Structure Of International Trade Research Articles

Key Factors Affecting Sustainable Economic Growth in the New Normal Era: An Empirical Analysis of Country Data

Purpose - The global economy has entered a new normal era since the financial crisis of 2007 and 2008. In fact, advanced countries and those emerging have been faced with low growth, low interest rates, low prices, high unemployment, increased government debt, and stricter regulations. Nonetheless, some countries have achieved sustainable economic growth. We attempted to identify factors influencing sustainable economic growth in this era by empirically testing a model with data regarding economic indicators in 25 countries. Design/Methodology - For this empirical test, a panel model was set with nine economic variables for 14 advanced and 11 emerging countries. We conducted both a panel unit root test and a cointegration test in order to measure the stationarity of the data. The results of these tests presented that there have been long-term balanced relationships among the variables. We also conducted another empirical analysis through the fixed effects model and random effects model, and performed a Hausman test to confirm that the fixed effects model was more valid. Findings - Empirical evidence using the fixed effects model showed that the consumption level, capital formation, openness of international trade, urbanization, and innovation ability were significant in promoting the economic development of developed countries, whereas population has a negative impact on the economic development of these countries. In emerging economies, capital formation and education level had a positive effect on sustainable economic growth. Population, openness to international trade, urbanization, and industrial structure had negative impacts on sustainable economic growth. This research contained a certain level of originality in the sense that we analyzed the effects of critical economic indicators on the sustainable economic growth in representative countries that have developed economically in the new normal era. Originality/value - Few studies focus on the inf luencing factors of sustainable economic development in a specific country. We may provide important implications for economic policy makers that want to grow their economies sustainably. We also may enrich a theoretical and practical basis on economic development.

РОЗВИТОК МІЖНАРОДНИХ ТОРГІВЕЛЬНИХ ВІДНОСИН В КОНТЕКСТІ МІЖНАРОДНОГО МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ

Introduction. Integration into the global economy and active participation in international trade contribute to economic development, job creation, and improved living standards. The application of international management in this context helps companies to effectively manage their international operations, adapt to different cultural and regulatory environments, and ensure sustainable development in the global economy. The purpose of the article. International trade is an important element of the global economic system that affects the development and welfare of countries. The main purpose of this article is to study the essence of international trade and its role in the system of international management. Formulation of the goal allowed us to identify a number of tasks to clarify the essence of international trade and the main factors of its development, to analyze the trends in Ukraine's trade with the European Union and the rest of the world. Metods. The study of international trade development in the context of international management requires the use of empirical research methods and analysis of statistical data that allow for a comprehensive analysis of market dynamics, the commodity structure of international trade, and the impact of global processes. Results. The article proves that international trade is a central link in the complex system of the global economy and plays a key role in the interaction between countries and regions of the world, influencing their economies, politics and society. It is also determined that international trade provides countries with access to a variety of goods and services that they do not produce or cannot produce on their own. The paper substantiates the importance of import and export growth in developed countries and identifies the interrelationships between different regions of the world. An important aspect of Ukraine's international trade based on Ukraine's relations with the European Union is also highlighted. The steps that Ukraine is taking to maintain such relations are also outlined. Based on the analysis, it is proved that Ukraine's exports are growing, especially in the context of trade with the EU, but there are certain dynamics and peculiarities in interaction with other regions of the world. Conclusiоns. The development of Ukraine's export potential and integration into the global economy are possible only if the structure of international trade is radically improved. To achieve these goals, it is necessary to use various forms of international economic cooperation.

Status and trends in the international wildlife trade in Chameleons with a focus on Tanzania.

Chameleons (family Chamaeleonidae) are a distinctive group of reptiles, mainly found in Africa, which have high local endemism and face significant threats from the international wildlife trade. We review the scale and structure of international chameleon trade, with a focus on collection in and exports from Tanzania; a hotspot of chameleon diversity. Analysis used data from the CITES Trade Database 2000-2019, combined with assessment of online trade, and on-the-ground surveys in Tanzania in 2019. Between 2000 and 2019, 1,128,776 live chameleons from 108 species were reported as exported globally, with 193,093 of these (from 32 species) exported by Tanzania. Both global and Tanzanian chameleon exports declined across the study period, driven by decreased trade in generalist genera. Whilst the proportion of captive-bred individuals increased across time for the generalist taxa, the majority of range-restricted taxa in trade remained largely wild-sourced. For Tanzanian exports, 41% of chameleons were from one of the 23 endemic species, and 10 of the 12 Tanzanian endemic species in trade are categorised as threatened with extinction by IUCN. In terms of online trade, of the 42 Tanzanian species assessed, there was evidence of online sale for 83.3% species, and 69% were actively for sale with prices listed. Prices were on average highest for Trioceros species, followed by Kinyongia, Rieppeleon, Rhampholeon, and Chameleo. Field work in Tanzania provided evidence that the historic harvest of endemic chameleon species has been higher than the quantities of these species reported as exported by Tanzania in their annual trade reports to CITES. However, we found no field evidence for trade in 2020 and 2021, in line with Tanzanian regulations that applied a blanket ban on all exports of live wild animals. Literature evidence, however, suggests that illegal trade continued to Europe from seizures of Tanzanian chameleon species in Austria in 2021.

