Fatigue is a pervasive feature of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its interaction with other MS symptoms is complex. These interactions were explored over time in a large cohort of adults with MS, using a measure reflecting a patient-based definition of MS fatigue. Participants were recruited across the UK to complete a questionnaire pack, measuring fatigue and associated demographic, clinical and symptom factors, repeated serially over up to 54months. Following conversion to interval-level estimates, data were analysed by regression, structural equation and trajectory modelling, and Classification and Regression Tree Analysis. In 6356 people with MS, the prevalence of moderate/severe fatigue was 565.4/1000 (95% CI: 553.0-577.8), with no difference between sexes but significantly higher in progressive subtypes. Peak prevalence was from age 50-64. Spasticity-related pain, physical/cognitive function, anxiety, visual problems and non-restorative sleep were associated with increased fatigue. Self-efficacy had strong influences to reduce fatigue. Use of disease modifying treatment was associated with worse fatigue. Trajectory analysis showed four groups, 28.9% have ongoing severe fatigue, 66.3% fall into two worsening fatigue groups with different inception points. Only 4.9% had low, stable fatigue. These four groups varied significantly by MS subtype, EDSS, symptoms, comorbidity, and employment. The risk of fatigue worsening to moderate/severe over the ensuing 27months could be predicted by sex, EDSS, vision and self-efficacy. The factors interacting with MS fatigue need consideration when managing this prevalent symptom. In addition, their effect should be accounted for in any MS trial where fatigue is an outcome.

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes. Apart from multisystem physical manifestations, most individuals with TSC experience TSC-associated neuropsychiatric disorders (TAND). Little is known about how TAND severity changes over time and what factors may predict these changes. Preliminary data suggest the presence of differential TAND severity trajectories. Caregiver well-being may act as a mediator of TAND severity, and a well-being intervention designed for caregivers of children with developmental disabilities may improve caregiver well-being. The study aims are to (1) examine longitudinal trajectories of TAND severity in a large sample of individuals with TSC and to examine potential predictors of differential trajectories, (2) evaluate the association between caregiver well-being characteristics, TAND severity, and severity trajectories, and (3) adapt and evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of a brief, online group-based well-being intervention for family caregivers. For the first 2 aims, 500 individuals with TSC or their caregivers will be recruited in an accelerated longitudinal design to document TAND severity at 5 time points over 12 months via a web-based app. At each time point, participants will complete demographic, TSC characteristics, intervention, and well-being questionnaires. Data will be analyzed using latent class mixed and multinomial regression modeling (aim 1) and structural equation and mediation modeling (aim 2). Participatory methods will be used to adapt an existing caregiver well-being intervention for the TSC community (aim 3). Thirty caregivers will be invited to participate in the adapted group-based online well-being intervention. This study was funded from July 2024 (HT94252410790 and HT94252410791), and ethics approvals were obtained from the University of Cape Town (July 2024), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (November 2024), and the Department of Defense Office of Human Research Oversight (December 2024). The TAND Toolkit app was adapted for longitudinal data collection (aims 1 and 2). Recruitment started in December 2025 and will continue until 500 participants are enrolled (anticipated December 2026). Primary outputs are expected by July 2028. For aim 3, experiential and adaptation workshops were completed in June 2025, the pilot intervention was delivered in November 2025, and data collection will continue till May 2026. Outputs are expected by December 2026. Identification of differential longitudinal TAND trajectories and their correlates will stimulate research in TSC and generate evidence for the self-report quantified TAND checklist as a clinical outcome measure. Understanding the association between caregiver well-being and TAND severity will provide support for targeted well-being interventions. A successful pilot trial will provide preliminary data for larger-scale clinical trials, with the potential to support caregivers and improve TAND outcomes. Together, the findings from the study will help close the gap in interventions for TAND. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06879665; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06879665. DERR1-10.2196/91726.

