Structural Poverty Research Articles

Poverty's Characteristics and its Reduction Strategies: A Case Study

This research aims to explore the characteristics of poverty and its eradication strategies. The study employed a qualitative approach by interviewing 100 respondents who are categorized as poor in the city of Makassar. As the typology of poverty is categorized into two main groups, it was found that the most dominant typology of poverty in Makassar is the typology of cultural poverty reaching 42.3% greater than the natural rate of 27.4% and typology of structural poverty reaching 31.3%. In addition, it was discovered that cultural poverty is predominantly based on indicators that Makassar communities still have strong faith in destiny and have many family members. It is argued that the government policy in issuing the regulation is also considered to be one of the causes of structural poverty such as discrimination practices toward the poor, rampant evictions of street merchants, and lack of employment availability.

Overweight, obesity and perceived health in contexts of poverty in Tucumán, Argentina

In contexts in which poverty compromises children's health and quality of life, the study of perceived health allows for the identification of aspects of quality of life affected by overweight and obesity. From this perspective, the objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in schoolchildren aged 8-12 years living in contexts of poverty, 2) to describe and compare the perception of health of children according to the presence or absence of overweight and obesity, and 3) to identify possible factors associated with low quality of life related to health. A quantitative and cross-sectional study was conducted. The KIDSCREEN-52 questionnaire was applied and weight and height were assessed in 666 schoolchildren living in the department of Simoca (province of Tucumán), which has high percentages of structural poverty. The high prevalence of overweight (23.0%) and obesity (27.2%) affect the perception of health among children, especially in psychosocial dimensions such as moods and emotions, autonomy, social acceptance, and financial resources.

The Evolving Case for Public-Private Partnerships to Achieve the Global Goals

Upon arriving in Kenya in 1987, I was a well-trained parasitologist who knew nothing about development, economics, political systems, or structural poverty. Kenya, however, became my classroom. The focus […]

Potret Kemiskinan dan Upaya Penanggulangannya Melalui Program Perlindungan Sosial di Kawasan Terpencil Banyuwangi Selatan

This study aims to (1) identify portrait of poverty in the remote area of ??Erpach, (2) portrait of poverty in the remote area of ??Soponyono, (3) identify poverty reduction efforts through social protection programs. The approach used is a qualitative approach, the type of research uses qualitative descriptive type. The results of this study indicate that the factors that cause poverty in the Erpach and Soponyono regions are the first structural and cultural poverty, the two education age communities do not have school motivation because of the distance and the difficult terrain, the third is the low skills of the community to manage potential in the area, the fourth is the lack of public education, the fifth part of the community lives around the forest and the coast. The mitigation efforts, first held the FGD (Focus Group Discussion), the second carried out the SAS social protection program (Peer Care) in cooperation with the village government with the local government, thirdly the skills training in managing the potential of the region in cooperation with the Cooperative and UMKM Office (Micro Business, Small and Medium) Banyuwangi district, and all four education programs are obliged to learn to cooperate with the Education Office

Poverty Alleviation through Institutional Empowerment of Social and Economy on Poor Society in Gowa Regency

ABSTRACT
 Objective: The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which the role of government in empowering marginal/poor communities through various empowerment programs. To examine and explain the extent to which the benefits of programs to empower the poor society in reducing poverty. To examine and explain the Poverty Reduction Model that is more in line with the local wisdom of the people of South Sulawesi especially in the community in Kabupaten Gowa. It is intended to find a model that fits the needs and conditions of the poor communities in South Sulawesi, especially in Gowa so that it can be applied to poverty alleviation efforts in the future.
 Methodology: An interview and observation were done to 20 people from the poor community, government, community leaders, and practitioners in Gowa regency. Descriptive and reflective sections were used to analyze the data and examining the poverty alleviation model through the empowerment of socio-economic institutions in South Sulawesi in Gowa regency.
 Result: With the method of synergizing between Social Institution and Economic Institution, the researcher found that society can develop itself creatively and productively, so gradually Poverty will decrease as expected.
 Implication: Based on survey results, observations and interviews on the subject in this study, it can be concluded several things:
 That poverty experienced by the people of Gowa Regency is cultural and structural poverty so that people naturally experience poverty without realizing it as a problem in their lives living as they are with the non-poor community. Poverty is seen as something destiny and need not be too much of a problem, but they live their lives as they are.
 To empower the poor community, it is necessary to select the right strategy for the needs of the community in moving the local wisdom of the community to be able to help them out of the hardships of life.
 An ideal empowerment strategy is Strategy with the model of learning in addressing the problems faced in the life of the community. Learning can change the people's mindset from laziness to being diligent from helpless to empower.
 Keywords: Model, Empowerment, Poverty, Institutional, Social, Economy

