Structure Of Hybrid Materials Research Articles

Preparation PET Hybrided Materials by <i>In Situ</i> Polymerization for Delustered Fibers

A series of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) hybrid materials with high-load TiO2 content were prepared via in situ polymerization by dispersing unmodified titanium dioxide (TiO2) in Ethylene Glycol (EG), and the influence of load TiO2 nanofillers on the physical properties of PET masterbatch was investigated. The intrinsic viscosities of the prepared PET hybrid materials were affected by the addition of the nanoparticles and in both cases a slight decrease was observed. In addition, the thermal behavior of these PET hybrid materials and neat PET was investigated using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The chemical structures of PET hybrid materials were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The TiO2 nanoparticles show well dispersibility in PET matrix. The PET hybrid material with 40wt.% TiO2 content was used as master batch to prepare full dull PET fiber with 2.5 wt.% TiO2. The melt flow ability of PET hybrid materials shows good winding and drawing performance, and also the resulted fiber has better mechanical properties than neat PET fiber. It suggests that this PET/TiO2 masterbatch by in situ polymerization may find good application for delustered fiber preparation.

State of the art review on design and manufacture of hybrid biomedical materials: Hip and knee prostheses

The trend in biomaterials development has now headed for tailoring the properties and making hybrid materials to achieve the optimal performance metrics in a product. Modern manufacturing processes along with advanced computational techniques enable systematical fabrication of new biomaterials by design strategy. Functionally graded materials as a recent group of hybrid materials have found numerous applications in biomedical area, particularly for making orthopedic prostheses. This article, therefore, seeks to address the following research questions: (RQ1) What is the desired structure of orthopedic hybrid materials? (RQ2) What is the contribution of the literature in the development of hybrid materials in the field of orthopedic research? (RQ3) Which type of manufacturing approaches is prevalently used to build these materials for knee and hip implants? (RQ4) Is there any inadequacy in the methods applied?

Structure and Properties of Self-Assembling Low-Dimensional Hy brid Materials: the Case of Cadmium Halides in Polyvinyl Alcohol

Structure and Properties of Self-Assembling Low-Dimensional Hy brid Materials: the Case of Cadmium Halides in Polyvinyl Alcohol

Flower-like polyaniline/graphene hybrids for high-performance supercapacitor

A novel flower-like polyaniline/graphene hybrid (PANI-ATRGO) is prepared by a one-pot synthesis and used as electrode materials for supercapacitors. The structure, formation mechanism and electrochemical properties of such unique architecture are systematically investigated by combining Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscope, X-ray diffraction and electrochemical techniques. The results suggest that “V-type” amino groups of ATRGO and supermolecular assembly between PANI chains play the key role in the formation of flower-like nanostructures. Compare to pristine PANI (487 F g−1 at 1 A g−1), PANI-ATRGO electrode materials exhibit a remarkable improvement of the specific capacitance (1510 F g−1 at 1 A g−1) for supercapacitor in addition to excellent rate capacity and long-term cycling stability. Moreover, it is found that flower-like PANI-ATRGO hybrids exhibit better electrochemical properties than the corresponding nanorod-array hybrids in our previous study. This reveals the significance of controlling the hierarchical structure of hybrid materials in the development of high-performance supercapacitor.

Strengthening of Ceramic-based Artificial Nacre via Synergistic Interactions of 1D Vanadium Pentoxide and 2D Graphene Oxide Building Blocks

Nature has evolved hierarchical structures of hybrid materials with excellent mechanical properties. Inspired by nacre’s architecture, a ternary nanostructured composite has been developed, wherein stacked lamellas of 1D vanadium pentoxide nanofibres, intercalated with water molecules, are complemented by 2D graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets. The components self-assemble at low temperature into hierarchically arranged, highly flexible ceramic-based papers. The papers’ mechanical properties are found to be strongly influenced by the amount of the integrated GO phase. Nanoindentation tests reveal an out-of-plane decrease in Young’s modulus with increasing GO content. Furthermore, nanotensile tests reveal that the ceramic-based papers with 0.5 wt% GO show superior in-plane mechanical performance, compared to papers with higher GO contents as well as to pristine V2O5 and GO papers. Remarkably, the performance is preserved even after stretching the composite material for 100 nanotensile test cycles. The good mechanical stability and unique combination of stiffness and flexibility enable this material to memorize its micro- and macroscopic shape after repeated mechanical deformations. These findings provide useful guidelines for the development of bioinspired, multifunctional systems whose hierarchical structure imparts tailored mechanical properties and cycling stability, which is essential for applications such as actuators or flexible electrodes for advanced energy storage.