This approach is the first investigation to numerically predict sound transmission loss (STL) of a truss-based lattice metamaterial doubly curved sandwich system (TLM-DCSS) considering different cellular cores, including pyramidal (P), tetrahedral (T) and 3D-Kagome (3DK). Although these structures have attracted much attention due to their multifunctional and lightweight features, they are not sufficient even in presenting low-frequency STL, especially when the structure is thick. Herewith, in order to enhance broadband acoustic insulation without strongly increasing mass and modifying structural complexity, an efficient strategy is to model the STL of these systems by considering elastic boundary (EB) effect. Accordingly, in the first part of the study, analytical and numerical approaches are developed to present the vibroacoustic feature of the TLM-DCSS using a diffuse acoustic field (DAF). By integrating the wave over all possible incident angles, a method is expanded wherein not only the structural equations are extracted using a third-order approach (TSDT), but also the acoustic analysis is performed considering the fluid-structure coupling. In addition to using data reported in the literature, finite element (FE) numerical analysis is applied to prove the exactness of the findings. According to the COMSOL results, it is revealed that although the dynamic behavior of the TLM-DCSS can be interpreted based on the FE method, the STL prediction is challenging. Eventually, the EB effect is considered to modify the vibroacoustic response of the thick TLM-DCSS. The results illustrate that modeling the system based on the EB effect improves the acoustic efficiency of the TLM-DCSS by up to 5.8 ( d B ) , particularly for thick structures. Based on the findings, it is also found that unlike the 3DK-type, the P-type lattice shows the highest STL enhancement in the frequency domain between 360 and 6400 ( H z ) , which confirms the positive performance of the designed model for lightweight and high-stiffness Metastructures.

<p>Lecturer support is an important factor influencing students’ academic<br />outcomes in higher education. This study examines the effects of lecturer<br />support dimensions, accessibility and approachability (AccApp), expectation<br />and guidance (E&G), and positive encouragement (PE) on undergraduate<br />students academic performance (SAP), with age tested as a potential<br />moderating variable. Using a quantitative cross-sectional design, data were<br />collected from 250 undergraduate students at the School of Business<br />Management, Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), through convenience<br />sampling. Data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation<br />modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 4.0. The results indicate that lecturer<br />AccApp are positively associated with academic performance, whereas<br />excessive expectations and directive guidance are negatively associated. PE<br />was not found to have a significant direct influence. Although age exhibited<br />a positive direct effect on academic performance, it did not significantly<br />moderate the relationships between lecturer support dimensions and student<br />outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of accessible and<br />equitable E&G from lecturers to enhance academic performance in<br />Malaysian higher education. This study contributes to a thorough<br />understanding of the factors impacting SAP and offers insights for lecturers,<br />institutions and government to work holistically to foster an inclusive<br />environment for all parties involved. Recommendations and practical<br />implications for future research are discussed.</p>

Abs tractAim: Childbirth self-efficacy is a critical psychological variable that influences birth outcomes and maternal well-being; however, its exact predictors among nulliparous women remain underinvestigated.This research aimed to outline variables that affect self-efficacy for vaginal delivery among nulliparous women, with a specific interest in the effects of birth belief systems. Methods:This cross-sectional observational study was conducted between February and July 2025 among nulliparous women receiving prenatal care.Validated measures, such as the Birth Beliefs Scale (medical process and natural process subscales) and the Self-efficacy Regarding Vaginal Birth Scale, were used for data collection.Predictors of vaginal birth self-efficacy were determined using hierarchical multiple regression and structural equation modeling.Results: Two hundred and eighty nulliparous women were included in the study.Self-efficacy was negatively related to medical process beliefs (b=-0.168,p<0.01) but positively related to natural process beliefs (b=0.154,p<0.01).The regression model accounted for 18.7% of the variance in self-efficacy [F(6,273)=10.47,p<0.001].Other important predictors were planned delivery approach, pregnancy experience rating, education level, and spousal support. Conclusion:Birth belief systems are the first psychological predictors of vaginal birth self-efficacy in women in their first pregnancy.To help prevent low self-efficacy, healthcare providers should consider adopting screening procedures to identify women whose belief patterns are linked to low self-efficacy.

The impact of tourism rituals on tourist loyalty - A mediated model with moderation.

