The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY), which is initiated by the Government of India, is aimed at improving the irrigation and water-management structures to increase the efficiency of crop production by maximizing the utilisation of water. The current study aims to explore the attitude of the farmers towards precision water-application gadgets and the subsequent propensity to utilize such devices under the PMKSY program. The study has included beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of the programme but has given specific attention to micro-irrigation devices. The sample comprised 3,134 farmers spread across seven different agro-climatic regions in Tamil Nadu and thus was representative in breadth. The structural-equation modelling on the basis of the technology-adoption paradigm was used to test the hypothesis based on SmartPLS software to perform a partial least squares path analysis. Findings have shown that the attitudes and perceived utility of farmers are the two main factors that influence micro-irrigation adoption; perceived ease of use has an indirect effect on the decision through these mediators but does not have a direct effect. Multi-group analysis also indicates that there are salient differences between beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers. Among PMKSY beneficiaries, the pathways of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and behavioural intention are stable, resulting in actual adoption. Conversely, in the non-beneficiaries, the choice to adopt is only weakly related with intention but rather affected more by the visibility and observational signals rather than the experience of learning. Such findings correspond with the available research on the adoption of agricultural technology. Therefore, the study promotes farmers’ behavioural intention to micro-irrigation, which is complemented by the perceived usefulness and ease of use at once, as a successful approach to increase the level of adoption.

Purpose Although research demonstrates that big data analytics capability (BDAC) plays a vital role in improving firm performance, the mechanisms and conditions behind this relationship remain unclear. To address this gap, this study explores the mechanism and conditions by testing the mediating role of strategic orientation ambidexterity and examining the moderating role of team heterogeneity and team reflexivity. Design/methodology/approach This study applies ambidexterity theory and upper echelons theory as the theoretical lenses and uses a structural equation modeling approach to empirically test the proposed model with the cross-sectional survey data from 350 Chinese firms. Findings Strategic orientation ambidexterity positively mediates the relationship between BDAC and firm performance. In addition, both team heterogeneity and team reflexivity not only strengthen the direct effect of BDAC on strategic orientation ambidexterity but also positively moderate the indirect effect of strategic orientation ambidexterity. Originality/value This study not only narrows the knowledge gap left by earlier work that overlooked identifying the mechanism of the relationship between BDAC and firm performance from an ambidextrous perspective but also extends the managerial literature by addressing internal conditions. It offers theoretical insights for managers to improve firm performance by aligning BDAC, multiple strategic orientations and team members’ characteristics.

Supplemental Material for A Theory-Driven Structural Equation Modeling Approach to the Behavioral Inhibition and Behavioral Activation Systems Model of Chronic Pain: Evaluating the Mediating Role of Self-Regulatory and Volitional Abilities

Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) in office settings plays a critical role in occupant satisfaction and well-being, directly influencing health, productivity, and overall quality of life. Current research, however, lacks an integrated understanding of the mechanisms linking sensory IEQ comfort to satisfaction and well-being. Furthermore, many studies overlook the interactive effects of IEQ across different functional spaces, which may lead to biased estimations of IEQ's impact on well-being. To address these gaps, this study collected 264 valid questionnaires from employees across nine floors in four office buildings. The survey encompassed sensory IEQ Comfort, Total Environmental Comfort Vote (TECV), Work Environmental Satisfaction (WESA), Work Satisfaction (WSA), and Life Satisfaction (LSA). A multi-group Structural Equation Model (SEM) was employed for multi-spatial integrated analysis. The results indicate that Sensory IEQ comfort in Leisure Space (LS) exhibits more significant pathways to LSA compared to Work Space (WS). In both WS and LS, IEQ comfort promotes WESA and WSA primarily through the mediation of TECV; notably, the impact of WESA is more pronounced in LS. WSA serves as a stronger driver of LSA than WESA in the office. The multi-spatial model significantly reduced the effect sizes of independent pathways compared to single-space models, suggesting that neglecting spatial diversity may lead to result errors. Furthermore, computer usage time was identified as a core factor influencing WESA and WSA, and indirectly affecting LSA. This study provides explicit design guidance for optimizing sensory IEQ to enhance occupant well-being and emphasizes the necessity of multi-spatial considerations in office design.