Misconceptions and paradoxes in soil-transmitted helminthiases control as a public health problem.

Soil-transmitted helminthiases (STHs) constitute a public health problem that requires immediate action to resolve the morbidity of those harboring the parasites in their guts, to prevent infection in all those at risk, and to interrupt the vicious circle of poverty and disease in the affected communities, structural poverty being the main determinant of this group of infectious diseases. Since the times of the Rockefeller initiatives over a hundred years ago, the strategy has been viewed as one requiring community-wide efforts rather than pure individual case management. The World Health Organization (WHO) and its regional offices, as the governing institutions endorsed by the countries and their governments, have been the leaders in stating the actual executive measures to reach the goals and endpoints for the management of the problem. With the task of setting a group of activities that could be launched, monitored, and measured, these actions were established with the available resources since this public health problem had to be launched immediately, resources were those available at the moment and not those appearing on a wish list. Considerable progress has been made in the establishment of policies for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), later followed by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through WHO-lead actions for the control of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). With an initial goal of morbidity control, there are already discussions and proposals for elimination of STH if support is sustained and empiric facts confirm data emerging from modeling and small-scale studies. The aim of these comments is to describe and question instances of currently accepted concepts, theories, and practices that conform to the dogmatic status quo that serves as the foundation on top of which the new elimination aspirations are supposed to be built on, which might not be serving the desired purpose if taken unrevised.

Rural structural change, poverty and income distribution: evidence from Peru

Some rural regions of Peru showed remarkable rates of poverty reduction and inequality reduction between 2004 and 2012, while others lagged behind. Using microsimulation-based decompositions, we analyse the driving forces behind these trends, finding that rural poverty and inequality reductions are mainly attributable to increasing labour incomes in Peru’s agricultural sector and, to a smaller extent, increasing public transfers. In earlier years, higher returns to experience drive these results, while in later years, increasing staple-crop yields and prices are of key importance. Further, remuneration of working hours increases in reaction to labour-supply shortages in rural areas. The accompanying rising incomes and non-agricultural job creation is less pro-poor than would be ideal, as they benefit more highly skilled workers. Further, shrinking farm sizes hampers poverty reduction and income-inequality reduction. Policies should target the participation of the poor in high-value (non-)agricultural activities, especially if positive trends in commodity prices are only transitory.

Contingent coping? Renegotiating ‘fast’ disciplinary social policy at street level: Implementing the UK Troubled Families Programme

This article reports on a study of local implementation in the UK Troubled Families Programme (TFP). Exploring the experiences of 12 families, the policies of local bureaucrats, and a critical reading of the literature, we argue that the local case represented an attempt to partially renegotiate disciplinary elements of the national programme and to recognise that the families were affected by structural poverty and inequality. Locating the TFP in the literature on disciplinary social policy, multi-scale ‘Fast Policy’ and the potential for local subversion through the agency of frontline workers, we suggest that the local attempts to renegotiate programme priorities were partially successful. These attempts were characteristic of ‘contingent coping’ in terms of both institutional processes and outcomes for the families involved. The evidence reported is significant and timely in the context of the expanded and relaunched TFP and this shapes our commentary on the recently published Improving Lives strategy.