Structure and Properties of High-Temperature Multilayer Hybrid Material Based on Vanadium Alloy and Stainless Steel

The present work is devoted to the development of new structural composite material having the unique complex of properties for operating in ultrahard conditions that combine high temperatures, radiation, and aggressive environments. A new three-layer composite tube material based on vanadium alloy (V-4Ti-4Cr) protected by stainless steel (Fe-0.2C-13Cr) has been obtained by co-extrusion. Mechanism and kinetics of formation as well as structure, composition, and mechanical properties of “transition” area between vanadium alloy and stainless steel have been studied. The transition area (13- to 22-µm thick) of the diffusion interaction between vanadium alloy and steel was formed after co-extrusion. The microstructure in the transition area was rather complicated comprising different grain sizes in components, but having no defects or brittle phases. Tensile strength of the composite was an average 493 ± 22 MPa, and the elongation was 26 ± 3 pct. Annealing at 1073 K (800 °C) increased the thickness of transition area up to 1.2 times, homogenized microstructure, and slightly changed mechanical properties. Annealing at 1273 K (1000 °C) further increased the thickness of transition area and also lead to intensive grain growth in steel and sometimes to separation between composite components during tensile tests. Annealing at 1073 K (800 °C) is proposed as appropriate heat treatment after co-extrusion of composite providing balance between diffusion interaction thickness and microstructure and monolithic-like behavior of composite during tensile tests.

A versatile and efficient approach to separate both surfactant-stabilized water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions

Oil/water separation is an important field aiming to resolve industrial oily wastewater and oil-spill pollution, as well as environmental protection. However, the separation of oil-water mixtures, especially surfactant-stabilized oil-water emulsions, is a worldwide challenge. To this end, we developed a versatile and efficient approach to separate various highly stable emulsions including both surfactant-stabilized W/O emulsions and O/W emulsions with high separation efficiency using nanoporous divinylbenzene (DVB)/SiO2 hybrid material. The highly effective separation property of the hybrid material is attributed to its superhydrophobicity, high specific surface area and nanopore size distribution. Therefore, the versatile emulsion separation of hybrid material shows obvious advantage over most superwetting surfaces that only have effect on free oil-water mixtures or one form emulsion (W/O emulsions or O/W emulsions). Besides, the as-prepared hybrid material can rapidly swell various organic solvents from water selectively with high absorption capacity because of the present multi-level nanopores which can enhance adsorption performance for their improved accessibility and high surface area. Moreover, the hierarchical nanoporous structure of hybrid material still remained even after repeated separation procedures indicating the outstanding fouling resistance and good reusability. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Preparation and properties of emulsifier‐/solvent‐free polyurethane‐acrylic hybrid emulsions for binder materials: Effect of the glycidyl methacrylate/acrylonitrile content

ABSTRACTTo obtain binder materials, emulsions of emulsifier‐/solvent‐free waterborne polyurethane‐acrylic hybrids with a fixed acrylic monomer content (30 wt %) were prepared in this study. This study focused on the effect of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)/acrylonitrile (AN) wt % on the shelf stability, mean particle size and viscosity of hybrid emulsion samples, water swelling %/dynamic mechanical thermal properties/mechanical properties of hybrid film samples, and the failure mode and adhesive strength of binder materials prepared in this study. Characterization of the chemical structures of prepolymers, hybrid materials (binder materials), and atmospheric pressure plasma‐treated polyethylene (PE) has been performed by means of Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy to determine the presence/disappearance/peak intensity change of functional groups. Various properties such as mean particle size, viscosity, Tg, water swelling %, hardness and mechanical properties, and failure mode and adhesive strength for leather/leather, control PE/leather, and plasma‐treated PE/leather were found to be significantly dependent on the weight ratio of GMA/AN. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44497.