Background and objective: This study aimed to suggest appropriate directions for ecotourism in recreational forest by examining the relationship among ecotourism selection attributes, leisure satisfaction and quality of life (QoL).Methods: First, exploratory factor analysis was conducted to identify the key determinants of ecotourism selection attributes, leisure satisfaction and QoL in Chukryeongsan Recreational Forest. Second, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess the goodness-of-fit of the proposed research model. Third, the hypotheses of relationships among ecotourism selection attributes, leisure satisfaction, and QoL were tested using structural equation modeling.Results: Ecotourism selection attributes—educational effect, ecological exploration facilities, convenience facilities —had significant effects on tourists' leisure satisfaction, with the exceptions of forest therapy and natural scenery. Additionally, certain ecotourism selection attributes, including educational effect, forest therapy, natural scenery, were positively correlated with tourists' QoL, whereas ecological exploration facilities and convenience facilities showed no significant correlation. Furthermore, tourists' leisure satisfaction was found to be positively associated with QoL.Conclusion: The findings suggest that sufficient exploration infrastructure and environmental interpretation are essential for advancing leisure satisfaction. Moreover, the effects of forest therapy and environmental education in recreational forests are necessary to improve QoL by promoting an active and healthy lifestyle. Highly satisfying leisure experiences can revitalize individuals, infusing their lives with renewed energy and vitality, and ultimately contributing to a healthier QoL.

ObjectiveSocial relations are considered a critical protective factor for cognitive health yet may differ in form and function across race and ethnic groups.MethodUsing a representative metro-Detroit sample (N = 606), we compared group means to (1) test whether Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) Americans social relations are distinct from other groups and (2) examine links between social relations and cognitive health using structural equation models.ResultsMENA Americans' social relations differed from White and Black Americans. Larger networks and more positive relationship quality were associated with better cognitive health across all groups but particularly among MENA Americans. A lower proportion of women in networks was associated with better cognitive health for White Americans.ConclusionsFindings suggest that the form and function of social relations vary across racial and ethnic groups. Such knowledge is critical in clarifying how social networks may be leveraged to promote cognitive health across groups.

Type of the article: Research ArticleAbstractThis study examines the determinants of internal audit effectiveness and its impact on sustainability information disclosure in Vietnamese non-financial enterprises. Drawing on agency theory, legitimacy theory, and the International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing, the study develops and tests a structural model linking five governance-related factors (independence, objectivity, auditor competence, the scope of internal audit activities, and management support) to internal audit effectiveness and, subsequently, to sustainability information disclosure. Enterprise size is incorporated as an explanatory and moderating variable.Empirical data were collected through a quantitative survey of 209 managers and employees in accounting, auditing, finance, and governance positions across 103 listed non-financial enterprises. The data were analyzed using reliability analysis, factor analysis, and structural equation modeling.The results show that management support, objectivity, audit scope, and auditor competence significantly enhance internal audit effectiveness, with management support exerting the strongest influence, while independence is not statistically significant. Furthermore, both internal audit effectiveness and enterprise size positively affect sustainability information disclosure, with enterprise size playing a more dominant role, consistent with legitimacy pressures and resource-based considerations. The findings highlight the mediating role of internal audit effectiveness in translating governance practices into improved sustainability disclosure. This study contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence from a developing-country context and demonstrating the strategic role of internal audit in enhancing transparency and supporting sustainable development.AcknowledgmentThis study is conducted within the framework of the doctoral project subject to Decision No. 3922/QĐ-ĐHDT dated August 21, 2024, Duy Tan University, Vietnam. We would like to acknowledge the reviewers and the editor-in-chief for their assistance.

IntroductionNumerous studies confirm that physical activity alleviates depressive symptoms in college students, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to explore whether positive mental health mediates the relationship between physical activity and depressive symptoms.MethodsA cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 3,140 college students, who completed self-report questionnaires on physical activity, positive mental health, and depressive symptoms. Data were analyzed using SPSS 29.0 and AMOS 29.0 with structural equation modeling.ResultsResults showed 69.39% of participants had low physical activity, and 19.24% reported clinically significant depressive symptoms. The findings showed significant correlations among the three variables, with positive mental health strongly associated with reduced depressive symptoms. Bootstrap mediation analysis (5,000 iterations) confirmed a mediating role of positive mental health.DiscussionThis study advances theoretical understanding by identifying positive mental health as one possible pathway linking physical activity to better mental health outcomes. Due to the effect is small, the results should be interpreted cautiously. The findings provide conceptual support for integrating positive mental health promotion into physical activity-based interventions targeting college students’ depressive symptoms, with no causal inferences implied due to the cross-sectional design.