Menemukan Teologi Leonardo Boff dalam Ensiklik Paus Fransiskus Laudato Si'

As a Catholic theologian at the vanguard of liberation theology, Leonardo Boff wrote much about the poor and of the destruction of nature. Boff constructed his theology on the basis of Vatican II’s (1962-1965) spirit of aggiornamento. Eventually, and with much controversy, Boff opted to leave the Franciscan order, having oft-criticized the doctrines and social teachings of the Catholic Church deemed “lukewarm” toward structural poverty and Latin American socio-economic life that had been impacted by the actions of junta militarism; as well, he criticized both the hierarchical spirit of the Roman Catholic Church and the doctrine of papal infallibility. Since the election of Jorge Mario Bergoglio (Pope Francis), who has dedicated his life and theology to address the destruction of nature and the cries of the poor, the spirit of Boff's theology seems again to be on the rise. My conviction is that the theological content of Laudato si’ displays something of a Boffian character, the import of which propels the present study. By way of comparative method, I show that there are similarities in the theologies of both theologians. This essay begins with an exploration of Boff's theology, continuing with an exploration of the text of the encyclical Laudato si’, followed by the bringing together of these texts comparatively. By the end of this paper, a critique concerning the concept of sustainable development will be put forth.

Poverty Data Model as Decision Tools in Planning Policy Development

Poverty is the main problem in a country both in developing countries to the developed countries, both in structural poverty, cultural and natural. That is, poverty is no longer seen as a measure of the failure of the Government to protect and fulfill the fundamental rights of its citizens but as a challenge of the nation to realize a fair society, prosperous and dignified sovereign. Various efforts have been made in determining government policy measures in an effort to overcome poverty, one of them by conducting a survey to assess the poor. The results of the survey of the various activities of the organization obtained a variety of database versions poverty to areas or locations. The information generated from the poverty database only includes recapitulation of poor people to the area or location. One step is to process the data on poverty in a process of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) to form a data mining poverty. Data mining is a logical combination of knowledge of data, and statistical analysis developed in the knowledge business or a process that uses statistical techniques, mathematics, artificial intelligence, artificial and machine-learning to extract and identify useful information for the relevant knowledge from various large databases.

Usos del territorio y psicoesfera: minería metalífera y desarrollo socioeconómico en tres provincias argentinas

In the current historical period, many modern uses of territory operate as mechanisms of accumulation by dispossession. Such situation is legitimized by the state and the corporate power through the concept of psycho-sphere, understood as a fable or a ideological construction whose promises of job and wealth’s creation seek to ensure certain social consensus for the adoption (necessary and inevitable, in theory) of a hegemonic spatial organization’s pattern. In light of that system of ideas, this article analyzes the rise of the metal mining in contemporary Argentina by focusing on the ‘trickle-down effect’ that this activity presumably would have on the economic development of the provinces of Catamarca, San Juan, and Santa Cruz. In order to meet this purpose, the (pro) mining psycho-sphere is contrasted regarding the evolution of different variables of analysis at the provincial and departmental level, such as the labor market, the circumstantial and structural poverty, the public finances’ situation, the collective infrastructure supply, and the Human Development Index.

Pertanian Perdesaan Lampung: Peluang dan Tantangan Lampung Rural Agriculture; Opportunities And Challenges F

The numbers of Lampung residents with average monthly expenditure per capita below the poverty line are still quite large (14.86%). Most of the poor are in the district (76.26%) and are rural communities dependent on the agricultural sector for their livelihoods. Rural agricultural communities face complex problems including: the limitations of land access, capital, technology, markets, and institutions. This project, conducted in 2014, was a series of research collaboration of universities (PEKERTI) between State Polytechnic of Lampung (Polinela) as Research Team Proposer (TPP) with University of Lampung (Unila) as Research Partner Team (TPM). Method of depth analysis about Lampung rural agriculture society condition during 10 years and cross tabulation were conducted based on Lampung Input Output Table 2010. The secondary data were obtained from Provincial BPS (Lampung Statistic Office) and some other related technical agencies. The results of the discussion showed that the portrait of Lampung agriculture is dominated by rural farming which faces very complex problems. The complexity of the problems within agricultural society is a resultant of the limitations faced by farmers in accessing capital, land, technology and institutional resources. This condition boils down to structural poverty. The key to the work of sustainable rural agricultural development policy is the occurrence of synergy in overcoming obstacles which include: local agro-climatic conditions, site-specific technologies, availability of biomass, economic incentives, product markets, information access, land tenure, institutional, extension, and political constraints.