Validation of the COMPASS force field for complex inorganic–organic hybrid polymers

Inorganic–organic hybrid polymers are promising alternatives to simple organic polymers. They combine the advantages of organic and inorganic components in one homogeneous material, which can be adjusted to match sophisticated demands for various possible applications ranging from soft silicones to hard hybrid ceramics. Typically, the inorganic network is formed by a sol-gel reaction whereas the organic network is built by a polymerization reaction. Due to their complex architecture on a molecular level, it is often impossible to experimentally obtain information on the atomistic structures of such hybrid materials. In this work, we validate the all-atom COMPASS force field for the simulation of such materials on the basis of a simplified test system with (methacryloyloxymethyl)dimethylethoxysilane as a precursor; which has only one functionality for inorganic condensation, building only one defined condensation product in the sol-gel reaction. The force field was validated based on the experimentally determined single crystal structure of this condensation product and the calculation of its glass transition and melting temperatures by molecular dynamics. The prediction of fluid densities was validated on liquids of the precursor and the condensation product. The validated force field is applied to demonstrate the influence of inorganic cross-linking in the resulting polymer on a simplified network model.

Synthesis, crystal structure, vibrational spectra, optical properties and theoretical investigation of a two-dimensional self-assembled organic-inorganic hybrid material

Organic–inorganic hybrid material of formula (C4H3SC2H4NH3)2[PbI4] was synthesized and studied by X-ray diffraction, Infrared absorption, Raman scattering, UV–Visible absorption and photoluminescence measurements. The molecule crystallizes as an organic–inorganic two-dimensional (2D) structure built up from infinite PbI6 octahedra surrounded by organic cations. Such a structure may be regarded as quantum wells system in which the inorganic layers act as semiconductor wells and the organic cations act as insulator barriers. Room temperature IR and Raman spectra were recorded in the 520–3500 and 10–3500 cm−1 frequency range, respectively. Optical absorption measurements performed on thin films of (C4H3SC2H4NH3)2[PbI4] revealed three distinct bands at 2.4, 2.66 and 3.25 eV. We also report DFT calculations of the electric dipole moments (μ), polarizability (α), the static first hyperpolarizability (β) and HOMO–LUMO analysis of the title compound investigated by GAUSSIAN 09 package. The calculated static first Hyperpolarizability is equal to 11.46 × 10−31 esu.

Structure of Hybrid Materials Based on Halloysite Nanotubes Filled with Anionic Surfactants

The structures of pristine halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and ones functionalized by anionic surfactants (sodium dodecanoate and sodium dodecyl sulfate) were investigated by small angle neutron scattering (SANS). These experiments evidenced the structural organization of the surfactants adsorbed onto the HNT cavity and the importance of the surfactant headgroup. Contrast matching experiments were employed in order to mask the dominant scattering effect of the clay hollow nanotubes and to focus on the surfactant organization within the lumen. Further investigation on the mesoscopic structure of the investigated materials was carried out by electric birefringence (EBR), which allowed study of the rotational mobility of both pristine and functionalized HNTs. The gained structural insights were used to deduce some relevant properties of the hybrids, such as their surfactant loading, charge, and solubilization ability toward hydrophobic compounds. For the latter, the HNT lumen hydrophobization was straightforward...

