockburst in drilling and blasting tunnel: 25 tunnel cases

Rockburst exhibits different occurrence time characteristics during drilling and blasting in tunnel excavation, posing challenges to the safe and efficient construction of tunnels. In this study, 25 tunnels with rockburst hazards were examined. By employing the clustering method, we analyzed the characteristics of the most prone time (MPT) for rockburst. Furthermore, we investigated the contribution degree and influence mechanism of stress and geological factors related to the MPT of rockburst. The outcomes revealed that distinct tunnels exhibit diverse rockburst-prone times, leading to varying hazards and losses. The higher the maximum principal stress and the angle between it and the tunnel axis, the earlier the rockburst occurs. Moreover, the MPT of rockburst is influenced by both lithological types, macro and micro rock structures. When the joint intersects with the maximum principal stress at a small angle, rockburst occurs earlier. The stress direction, UCS, attitude of the dominant joint, and stress magnitude stand out as the principal controlling factors. The findings of this research can serve as a basis for assessing the MPT of tunnel rockburst, timing rockburst risk control measures, and selecting appropriate mitigation strategies.

Investigation of macro and micro sleep structures of first night effect in school-aged children

Investigation of macro and micro sleep structures of first night effect in school-aged children

Pemaknaan Lirik Lagu Feel Special ( Analisis Wacana Van Dijk )

Song lyrics are verbal symbols created by humans. In expressing their experiences, songwriters play with words and language to create appeal and distinctiveness to their lyrics or verses (Awe, 2003:51). Twice's Feel Special depicts the importance of valuing oneself and finding happiness within oneself, without relying on the validation or recognition of others. It also describes feelings of doubt and uncertainty about one's worth. Therefore, the background explains that the song Feel Special has received many positive responses from fans and music critics. This Feel Special song remains relevant today because its message about self-worth is something that is relatable to many people. This song can be a source of strength and inspiration for those who are feeling a loss of confidence. This research uses a qualitative research method with van dijk's discourse analysis approach. This analysis focuses on the macro and micro structure of the song text, as well as the social context and social cognition. The results show that the lyrics of the song Feel Special contain the meaning of the importance of loving oneself and accepting one's shortcomings, as well as telling the story of a person who feels insecure and insecure, then he learns to become more confident. This message is conveyed through various discourse strategies, such as text, social cognition and social context. The meaning of this song can help its listeners to increase their self-confidence and self-acceptance.

Analisis Podcast Close The Door Tentang Pelanggaran Etika Episode Catheez

The purpose of this research is to conduct an analysis of possible ethical violations contained in the episode "CRAZY KAYA GINI TURNS OME TV⁉️ - CATHEEZ - WHERE IS THE BOCIL OME TV!?" from the "Close the Door" podcast narrated by Catheez. This research uses a qualitative approach to identify and evaluate ethical aspects that appear in the conversations and narratives in the podcast. This research also integrates feminist discourse theory with Vand DJik which is divided into 3 structures, namely macro structure, super structure and micro structure to explore the influence of this episode on gender construction and social norms in the context of conversation. The results of the research identified several forms of ethical violations which were emphasized in the episode including gender stereotyping, verbal harassment, as well as the use of derogatory language. With a feminist discourse perspective, this research also reveals the ways in which these episodes may strengthen or undermine gender norms in society. The results of this research provide important insights regarding the influence of podcasts on understanding ethics and social norms, taking into account gender and feminist perspectives. This research makes an important contribution to understanding the ethical issues that arise in the world of podcasts and also how feminist discourse theory can be applied to analyze the impact of audio media such as podcasts in the social and cultural realm.

The debate - an opportunity for the formation of ecological culture in Biology and Health Education

Abstract The present study is part of a didactic experiment, which aims at establishing the application and effectiveness of the school debate, as an interactive method of teaching in Biology and Health Education in XII grade in order to form an environmental culture among students. The application of school debate as a part of interactive methods corresponding to the objectives of environmental education and upbringing of a selected methodological unit of the ‘Sustainable development - strategy for preserving life on Earth’ is presented, and options for its application in a specific stage of the macro structure of the lesson are proposed. The results of a questionnaire, conducted with students to explore their opinions on the application of the debate as a teaching method, are presented. The analysis of the results shows that students are motivated to actively engage in the process of learning Biology and Health Education, accept the debate as an interactive form of learning because they believe that it increases their environmental awareness and develops key skills such as, critical thinking; skills to support sustainable development; teamwork; making decisions on various environmental topics; improves the ability to analyze and evaluate the relationship between man-society-nature.