Climate exposure, vulnerability and environmental reliance: a cross-section analysis of structural and stochastic poverty

AbstractWe analyze links between exposure to climate extremes and shocks, vulnerability and coping strategies, environmental reliance and poverty among 7,300 households in forest adjacent communities in 24 developing countries. We combine observed income with predicted income to create four categories of households:income & asset poor(structurally poor),income rich & asset poor(stochastically non-poor),income poor & asset rich(stochastically poor) andincome & asset rich(structurally non-poor), and assess exposure and vulnerability across these groups. The income poor are more exposed to extreme climate conditions. They tend to live in dryer (and hotter) villages in the dry forest zones, in wetter villages in the wet zones, and experience larger rainfall fluctuations. Among the income-generating coping strategies, extracting more environmental resources ranks second to seeking wage labor. The poorest in dry regions also experience the highest forest loss, undermining the opportunities to cope with future climate shocks.

Analysis of low birth weight and its co-variants in Bangladesh based on a sub-sample from nationally representative survey

BackgroundLow birth weight (LBW) remains a leading global cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. This study leverages a large national survey to determine current prevalence and socioeconomic, demographic and heath related factors associated with LBW in Bangladesh.MethodsData from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2012–13 of Bangladesh were analyzed. A total of 2319 women for whom contemporaneous birth weight data was available and who had a live birth in the two years preceding the survey were sampled for this study. However, this analysis only was able to take advantage of 29% of the total sample with 71% missing birth weight for newborns. The indicator, LBW (< 2500 g) of infants, was examined as the outcome variable in association with different socioeconomic, demographic and health-related covariates. Mixed-effects logistic regression was performed to identify possible factors related to LBW.ResultsIn the selected sub-sample, about 20% of infants were born with LBW, with lowest rates observed in Rajshahi (11%) and highest rates in Rangpur (28%). Education of mothers (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.39–0.68 for secondary or higher educated mother) and poor antenatal care (ANC) (AOR 1.40, 95% CI 1.04–1.90) were associated with LBW after adjusting for mother’s age, parity and cluster effects. Mothers from wealthier families were less likely to give birth to an LBW infant. Further indicators that wealth continues to play a role in LBW were that place of delivery, ANC and delivery assistance by quality health workers were significantly associated with LBW. However there has been a notable fall in LBW prevalence in Bangladesh since the last comparable survey (prevalence 36%), and an evidence of possible elimination of rural/urban disparities.ConclusionsLow birth weight remains associated with key indicators not just of maternal poverty (notably adequate maternal education) but also markers of structural poverty in health care (notably quality ANC). Results based on this sub-sample indicate LBW is still a public health concern in Bangladesh and an integrated effort from all stakeholders should be continued and interventions based on the study findings should be devised to further reduce the risk of LBW.

Imágenes de sobrevivencia: del realismo urbano del Grupo Chaski al Perú contemporáneo de Claudia Llosa

El artículo analiza los trabajos iniciales del Grupo Chaski y de Claudia Llosa, dos puntos de referencia en el cine peruano contemporáneo. A través de la crítica al argumento y las características de las películas de estos cineastas, se construye una imagen del Perú, un país que volvió a la democracia en 1980 y, desde entonces, ha sido gobernado por presidentes posteriormente acusados de corrupción y abuso de poder como Alan García, Alberto Fujimori, Alejandro Toledo y Ollanta Humala. Las películas de Chaski inciden en la pobreza y vulnerabilidad de niños enfrentados a la gran ciudad, Lima, y se anticipan a ese cine de la marginalidad que en los años 90 produjo cintas tan logradas como Pizza, birra, faso, La vendedora de rosas, Ciudad de Dios o Ratas, ratones, rateros. La obra de Claudia Llosa, por su parte, llamó la atención internacional por el triunfo de su segunda película, La teta asustada, en el Festival de Berlín. Esta película, que marca una continuidad respecto de la primera, Madeinusa, es un retrato de los años posteriores a la guerra interna, los de la barbarie de Sendero Luminoso y la respuesta de las Fuerzas Armadas. El artículo aspira a ofrecer una mirada global de la sociedad peruana de los últimos treinta años, marcados por la pobreza estructural, el terrorismo, la aplicación de reformas neoliberales y la corrupción a todo nivel del estado.