Investigation on slot-die coating of hybrid material structure for OLED lightings

With an attempt to fabricate large-area OLED lighting panels, we investigate slot-die coating of a small molecule (SM) hole transport layer (HTL). It is observed that SM HTL films formed by spin coating exhibit pinhole-like surface, whereas the films by slot-die coating show micro-sized hillocks due to agglomeration. As the plate temperature of the slot coater is increased, smaller hillocks appear more densely. To tackle it, a small amount of a polymer HTL is added into the SM HTL (Hybrid HTL). By the aid of entangled polymer chains, small molecules are prohibited from migrating and thus agglomerations disappear. The peak-to-peak roughness of the slot-coated hybrid HTL films is measured to be about 11.5nm, which is slightly higher than that (~7nm) of the polymer HTL film, but much lower than that (~1071nm) of the SM HTL film. Similar results are also observed in spin-coated films. It is also addressed that OLED with the hybrid HTL shows higher luminous efficacy, compared to OLED with the SM HTL or the polymer HTL. We have further demonstrated that the dissolution problem occurring between two stacked layers with different solvents during slot-die coating can be suppressed to a great extent using such a combination of materials in hybrid structure.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes arrays-Ag nanoparticles

A three-dimensional (3D) surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate is fabricated by decorating multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) arrays with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on silicon, via magnetron sputtering and annealing method. The MWNTs-AgNPs hybrids with 3D structure increase the coverage of plasmonic nanostructures. The effect of inter-particle and inter-tube coupling creates a multitude of hot spots, with a strong SERS effect. The structure of MWNTs-AgNPs hybrid material is confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, Raman scattering from MWNTs, which is significantly enhanced in such hybrids, is systematically investigated in all samples. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering property is proved using 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) as standard analyte and the detection concentration level is down to 10−10 M. Additionally, the stability and recyclability of MWNTs-AgNPs substrates have been studied, positioning SERS mapping within an area of 10 × 10 μm2 is carried out to investigate the uniformity; time-course SERS mapping is performed to study the influence induced by molecule solution evaporation process. Finally, finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is utilized to simulate E-field distribution of the hybrid structures with multilayer AgNPs decorated on MWNTs. The results show a Raman scattering enhancement factor (EF) of 107.

Using the Hybrid Nanoscope for Non-destructive Control of Nanostructural Materials

In Moscow State University of Information Technology, Radio Engineering and Electronics there was developed a hybrid nanoscope (HN), which is intended for the study and control of nanostructure materials using a variety of microscopes and spectroscopy. When operating as X-ray microscope, it allows to obtain information on micron and nanometer level about internal structure of different composites and hybrid materials without their destruction.

Graphene Hybrid Materials in Gas Sensing Applications

Graphene, a two dimensional structure of carbon atoms, has been widely used as a material for gas sensing applications because of its large surface area, excellent conductivity, and ease of functionalization. This article reviews the most recent advances in graphene hybrid materials developed for gas sensing applications. In this review, synthetic approaches to fabricate graphene sensors, the nano structures of hybrid materials, and their sensing mechanism are presented. Future perspectives of this rapidly growing field are also discussed.

Self-assembled graphene oxide on a photo-catalytic active transparent conducting oxide

For the first time, convective assembly technique was used for coating graphene oxide (GO) nano-sheets on an indium free, low cost and good conducting Nb doped TiO2 (TNO) thin films as a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) template. This construction enhances the charge transport as well as getting the benefit of photocatalysis activity of graphene-TiO2 structure. Surface morphology was investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). TCO template showed a smooth surface with root mean square value (RMS) of 0.5nm. The assembled GO thin layer has wide continuous area, with wrinkles, crumbles and folding at the edges. Raman analysis was used to investigate the phonon lattice vibrations within the films. According to photo-catalytic activity measurements, GO on TNO films exhibited better photo-catalytic efficiency. The proposed hybrid material structure exhibited transparent conducting property and photo-catalytic activity.

Ternary Hybrid Material for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Battery.

The rechargeable lithium-sulfur battery is a promising option for energy storage applications because of its low cost and high energy density. The electrochemical performance of the sulfur cathode, however, is substantially compromised because of fast capacity decay caused by polysulfide dissolution/shuttling and low specific capacity caused by the poor electrical conductivities of the active materials. Herein we demonstrate a novel strategy to address these two problems by designing and synthesizing a carbon nanotube (CNT)/NiFe2O4-S ternary hybrid material structure. In this unique material architecture, each component synergistically serves a specific purpose: The porous CNT network provides fast electron conduction paths and structural stability. The NiFe2O4 nanosheets afford strong binding sites for trapping polysulfide intermediates. The fine S nanoparticles well-distributed on the CNT/NiFe2O4 scaffold facilitate fast Li(+) storage and release for energy delivery. The hybrid material exhibits balanced high performance with respect to specific capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability with outstandingly high Coulombic efficiency. Reversible specific capacities of 1350 and 900 mAh g(-1) are achieved at rates of 0.1 and 1 C respectively, together with an unprecedented cycling stability of ∼0.009% capacity decay per cycle over more than 500 cycles.