This study evaluates the impact of Emergency Response Systems (ERS) on infrastructure resilience in the Ashanti Region of Ghana using a quantitative research approach. A questionnaire survey was administered to 225 professionals, including facility managers, engineers, architects, building inspectors, and NADMO officials, yielding 159 valid responses. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, such as means and standard deviations, and exploratory factor analysis and partial least squares structural equation modelling.The findings indicate that both technical and non-technical ERSs significantly affect infrastructure resilience, with nine technical and seven non-technical ERSs receiving high performance ratings. Economic factors, such as property damage, and socio-political issues, including low wages, were closely linked to ERS effectiveness. Key challenges identified included inadequate consideration of cultural factors, limited institutional capacity, and insufficient funding. These challenges were strongly influenced by technical (β = 0.223, p &lt; 0.05) and non-technical (β = 0.462, p &lt; 0.05) ERS elements. Consequently, these limitations affected economic (β = 0.195, p &lt; 0.05) and socio-political (β = 0.325, p &lt; 0.05) outcomes, highlighting the interdependence between ERS components and broader systemic resilience. In practice, the study emphasises the need for integrated ERS planning within broader institutional, legal, and socio-economic systems by government agencies and facility managers. It advocates for targeted technological investments, legal frameworks, community education, and long-term risk management strategies. This study presents a novel interdisciplinary framework that integrates engineering and policy perspectives. Its originality lies in the comprehensive assessment of both technical and non-technical ERS components, offering valuable insights for strengthening infrastructure resilience in developing contexts. Keywords: Emergency response, Disaster, Facilities, Infrastructure resilience, Natural hazard.

ObjectivesDrawing on the job demands-resources (JD-R) theory, this study aims to analyze the impact of algorithmic control on the well-being of delivery drivers by focusing on the mediating role of job demands (work overload and time pressure) and job resources (feedback quality and role clarity).MethodsThis study obtained three-wave data from 435 delivery drivers and examined the hypotheses using structural equation modelling.ResultsThe results indicated that algorithmic control reduced delivery drivers’ well-being by increasing the job demands (time pressure and work overload). In addition, algorithmic control enhanced delivery drivers’ well-being by increasing their level of job resources (feedback quality and role clarity).ConclusionIntegrating job demands-resources (JD-R) theory, this study provides a more balanced view of how algorithmic control influences well-being by demonstrating the opposing mediating roles of job demands (work overload and time pressure) and job resources (feedback quality and role clarity).

BackgroundPain Catastrophizing (PC) is a prevalent maladaptive cognitive - affective response after lung cancer surgery, linked to poor outcomes. The mechanisms between sub - acute pain and PC development within 3 months are unclear. Conventional pain management often neglects psychological and social factors related to PC and recovery. According to the biopsychosocial model, multiple factors are associated with PC, but their mediating pathways are not fully understood.Therefore, grounded in the stress and coping theory and the pain threat appraisal theory, first examines the multiple-parallel mediating roles of introspection, negative attentional bias, and social support between pain intensity and PC in early-stage lung cancer patients post - surgery.MethodsA cross-sectional study recruited 414 early-stage lung cancer patients within 3 months post-surgery from ambulatory care follow-up and day ward treatment at a tertiary hospital from May to August 2025. Questionnaires were used for investigation, and parallel mediation was tested by structural equation modeling.ResultsThe average PCS score was 30.49 ± 6.27. PC was positively correlated with pain intensity, interoceptive awareness, and negative attentional bias, and negatively correlated with social support. Interoceptive awareness, negative attentional bias, and social support together accounted for 59.81% of the total effect, with social support having the most prominent effect (31.05%)—substantially larger than interoceptive awareness (5.51%) and negative attentional bias (5.91%).ConclusionPost-operative PC levels in early-stage lung cancer patients are moderate to high. Pain intensity is directly and indirectly related to PC. Healthcare professionals are advised to develop a multidimensional, phased, and integrated intervention framework including pain management, cognitive behavioral therapy, and mindfulness training. This approach can effectively reduce PC and support precise prevention and intervention.