Greenhouse gas emissions patterns and insertion in global value chains: a comparative study between Brazil and China (2000–2016)

PurposeThis study aims to analyze and compare the relationship between international trade in global value chains (GVC) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for Brazil and China from 2000 to 2016.Design/methodology/approachThe input-output method apply to multiregional tables from Eora-26 to decompose the GHG emissions of the Brazilian and Chinese productive structure.FindingsThe data reveals that Chinese production and consumption emissions are associated with power generation and energy-intensive industries, a significant concern among national and international policymakers. For Brazil, the largest territorial emissions captured by the metrics come from services and traditional industry, which reveals room for improving energy efficiency. The analysis sought to emphasize how the productive structure and dynamics of international trade have repercussions on the environmental dimension, to promote arguments that guide the execution of a more sustainable, productive and commercial development strategy and offer inputs to advance discussions on the attribution of climate responsibility.Research limitations/implicationsThe metrics did not capture emissions related to land use and deforestation, which are representative of Brazilian emissions.Originality/valueComparative analysis of emissions embodied in traditional sectoral trade flows and GVC, on backward and forward sides, for developing countries with the main economic regions of the world.

The Emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and its Impact on International Trade

Trade as we know it will change. This is because the fourth industrial revolution—a period of rapid digital technological advancement—is beginning to impact the world. Coined in Germany as Industry 4.0, despite its name, this revolution is a process of emerging technologies established on older ones. Industry 4.0 represents the fusion of primarily digital developing technologies. This article examines the effects of Industry 4.0 and its revolutionary changes on the volume and nature of global trade, and identifies its quantitative, structural, and comparative impacts on countries and corporations using qualitative methods.. Implementing the core developments of Industry 4.0 will significantly change international trade volume and structure. There will be a significant shift toward services. The goods to gain prominence due to digitalization will mainly be those with high transportation, logistics, data, legislation, and transaction costs. Applying new technologies will also significantly alter the terms of trade. Keywords: Industrial revolution 4.0, International trade, Digital technology

Research on the Relationship Between International Trade and Network

In a rapidly globalizing world economy, international trade is undergoing unprecedented growth, marked by technological advancements, energy demand, and currency fluctuations. This study explores the intricate interplay between trade networks and international commerce. As the global economy transforms, this research sheds light on key trends and characteristics shaping the international trade landscape. Through an extensive review of relevant literature, this paper investigates the role of trade networks in international trade dynamics. It delves into the significance of network structures and their impact on trade patterns, revealing insights about the core-periphery structure where advanced economies dominate while others form the periphery. The study focuses on the international trade network's features, including its virtualization, globalization, and intelligent attributes. It examines how businesses adapt to digitalization, interact through virtual platforms, and embrace the knowledge-driven nature of modern trade networks. Additionally, the research explores the implications of trade networks for enterprises, emphasizing market penetration, supply chain efficiency, brand influence, technological innovation, and resource integration. The study highlights the works of various scholars who have analyzed international trade networks. Research findings underscore the importance of understanding network structures, role centrality, and the impact of digitalization on global trade. By analyzing the evolution of trade networks and their implications for different economies, this study offers valuable insights for policymakers and businesses navigating the complex landscape of international trade. Overall, this thesis contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between international trade and network structures, paving the way for more informed decisions in a rapidly changing global trade environment.