Macro topology structure and evolution of Chinese Public Funds’ Co-holding Network

The behavior of institutional investors such as public offering funds and investor networks play an important role in information transmission and risk contagion in the capital market. Less attention has been paid to the macro topological structure characteristics and the fund group behavior of the co-holding network indirectly formed by the common holding among funds. Based on the complex network analysis method, this paper firstly uses three methods to define the co-holding behavior of funds and construct the co-holding networks between large funds and small funds and between large funds, and then conducts a comparative study on the Macro topology structure and evolution characteristics of the Chinese Public Funds’ Co-holding network. The results show that: (1) Although the three networks are large sparse networks, the co-holding behavior among funds still widely exists; (2) Both networks have the characteristics of small-world and scale-free, but there are significant differences in the degree of specificity; (3)There are significant differences in the evolution of “small-world and scale-free” between the three networks; (4) When the large funds and small funds are considered comprehensively, the “small world” and “scale-free” of the fund co-holding network and the stock market show a relationship of mutual influence and mutual restriction.This study provides a reference for understanding the influence of mutual shareholding among funds, and for regulators to manage stock market risk and institutional investor governance.

Kritik Sosial Dalam Lirik Lagu (Analisis Wacana Lagu Maju Dari .Feast)

Feast is a band that expresses social criticism through songs. Idealism in music, the use of words that contain figures of speech, and the themes presented make the author use the lyrics of the song "Maju" by the band .Feast as a study in this research. The method used in this research is qualitative method. The aim of this research is to find out the meaning of social criticism in the song "Maju" using Teun A. Van Dijk's approach. Critical discourse analysis using Teun A. van Dijk's approach model includes text dimensions, social cognition dimensions, and social context dimensions. The text dimension will analyze macro structure, superstructure and micro structure, then discuss it in the social cognition dimension and social context dimension to find the meaning of social criticism in the lyrics of the song "Maju". Analysis of song lyric data was carried out to describe the meaning of social criticism in the lyrics of the song "Maju" by .Feast. The results of this research show that there is social criticism in the lyrics of the song "Maju" sung by . survive and fight to the last drop of blood to defend the sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia. Courage is something that must be instilled in every human being and defending the rights that belong to us is a must.

MolDy: molecular dynamics simulation made easy.

Molecular dynamics (MD) is a computational experiment that is crucial for understanding the structure of biological macro and micro molecules, their folding, and the inter-molecular interactions. Accurate knowledge of these structural features is the cornerstone in drug development and elucidating macromolecules functions. The open-source GROMACS biomolecular MD simulation program is recognized as a reliable and frequently used simulation program for its precision. However, the user requires expertise, and scripting skills to carrying out MD simulations. We have developed an end-to-end interactive MD simulation application, MolDy for Gromacs. This front-end application provides a customizable user interface integrated with the Python and Perl-based logical backend connecting the Linux shell and Gromacs software. The tool performs analysis and provides the user with simulation trajectories and graphical representations of relevant biophysical parameters. The advantages of MolDy are (i) user-friendly, does not requiring the researcher to have prior knowledge of Linux; (ii) easy installation by a single command; (iii) freely available for academic research; (iv) can run with minimum configuration of operating systems; (v) has valid default prefilled parameters for beginners, and at the same time provides scope for modifications for expert users. MolDy is available freely as compressed source code files with user manual for installation and operation on GitHub: https://github.com/AIBResearchMolDy/Moldyv01.git and on https://aibresearch.com/innovations.

The Continuation of Reproduction in Higher Education - Exploring the Impact of Social Class on the Aspiration of Students Taking Postgraduate Entrance Examination in China

Along with the expansion of higher education in China, on the one hand, academic qualifications are depreciating at an alarming rate, and on the other hand, the competition for employment is becoming more and more competitive, thus, the graduate school fever has become an emerging social phenomenon in China. In order to understand the mechanism of reproduction of this new-emergent phenomenon, this study try to focus on the aspiration of students who would take part in the postgraduate entrance examination in 2023 with different family background. With Bourdieus toolkit (habitus, capital, doxa, etc.), the aspiration can be set in the individuas lifeworld, but also help us to bring macro structure in discussion. In the study, the influence of institution, family, peer group will be discussed. The study concludes that Postgraduate Entrance Examination is similar to the college entrance examination in that it serves the function of social reproduction in society.

Discourse about The News of Ibu Kota Negara (IKN) Indonesia on Instagram: Discourse Analysis on The Posts of @detikcom Account

The dissemination of information related to reporting on the Ibu Kota Negara (IKN) has been carried out by several national media accounts one of which is the @detikcom. This research aims to find out how the discourse construction is built by the @detikcom on Instagram regarding the report of IKN. This research is qualitative where the research was carried out analyzing the text in the @detikcom posts regarding the report ofIKN. This research method uses discourse analysis by Teun Van Djik where text analysis in Instagram posts can be analyzed using textual analysis (macro structure, superstructure, and microstructure), social cognition analysis and social context analysis. The results of this research found three posts that had a lot of interactions related to IKN news such as flying cars at IKN and the IKN development process. In textual analysis, discourse construction was found with news titles, sentences and special words that were sensational and could attract public attention. Furthermore, the social cognition analysis found posts from the @detikcom produced by text creators which played a very important role in shaping the discourse of IKN news. Then the social context analysis shows that there are differences between the @detikcom and local media accounts in forming the report of IKN. Finally, this research concludes that the @detikcom has formed a discourse on IKN reporting which can indirectly influence public perception.