BackgroundHealthcare professionals are frequently exposed to intense emotional demands that may lead to compassion fatigue. Challenges in maintaining work-life balance also play a significant role in shaping life satisfaction. Yet, studies examining their combined effects on healthcare professionals' life satisfaction remain limited.ObjectiveThis study aims to examine the impact of compassion fatigue and work-life balance on the life satisfaction of healthcare professionals.MethodsThis cross-sectional quantitative study collected data from 301 healthcare workers at Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Hospital in Türkiye, using validated psychometric scales. Analyses included reliability testing, normality assessment, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling.ResultsChanges in life satisfaction were 11% attributable to compassion fatigue (R2 = 0.115). The occupational burnout subdimension negatively affected life satisfaction (ß = -0.363; t = -4.060; p < 0.001), with each unit increase resulting in a 0.175-point decrease in life satisfaction. Nine percent of the variation in life satisfaction (R2 = 0.099) was explained by the positive impact of work on life (ß = 0.190; t = 2.739; p = 0.007) and the positive impact of life on work (ß = 0.155; t = 2.377; p = 0.018). However, the negative impact of work on life caused a 0.132-point reduction in life satisfaction (ß = -0.151; t = -2.385; p = 0.018). Overall, compassion fatigue and work-life balance together explained 12% of the variation in life satisfaction (R2 = 0.125; F = 21.332; p < 0.001).ConclusionFindings underscore the importance of alleviating emotional burden and implementing institutional policies that support work-life balance to enhance healthcare professionals' life satisfaction. However, because this study was conducted in a single hospital and employed a convenience sampling method, generalizability of the results is limited.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a highly relevant tool in higher education. However, its acceptance by university students depends not only on technical or functional characteristics, but also on cognitive, contextual, and emotional factors. This study proposes and validates a model of acceptance of the use of AI devices (MIDA) in the university context. The model considers contextual variables such as anthropomorphism (AN), perceived value (PV) and perceived risk (PR). It also considers cognitive variables such as performance expectancy (PEX) and perceived effort expectancy (PEE). In addition, it considers emotional variables such as anxiety (ANX), stress (ST) and trust (TR). For its validation, data were collected from 517 university students and analysed using structural equations (CB-SEM). The results indicate that perceived value, anthropomorphism and perceived risk influence the willingness to accept the use of AI devices indirectly through performance expectancy and perceived effort. Likewise, performance expectancy significantly reduces anxiety and stress and increases trust, while effort expectancy increases both anxiety and stress. Trust is the main predictor of willingness to accept the use of AI devices, while stress has a significant negative effect on this willingness. These findings contribute to the literature on the acceptance of AI devices by highlighting the mediating role of emotions and offer practical implications for the design of AI devices aimed at improving their acceptance in educational contexts.

PurposeThis study investigated the relationships between socioeconomic status (SES), housing conditions, BMI z-score, food availability and consumption, food insecurity, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in schoolchildren aged 5 to 10 years living in rural riverine communities.MethodsThis school-based cross-sectional study included 128 parent–child dyads living in rural riverside in the city of Coari, Amazonas, Brazil. SES, housing conditions, household food availability, consumption of ultra-processed foods and food insecurity data were gathered from children’s parents. Children’s nutritional status (BMI z-scores), diet quality and HRQoL [Kiddo-KINDL] were also assessed. Direct and indirect relationships between variables were examined through structural equation modelling.ResultsFood insecurity was directly linked to poorer HRQoL. Worse socioeconomic status, lower availability of food at household, and poorer child’s diet quality were directly linked to food insecurity. Greater household food availability, higher children’s BMI z-score, and worse diet quality were directly linked to higher socioeconomic status. Availability of food at home was directly associated with higher consumption of ultra-processed foods, which, in turn, was directly associated with poorer diet quality. Food insecurity mediated the indirect associations of socioeconomic status, availability of food at household, consumption of ultra-processed foods, and diet quality with HRQoL.ConclusionThe present findings elucidate the complex pathways between socioeconomic inequalities, food access and availability, diet quality, and children’s quality of life.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11136-025-04137-0.

Managing change is essential to achieving high levels of organizational performance, enabling companies to effectively adapt to highly dynamic environments by considering new structures, adopting technologies, and implementing new processes. In this context, this research examines the effect of change management on organizational performance, mediated by organizational culture, in Peruvian companies in the service sector. This quantitative, non-experimental study collected cross-sectional data from 544 managers of service-providing companies, one of the most important sectors of the Peruvian economy, through an online survey comprising a 21-item Likert-based questionnaire with five options for rating each item. The data were processed in SPSS and AMOS, confirmatory factor analysis was applied to test the proposed model and modeled through structural equations, in order to test the veracity of the hypotheses raised. The results revealed that, in service companies, there is partial mediation of culture, relating change management to organizational performance, with a coefficient of 0.093. Furthermore, change management has a direct positive effect on organizational performance (β=0.273, SE=0.138, p&lt;0.05), as well as on organizational culture (β=0.603, SE=0.145, p&lt;0.01). Likewise, organizational culture has a positive impact on organizational performance (β=0.433, SE=0.071, p&lt;0.01). This study integrates three variables within the service business environment, provides valuable empirical evidence, and addresses an important gap in the literature, highlighting organizational culture as a key mediator in organizational change processes, enabling organizations to achieve improved performance levels.