Unleashing the nexus among export sophistication, digital development, and ecological efficiency: evidence from China

As the critical work of future economic reform in China, the “dual carbon goal” would significantly impact China’s participation in international trade and commodity structure in the future and it will bring considerable challenges to the import and export industries and foreign trade enterprises. This study applies the generalized method of moments (GMM) to empirically assess the effects of export sophistication and digital development on ecological efficiency using 2006–2016 panel data from 30 provinces in China. The empirical findings reveal that there has been a yearly increase in the provincial green total factor productivity (GTFP), which is mainly driven by the promotion of technological level and has a significant regional heterogeneity. Both export sophistication and digital development have a positive impact on promoting ecological efficiency. In general, one unit increase of export sophistication would lead to an increase in GTFP by approximately 0.02–0.03. However, digital development has a negative moderating effect on the influence of sophistication on green total factor productivity, which indicates that the positive impact of export sophistication demonstrates a tendency for the marginal effect to diminish when digital development is sufficient. The reason is that digital development strongly impacts the regional economic pattern in China, and economically developed coastal areas often have a higher level of digital construction and export structure. After clustering, it indicates that while digital development has a stronger favorable influence on increasing GTFP in the western area, export sophistication has a substantial positive impact on GTFP in the eastern region.

ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF WORLD TRADE TRENDS ON THE EXPORT ACTIVITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

The article deals with the issues of international trade and the impact of global trade trends on the foreign economic and export activity of the Republic of Kazakhstan using graphical, tabular and comparative methods. The dynamics of the volume of international trade, the structure of international trade in the context of industries and goods, as well as the changes that have occurred in it over the past ten years, were analyzed. The features of regional trade in the structure of general world trade were outlined. Trends in the growth of international trade volumes, changes in its structure towards an increase in the share of high value-added goods, as well as regionalization of international trade while maintaining the leading positions of the countries of the Asia-Pacific region and the European Union were revealed. The authors analyzed the changes in the foreign trade turnover and export of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the dynamics of the main exported Kazakhstan’s goods, the geographical structure of the country's foreign trade turnover. The article reflects the indices of the intensity of Kazakhstan's foreign trade. Calculations of its efficiency from 2014 to 2022 were made. The article is based on a large amount of materials, both from domestic and foreign databases. In general, based on the analysis, the influence of global trade trends on the export activity of the Republic of Kazakhstan was determined.

Relations Between De-industrialization and Terms of Trade: A Historical Review and Econometric Examination

The international trade and industrial structure since the industrial revolution have changed significantly featured with a booming trade volume and unprecedented speed of industrialization. However, under the current of industrial process of western nations, the third-world countries, are experiencing a de-industrial process. Through industrialization and de-industrialization, the structure of the world was significantly changed, and the world was later classified as the developed and developing nations. This classification still works for current world order. Thus, tracing the reason that the process of world classification is vital, which could better enhance the understanding of contemporary world. This paper aims to analyse the reasons for the de-indudstrialization in the peripheries with a historical and econometric review.

Reshaping the structure of the World Trade Network: a pivotal role for China?

In recent years, the global trade landscape has undergone significant changes, particularly in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis and more recently as a consequence of Covid-19 pandemic. To understand the structure of international trade and the impact of these changes, this study applies a combination of network analysis and causal inference techniques to the most extensive coverage of available data in terms of time span and spatial extension. The study is conducted in two phases. The first one explores the structure of international trade by providing a comprehensive analysis of the World Trade Network (WTN) from various perspectives, including the identification of key players and clusters of strongly interacting countries. The second phase investigates the impact of the rising role of China on the global structure of the WTN. Overall, the results highlight a structural change in the WTN, evidenced by a variety of network metrics, around China’s rapid growth years. Additionally, the reshaping of the WTN is not only accompanied by a significant increase in trade flows between China and its partners, but also by a corresponding decline in trade among non-China-partner countries. These results suggest that China played a pivotal role in the restructuring of the WTN in the first decades of this century. The findings of this study shed light on the interpretation of the rapidly changing landscape of global trade.

The international derivatives market: Growth leaders and trends in the current geopolitical environment