As transferências condicionadas de renda na América Latina: lenitivos para a pobreza?

Resumo Esse texto discute a implementação dos programas de transferências condicionadas de renda na América Latina como estratégia de enfrentamento da pobreza na região. Para tanto, contextualiza sinteticamente o desenvolvimento latino-americano ao longo do tempo, evidenciando através de dados estatísticos não só os elevados índices de pobreza, como também as condições educacionais e de saúde. Estes programas, via de regra, objetivam o alívio e a superação da pobreza, através do repasse monetário e do cumprimento de agendas de saúde e educação que, em tese, aumentariam o capital humano dos pobres e permitiria o ultraje da pobreza no longo prazo. Conclui-se que, apesar de salientes para as famílias, os programas de transferências condicionadas de renda na América Latina, por si sós, ainda não são capazes de enfrentar a pobreza estrutural que assinala a região, promovem o lenitivo para as más condições de vida, sem superá-las.

Демографический дайджест

&#x0D; Leopold T., M. Kalmijn. Is divorce more painful when couples have children? Evidence from Long-term panel data on multiple domains of well-being&#x0D; Billari F.C., A.C. Liefbroer. Why still marry? The role of feelings in the persistence of marriage as an institution&#x0D; Beaujouan E. Second unions now more stable than first? A comparison of separation risks by union order in France&#x0D; Napierała J., A. Wojtyńska. Trapped in migrants’ sectors? Polish women in the Icelandic labour market&#x0D; Bonenkamp J., L. Meijdam, E. Ponds, E. Westerhout. Ageing-driven pension reforms&#x0D; Cools S., S. Markussen, M. Strøm. Children and careers: how family size affects parents’ labor market outcomes in the long run&#x0D; McEwen C.A., B.S. McEwen. Social structure, adversity, toxic stress, and intergenerational poverty: an early childhood model&#x0D; Auer D., G. Bonoli, F. Fossati. Why do immigrants have longer periods of unemployment? Swiss evidence&#x0D; Glaeser E.L., B.M. Steinberg. Transforming cities: does urbanization promote democratic change?&#x0D;

The Relationship Between Counselors’ Multicultural Counseling Competence and Poverty Beliefs

The authors explored the relationship between counselors’ multicultural counseling competence (MCC), poverty beliefs, and select demographic factors. Results of hierarchical linear regressions indicate that MCC is predictive of counselor individualistic and structural poverty beliefs. Implications for counselor multicultural training and immersion and future research directions are included.

Performing Race, Speaking the Body

Performing Race, Speaking the Body

The association between neighbourhood-level deprivation and depression: evidence from the south african national income dynamics study

BackgroundDepression contributes substantially to the burden of disease in South Africa. Little is known about how neighbourhoods affect the mental health of the people living in them.MethodsUsing nationally representative data (N=11,955) from the South African National Income Dynamics Study and the South African Indices of Multiple Deprivation (SAIMD) modelled at small-area level, this study tested associations between neighbourhood-level deprivation and depression, after controlling for individual-level covariates.ResultsResults showed a significant positive association between neighbourhood-level deprivation and depression using the composite SAIMD (β = 0.31 (0.15); p=0.04) as well as the separate deprivation domains. Living environment deprivation (β =0.53 (0.16); p=0.001) and employment deprivation (β = 0.38 (0.13); p=0.004), respectively, were the two most salient domains in predicting this relationship.ConclusionsFindings supported the hypothesis that there is a positive association between living in a more deprived neighbourhood and depression, even after controlling for individual-level covariates. This study suggests that alleviating structural poverty could reduce the burden of depression in South Africa.