ABSTRACT Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) engaged in innovation often face resource constraints that limit their ability to perform effectively. This study investigates the strategies SMEs in low-resource environments employ to overcome these constraints in their pursuit of product innovation. It further examines how these strategies influence firm performance, using novelty and internationalization as mediators. We categorize the product innovation strategies into four distinct groups: internal investment in R&D (make), acquiring innovations from other enterprises (buy), collaboration (ally), and imitating existing products (imitate). Drawing on the resource and knowledge-based views, we assess how the firms’ internal and external innovation activities influence their outcomes. Utilizing the National Innovation Survey (NIS) dataset for Uganda, comprising 589 manufacturing SMEs, we applied a partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach to test the hypothesis. The results reveal no direct effect of innovation strategy on performance. However, the make and buy strategies indicate direct positive effects on performance. Novelty mediates the relationship between product innovation strategy and performance, while internationalization shows no effect. The ally and imitate strategies enhance performance indirectly via novelty. We conclude that product novelty is the dominant pathway through which product innovation strategies yield performance benefits, without which strategies exert little or no effect. By disaggregating the innovation strategies, we show that their value-creation pathways are heterogeneous. The results suggest the need for supportive policies to enhance firm capacities for generating novel products.

ABSTRACT With the rapid advancement of digital technologies and the growing complexity of global logistics, digital transformation has become a strategic imperative for the container shipping industry. We investigate the impacts of dynamic capabilities, digital transformation, and digital maturity on organizational performance based on the resource-based view (RBV) and dynamic capability view (DCV). Data were collected from 150 respondents representing major container shipping companies in Taiwan. Utilizing confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and the structural equation modeling (SEM) approach, the findings reveal dynamic capabilities are positive associated with digital transformation, digital maturity, and operational performance. Moreover, digital transformation significantly impacts both digital maturity and organizational performance, while digital maturity itself is positively associated with organizational performance. The findings offer valuable theoretical and practical insights for container shipping companies, as well as for the broader fields of international logistics and supply chain management.

Purpose This study aims to examine the determinants of secondary school teachers’ competence in integrating Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) in Vietnam. It emphasizes both individual and institutional factors that shape teachers’ ability to embed ESD principles into their teaching practices, and seeks to enrich the competency framework for Vietnamese general education teachers. Design/methodology/approach The study employed a covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) approach. Data were collected from 625 teachers working in general education institutions across Vietnam. The model tested the impacts of five independent variables: digital competence, opportunities for training and participation, professional motivation, supportive environment and ESD awareness on ESD integration competence. Findings Results indicate all five factors positively influence ESD integration competence. Digital competence emerged as the strongest predictor (ß = 0.516, p < 0.001). Opportunities for training and participation (ß = 0.231), professional motivation (ß = 0.157), supportive environment (ß = 0.142), and ESD awareness (ß = 0.123) also had significant effects. Teaching motivation mediates the transformation of cognitive resources into pedagogical practice. Findings underscore the joint importance of individual and institutional resources in strengthening ESD implementation. Research limitations/implications This study is limited to general education teachers in Vietnam, restricting generalizability to other contexts. Reliance on cross-sectional survey data constrains causal inferences. Future research could apply longitudinal or experimental designs to validate findings. Expanding analysis with multi-group models and inter-local comparisons would enhance external validity and deepen understanding of contextual influences. The study offers practical implications for policymakers and school leaders to design training and institutional support that enhance ESD competence effectively. Originality/value This study is among the first to investigate factors influencing teachers' ESD integration competence in Vietnam using CB-SEM. By highlighting digital competence as the strongest predictor, it advances understanding of how technological skills intersect with sustainability education. The research also reveals the mediating role of teaching motivation in transforming cognitive resources into classroom practice. Findings contribute to refining the ESD competency framework for Vietnamese teachers and provide evidence-based insights for policy and practice. The study offers novel directions for comparative and multi-group analyses in future research.

IntroductionAs the academic landscape of the 21st century has become increasingly competitive, emotion-related processes have attracted growing attention as potential influences on learners’ engagement in foreign language study. Accordingly, the current study aims to investigate the effect of academic jealousy of university students studying in the field of English on their foreign language learning efforts through attitude toward foreign language learning and motivation.MethodThis study employed a cross-sectional survey model, a commonly used approach within quantitative research. The study sample comprised 360 university students enrolled in English language programs during the 2024–2025 academic year. Academic Jealousy Scale, Attitudes Toward Foreign Language Learning Scale, Motivation Scale Intended for Learning English, and Foreign Language Learning Effort Scale were used to collect data. The theoretical model of foreign language learning effort and the effects of variables were analyzed through structural equation modeling.ResultsThe findings indicated that academic jealousy levels of participants have a positive and significant effect on their attitudes toward foreign language learning and intrinsic motivations toward learning English. However, academic jealousy has a negative and significant effect on the levels of extrinsic motivation toward learning English. Furthermore, attitudes toward learning a foreign language, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation levels toward learning English were found to have a positive and significant effect on foreign language learning effort.ConclusionOverall, the study suggests that academic jealousy is a meaningful emotional factor in English learning that relates to students’ attitudes, motivation, and sustained learning effort. These findings highlight the value of supportive, learning-focused instructional practices that reduce negative social comparison and foster more persistent engagement.