Aim. To consider the impact of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic and special military ope­ration on the structure of the international derivatives market. Tasks. To characterize the regional structure of the international derivatives market; to analyze the specifics of trade by region, country, exchange and underlying assets; to identify key trends in the international derivatives market and the factors forming them during the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic and special military operation. Methods. General scientific methods of research (analysis and synthesis, induction, classifica­tion, etc.), as well as computational and analytical methods were used. Results. Two key trends were identified in the study of changes in international derivatives trading activity. First, the Asia-Pacific region, led by India and China, has taken the lead in the international derivatives trade structure in terms of trade volume. The U.S. region, led by the United States and Brazil, has lagged far behind the Asia-Pacific region in terms of trade activ­ity since the launch of the special military operation, which may entail capital outflows from America to East and South Asia. Second, the West Asian region, which includes a number of countries in the Near and Middle East, led by Turkey and Iran, is a new player in the deriva­tives market, which has entered into competition with the European region. During the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, the West Asian region actively increased derivatives trading volumes. The most popular underlying assets of derivatives were stocks, whose trading volume during the pandemic approached the trading volume of the European region as a whole, which includes the European Union countries, Great Britain and Russia. After the start of the special military operation, the drop in volumes in the European region put the West Asian region in third place in the international structure of derivatives trading activity, indicating the growing competi­tion between West Asia and Europe. Conclusions. The transformation of the international market based on the outflow of trade activity to South, East and West Asia during the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic and special military operation forms a qualitatively new interaction of participants in the international derivatives market. India, China, Turkey and Iran are new key players in the Asian region. Their interaction creates prerequisites for the creation of a contour of new economic mutually advan­tageous interaction in the world economic system, in which the competition is between the regions of South Asia, East Asia and America, as well as between West Asia and the European region. To form a clearer contour of the participants of the new economic interaction, further research on the centers of capitalization in the international derivatives market and the basis for their formation, as well as infrastructure research aimed at studying the transatlantic and continental system of interconnection of exchanges is needed.

Restructuring Trade: Circulation of Medicinal Materials in East Asia in the 18th Century.

In the 18th century, the trade of medicinal materials in East Asia showed a trend of rapid development, and by the second half of the 18th century, it became the largest commodity category in East Asia's international trade. The growth of medicinal material trade during this period was not a simple trade issue, but was closely related to a series of changes in economic fields, such as the market network, trade balance and production. The changes in the international trade environment from the 17th to the 19th centuries greatly increased the demand for medicinal materials. It also affected the production of medicinal materials. The medicinal material industries in East Asian countries were characterised by specialisation and marketisation, and provided the market with abundant and high-quality medicinal materials. In turn, the development of the medicinal material industry promoted international trade, making medicinal materials the largest traded commodity in East Asia. In the 18th century, the development of medicinal material trade promoted the recalibration of international trade, and changed the commodity structure of East Asian trade. It is a result of the transformation of international trade and economic relations, and an important participant in the development of East Asian economy. Trade of medicinal materials in the 18th century expanded the market network and formed a positive interaction between trade and production, and reshaped the international trade structure of East Asia.

FROM INDUSTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS TO DIGITAL ECONOMY ECOSYSTEMS: NEW BUSINESS MODELS AND MODELS OF COMPETITION IN THE CONDITIONS OF DIGITALIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN GOODS AND SERVICES

Digitalization has become a new stage in the development of the world economy in terms of the development, implementation and dissemination of new technologies, and its impact on the development of international trade is decisive, if only because there is already an explosive growth in digital transactions and digital trade on a global scale. The key result of digital transformations for international trade is the creation of new markets, products and business models based on new digital technologies. In the context of digitalization, however, there is a certain difficulty in defining the increasingly blurred boundaries between goods and services. The main manifestations of the digital transformation of international trade are the large-scale development of e-commerce, the intensive development of foreign trade in information and communication services, and the development of digital e-commerce platforms. Digital technologies have transformed economic activity in domestic and international markets. Their widespread use affects all sectors of international trade, however, they have most affected trade in services, which has become at the center of the latest technological revolution. By creating new products, changing the characteristics of traditional products, and reducing trade costs, digital technologies have a serious impact on the determinants of competitive advantage, and these, in turn, on the structure of international trade. This raises the important question of which determinants of competitive advantage will be stronger in the digital age and whether new determinants are likely to emerge. Digitalization has become a new stage in the development of the world economy in terms of the development, implementation and dissemination of new technologies, and its impact on the development of international trade is decisive, if only because there is already an explosive growth in digital transactions and digital trade on a global scale. The key result of digital transformations for international trade is the creation of new markets, products and business models based on new digital technologies. In the context of digitalization, however, there is a certain difficulty in defining the increasingly blurred boundaries between goods and services. The main manifestations of the digital transformation of international trade are the large-scale development of e-commerce, the intensive development of foreign trade in information and communication services, and the development of digital e-commerce platforms. The purpose of the article is to study the characteristic features of digital business models and digital ecosystems, covering existing (realized) and potential (implicit, hidden) relationships that are formed and established through digital innovations, and to conceptualize the relationship between the business environment and the technological environment of organizations. involved in digital transformation Digital technologies have transformed economic activity in domestic and international markets. Their widespread use affects all sectors of international trade, however, they have most affected trade in services, which has become at the center of the latest technological revolution. By creating new products, changing the characteristics of traditional products, and reducing trade costs, digital technologies have a serious impact on the determinants of competitive advantage, and these, in turn, on the structure of international trade. This raises the important question of which determinants of competitive advantage will be stronger in the digital age and whether new determinants are likely to emerge. Although the ecosystem of platforms is usually identified with digital business ecosystems or software ecosystems, in the process of highlighting the specific characteristics of each of the considered ecosystems – the entrepreneurial ecosystem, the innovation ecosystem, the service ecosystem, the product ecosystem, we found out their common and distinctive features. It has been established that with the rapid development of digital technologies, the forms of economic activity are evolving, the volume of information being used is increasing, and new methods of its processing are emerging. The presence of the qualifying word “digital” in “digital ecosystems” opens the possibility to interpret “ecosystem” as an orientation model for the development of self-organizing software systems, software services, and applications that arise spontaneously from an artificial environment. Self-organization of digital ecosystems is expressed in the ability to independently change in the face of changes in internal elements and the external environment. However, a fundamental change in the external environment, expressed, for example, in a deep economic crisis, may adversely affect the ability of the digital ecosystem to self-organize. The scalability of digital ecosystems lies in the ability to function effectively with a growing amount of data in use and digital divisions. An increase in the number of ecosystem elements leads to an increase in the scale of the ecosystem.