The main objective is to explain the effectiveness of IFRS on the components of professional ethics through the job attitudes of certified public accountants. The present study is a causal-comparative application in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study is all certified public accountants active in Iranian association of certified public accountants, of which 371 were selected as a simple random sample using the Cochran formula. In this study, commitment, enthusiasm, and job trust were considered as the job attitudes of certified public accountants. Also, five components of confidentiality, honesty, independence, competence, and professional conduct were used to measure professional ethics. A questionnaire was used to measure the research variables. The validity and reliability of the research questionnaires were approved. Finally, data analysis was performed using structural equations using AMOS software. Using confirmatory factor analysis, the convergent validity of each of the variables in the proposed model was approved. The results also showed that the implementation and acceptance of IFRS has a significant positive effect on the job attitudes of certified public accountants. Job commitment and enthusiasm have a significant effect on the components of professional ethics of certified public accountants. Job trust has a significant effect on the components of professional ethics of accountants (except competence). Finally, the results of the Sobel test showed that IFRS has a significant effect on the components of professional ethics through job attitudes (except professional conduct and professional competence).

IntroductionWith rapid advances in technology, school based physical education is undergoing a systemic reconstruction in its organizational structure and educational model, with growing focus on teachers' adaptability to dynamic digital teaching environments. The digital adaptation of physical education teachers remains insufficiently theorized, particularly given the contextualized, demonstration-based and interaction-intensive nature of PE instruction, highlighting the need for systematic investigation into its key determinants and developmental pathways. Grounded in the Social Cognitive Theory, this study assessed self-efficacy, digital teaching beliefs, and digital teaching intention to examine how school support is associated with teachers' digital teaching adaptation.MethodsA total of 409 physical education teachers from multiple provinces in China participated in this study. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires measuring school support, self-efficacy, digital teaching beliefs, digital teaching intention, and digital teaching adaptation. The data were analyzed through correlation analysis and structural equation modeling.ResultsThe results indicate that, first, school support significantly and positively predicts digital teaching adaptation among PE teachers. Second, self-efficacy partially mediates in the relationship between school support and teacher's digital teaching adaptation. Third, a chain mediation effect exists whereby self-efficacy and digital teaching intention sequentially mediate the relationship between school support and digital teaching adaptation. Similarly, digital teaching beliefs and digital teaching intention also form a chain mediation pathway. Furthermore, self-efficacy, digital teaching beliefs, and digital teaching intention jointly constitute a serial mediation mechanism linking school support to digital teaching adaptation.DiscussionThese findings clarify how school support is associated with teachers' digital teaching adaptation through key psychological factors in the context of educational digital transformation. The study provides empirical evidence and practical insights for the advancement of digital education reform.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of hybrid work flexibility on team performance, with work life balance as a mediating variable and digital communication as a moderating variable. The research aimed to provide empirical evidence on how structural flexibility, psychological balance, and technological communication collectively influence team outcomes in hybrid work environments.Methodology: A quantitative, cross-sectional design was employed, and data were collected from 275 employees working in hybrid settings across various organizations in Spain. Standardized scales were adopted from previous research to measure hybrid work flexibility, work life balance, digital communication, and team performance. Data were analyzed using ADANCO 2.3, which facilitated the assessment of measurement and structural models through structural equation modeling.Findings: The results indicated that hybrid work flexibility significantly enhances team performance both directly and indirectly through the mediating role of work life balance. Furthermore, digital communication was found to significantly moderate the relationship between work life balance and team performance, strengthening the positive association between them.Implications/Novel Contribution: This study integrates Self-Determination Theory, Conservation of Resources Theory, and Media Richness Theory to develop a holistic model explaining team performance in hybrid contexts. The findings offer both theoretical advancement and practical guidance for organizations designing flexible, balanced, and digitally supported hybrid work systems.