Synthesis, crystal structure, physico-chemical characterization and dielectric properties of a new hybrid material, 1-Ethylpiperazine-1,4-diium tetrachlorocadmate

A new organic–inorganic hybrid metal complex, 1-Ethylpiperazine-1,4-diium tetrachlorocadmate was synthesized and the structure is determined by single crystal X-Ray diffraction analyses. The title compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with space group Pbca. The unit cell parameters are a = 11.5129 (2) Å, b = 9.7801 (2) Å, c = 23.8599 (4) Å with Z = 8 and V = 2686.56 (8) Å3. The examination of the structure shows that Cd(II) is coordinated by 4 chlorine atoms and adopt a tetrahedral geometry. Three-dimensional frameworks of the title compound are produced by N–H⋯Cl and C–H⋯Cl hydrogen bonding. IR, Raman and UV–Visible spectroscopies were also used to characterize this complex. Moreover, the fluorescent properties of the compound have been investigated in the solid state at room temperature. Solid state 13C MAS NMR spectroscopy results are in agreement with the X-ray structure. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has revealed a structural phase transition of the order–disorder type around 373 K, and dielectric measurements were performed to discuss the mechanism of this phase transition. The evolution of dielectric constant as a function of temperature of the sample has been investigated in order to determine some related parameters.

Preparation, structure and properties of hybrid materials based on geopolymers and polysiloxanes

Abstract New hybrid materials with no phase separation up to nanometric level were obtained by performing the in situ co-reticulation of an aluminosilicate source (metakaolin), a mixture of dialkylsiloxane oligomers with different degrees of polymerization and an alkaline solution. As supported by SEM and NMR analyses, these hybrid materials are characterized by a highly interpenetrated structure due to the chemical similarity between the components, resulting in excellent physical and mechanical properties compared to neat geopolymers. These promising results represent a further step in developing alternative “low-carbon” binders (as also geopolymers) with improved engineering properties in the concrete technology. The enhanced mechanical properties, along with the high fire resistance, also suggest their utilization for structural applications as heat insulating and heat-resistant panels for the construction industry, and in the production of heat-resistant protective coatings or adhesives for technologically advanced uses.

Structure and properties of innovative silica hybrid materials synthesized for environmental applications

Today, environmental protection is one of the main goals in the strive to preserve the human existence. Development in this area requires invention of new materials, which can reduce the levels of pollution. Hybrid materials are suitable for this purpose, because they combine different desirable properties existing in separate sources into one unique and accessible structure. Most of the commonly used materials for the degradation of different kind of pollutants are based on titanium dioxide, because of its photocatalytic activity under UV irradiation. Innovative silica hybrid materials, containing an organic component (chitosan) and titanium nanoparticles, were successfully synthesized via the sol–gel method and tetraethyl orthosilicate was used as a silica source and network former. Interaction between the chitosan and titanium units, and their influence on the structure of final material, were observed and discussed. A homogeneous structure with an even distribution of titanium and chitosan particles was visible from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs and the particle size varied between 50 and 150 nm. The formed silica network, characteristic peaks of chitosan and titanium groups and possible interactions between them are observed from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy spectra and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy results. The behaviour of the synthesized silica hybrids after thermal treatment was investigated via differential thermal/thermo-gravimetric analysis (DTA/TG) analysis and the sorption and degradation activities of the obtained hybrid materials were investigated using a solution of methyl orange as model pollutant. The structure and properties of the synthesized silica hybrid materials assert their potential application in environmental remediation due to their photocatalytic degradation and sorption activities against pollutants.