The role of technology in international trade of Vietnam’s high-tech products

An increase in the international trade value of high-tech products is seen as an important demonstration of Vietnam’s transformation of the international trade structure from labour-intensive to technology-intensive. Focusing on the export aspect of international trade, this study analyzes the impact of national technological achievements on our country’s exports of high-tech goods. The Augmented gravity model was applied to the sample of Vietnam and 49 major trading partners in the period 2009-2018. The estimation results show that the export value of high-tech products in Vietnam is significantly impacted by the technological achievements of our country while not affected by the technological achievements of the partner countries.

Global trends of the ecological development of the world economy in digitalization conditions

The article examines the essence of ecological development of the world economy and highlights the main components of this process. It is noted that the digitalization of the world economy, the construction of a network of information and communication technologies is a global technological challenge that cannot but affect the world ecosystem. An analysis of the ecological paradigm, which is a priority and strategic vector for the development of the world economy in modern conditions, has been carried out. It was determined that as a result of the technological and anthropogenic load on the ecosystem, negative changes occur, which are accompanied by social, economic and ecological contradictions in the functioning of the world economy. Modern digitization processes are designed to influence the formation of a harmonious eco-environment and the achievement of sustainable development goals on the scale of the world economy. The conducted analysis shows that the dynamic shifts associated with the development of digitalization of the world economy will only intensify over time. It was noted that digital technologies are one of the tools for ensuring the growth of the world economy, achieving growth in the well-being of the population, and solving problems in the field of environmental protection. It has been studied that the impact of digitalization has both positive and negative consequences on the ecological development of the world economy. Analysis of the structure of international trade suggests that the growth rate of international trade in services is significantly higher than that of international trade in goods. Thus, the widespread use of digital technologies leads to an increase in the volume of export-import of services both in absolute value and in relative share in the overall structure of international trade. It is proposed that the development of the world economy should be based on taking into account and balancing the technological, social and environmental components of the world economic mechanism. And in this chain, it is unacceptable to underestimate the impact of digital technologies on the global ecosystem. When solving economic problems, it is necessary to be guided by the principle of ecological expediency and benefit, since a negative ecological effect can neutralize all economic effects within the framework of a globalized international environment.

Вимоги до маркування як один з інструментів нетарифного регулювання імпорту українських продуктів харчування в Китайській народній республіці

The article analyzes the dynamics and structure of international trade in Ukrainian food products with China. The opportunities of Ukrainian food producers to meet the demand of Chinese consumers are considered. The tools of the Chinese non-tariff trade policy regarding the import of food products (licenses, certificates of quality or compliance, certificates of origin, quality standards, requirements for packaging and labeling, legislative acts, sanitary and phytosanitary requirements) and their impact on trade with Ukraine are determined. Chinese regulations and GB state standards, which establish requirements for the safety of food and agricultural products, are considered. The process of accreditation of foreign manufacturers in China is described. Based on the analysis of literary sources, the definition of the concept of labeling is given – it is all words, descriptions, signs for goods and services, brand name, images or symbols related to food products and placed on any package, label (sticker), consumer container, counter-label , collar, label, stopper, leaflet, document, message, other packaging elements accompanying or belonging to this type of food products. The elements of labeling and its functions (informational, identification, motivational, emotional) are described, classification of food product labeling is proposed according to four characteristics (by the stage of production and sales activity at which the labeling is applied, by the content of the information on the labeling, by the breadth of coverage of product groups, by territorial scale of use).The types of product identification are considered according to the information contained in the labeling (consumer identification, assortment identification, quality identification, identification of the product belonging to a specific batch). China’s requirements for food labeling were studied, the main of which is that the labeling must meet the standards and contain complete and reliable information about the product and its manufacturer, which is necessary for the buyer to make a decision about the feasibility of purchasing it.

The Comprehensive Impact of Outward Foreign Direct Investment on China’s Carbon Emissions

Outward foreign direct investment (OFDI), as an important carrier of global technology and industrial transfer, will significantly impact the home country’s environment. Therefore, using data from 30 Chinese provinces gathered between 2004 and 2019, we empirically analyze the impact of OFDI on China’s carbon emissions across two dimensions: total carbon emissions and carbon emission efficiency. In addition, when the previous studies explored the impact of OFDI on carbon emissions, there were few studies on the synergistic emission reduction effect of OFDI. Therefore, based on sorting out previous research, we incorporated OFDI, technological progress, industrial structure upgrading, international trade, and carbon emissions into the same analytical framework. Based on the classic fixed model, we introduce the interaction term further to explore the synergistic emission reduction effect of OFDI. Our model suggests that OFDI has increased total carbon emissions, but the associated reverse technology spillover has improved carbon emission efficiency. We also found a synergistic emission reduction effect between OFDI and technological progress, international trade, and industrial structure upgrading. This synergistic effect suppresses the growth of total carbon emissions and improves carbon emissions efficiency. Robustness testing confirmed these results. This research also provides a relatively novel perspective for China to achieve the goals of “carbon peaking” and “carbon neutrality”.

The Impact of International Trade Structure on the Environment and Countermeasures

The structure of international trade has a significant impact on the environment, so effective measures should be taken to control the environmental pollution caused by international trade. Therefore, it is necessary to do a good job in the research on the impact of international trade structure on the environment. This paper chooses international trade as the starting point, analyzes the influence of international trade structure on domestic ecological environment, and gives some countermeasures in combination with specific conditions, so as to realize ecological environment protection on the basis of promoting the development of international trade and avoid the old road of sacrificing the environment for economic development. It is hoped that the relevant discussion in this paper can provide reference for similar research.

Optimization analysis of grain self-production and import structure based on carbon footprint

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to reduce the carbon footprint of food by adjusting the international trade and planting structure and to provide possible ideas for the improvement of the world's food green production and green trade.Design/methodology/approachUsing the literature analysis method to collect carbon footprint data calculated based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) method, and establishing an optimization model and an ARIMA prediction model for empirical analysis, this paper explores the possibility to reduce carbon emissions by adjusting import structure and self-production structure.FindingsThe results show that only through the adjustment of the import structure, carbon emissions can be reduced by 3.29 million tons at the source of imports. When domestic self-production is included, a total of 4.51 million tons of carbon emissions can be reduced, this provides ideas for low-carbon emission reduction in agriculture and animal husbandry.Originality/valueThis article is the first to use the carbon footprint data obtained by other scholars using LCA to optimize and analyze the grain trade structure and planting structure from a low-carbon perspective, and obtain specific emission reductions.

Influence Effect of Internet on the Optimization of China’s International Trade Structure Based on Gravity Model

The scale and competitiveness of foreign trade are not only an important reflection of a country’s economic strength, status, and influence in the international economy, but also a basic indicator to measure a trading power. At the moment, information technology, embodied by the Internet, is steadily altering the old method of international trade. This research investigates the impact of the Internet on China’s international trade, based on a comprehensive review of the relevant literature. This study firstly analyzes the mechanism of network’s influence on international trade structure and focuses on the influence of network on trade participants and trade services. Then, based on the gravity model, the empirical process of network’s influence on international trade structure is analyzed, and the empirical research is carried out through variable analysis, stationarity and cointegration test, and pulse corresponding analysis. This paper concludes that the development of the Internet has a certain role in encouraging service commerce in China, based on an empirical analysis of the relationship between the Internet and service trade in China.