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) remains a persistent public health and social problem among women in Africa, with severe physical, emotional, and sexual consequences that hinder well-being and socio-economic development. Despite ongoing global and regional efforts, evidence on the prevalence and determinants of IPV across East African countries is limited, fragmented, and often focused on single countries. A more comprehensive, regional-level understanding is crucial to guide targeted interventions and policies This study aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of IPV among married women in East Africa by (1) estimating the prevalence of physical, emotional, and sexual IPV across 12 countries, and (2) identifying individual-, household-, and community-level factors associated with IPV using a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. By integrating multi-country data, the study seeks to generate region-wide evidence that can inform prevention strategies and policy responses to gender-based violence in East Africa. A nationwide community based cross-sectional study was conducted in 12 East African countries as part of the Demographic, and Health Survey (DHS) in the region. The study gathered data from 56,657 married women through structured questionnaires. Descriptive findings were presented as percentages with a 95% confidence interval. To identify factors associated with different types of IPV (physical, emotional, and sexual), a Generalized Structural EquationModel was used. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval were used to determine the significant factors related to IPV. The pooled prevalence of overall IPV in East Africa countries was 38.03% (95% CI: 33.23, 43.08). The highest prevalence of IPV was found in Uganda (53.24%), whereas the lowest was in Comoros (10%). Older age, secondary/higher education, wealth, current working status, attitude towards wife beating, husband’s educational status, husband’s current working status, and husband’s drinking alcohol were factors associated with physical violence. Regarding emotional violence, older age, primary education, wealth, media exposure, current working status, smoking cigarettes, women’s decision-making autonomy, attitude towards wife beating, husband’s education, and husband’s drinking alcohol were significant factors. Finally, regarding sexual violence, factors such as rural residence, better education, wealth, working status, women’s decision-making autonomy, husband’s education, and husband’s drinking alcohol were associated with it. The findings indicate a high prevalence of IPV among married women in East Africa. Key factors for physical violence include age, education, economic status, and attitudes toward domestic violence, while emotional and sexual violence are linked to women’s decision-making autonomy and their partners’ behaviors. To address IPV, comprehensive education and awareness programs are essential, emphasizing gender equality and healthy relationships. Additionally, policies should focus on enhancing women’s economic empowerment and decision-making autonomy, supported by community initiatives to challenge harmful norms.

This systematic review aims to summarize the effectiveness, acceptability, and potential mechanisms of chatbot-based interventions in improving diet, physical activity, and tobacco use behaviors. This protocol follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P). We will include individual- or cluster-randomized, parallel-group controlled trials that compare chatbot-based interventions with active-control, waiting-list, or usual-control comparators among children, adults, and the elderly irrespective of their behavioral patterns at baseline. We will also include the non-randomized or single-group trials to expand the evidence base. The primary outcomes will be the change in diet, physical activity, and tobacco use behaviors assessed by validated questionnaires or objective measures. The secondary outcomes will include the change in obesity-related outcomes, stage of behavioral change, change of motivation, emotion, knowledge, or other constructs that might mediate the intervention effect, chatbot use behaviors during the process of intervention implementation, the facilitators and barriers to chatbot use, and safety issues. We will search both the studies published in PubMed, EMBASE, ACM Digital Library, Web of Science, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and IEEE and the unpublished studies in the WHO's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, ClinicalTrials.gov, conference proceedings, GitHub, and arXiv. We will group the included studies based on their consistency in the Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome and Study design (PICOS) elements for data synthesis. The random-effects meta-analysis will be used to quantitatively synthesize the results across studies if data permits; otherwise, we will synthesize the study results based on the guideline of Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM). We will use the correlation-based meta-analytical structural equation modeling approach to examine the presence of mediators of chatbot-based interventions. We will assess the risk of bias for each included study using the revised version of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2) or the Risk of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I), and appraise the certainty of the evidence for each synthesized result using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. This systematic review will not only answer whether the state-of-the-art chatbot-based interventions are acceptable and effective in changing a person's diet, physical activity, and tobacco use behaviors but also explore the potential mechanisms underlying the effects of the chatbot-based interventions. The findings of this study will pave the way for optimizing future chatbot-based interventions in the field of health-related behaviors. PROSPERO CRD42023492013.

This study uses Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Modeling (MASEM) to synthesize 34 empirical studies examining how VR characteristics—immersion (IMM), presence (PRE), and interactivity (INT)—relate to key TAM variables, including perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEOU), and behavioral intention (BI) in visual culture art education (VCAE). The MASEM model fits the pooled correlation matrix well. Among them, INT demonstrates the strongest direct association with BI, whereas IMM exerts the highest total association, operating primarily through indirect paths. In particular, IMM is strongly associated with PRE, and PRE-centered routes account for a substantial share of IMM’s overall association with PU/PEOU and BI. Moderation analysis reveals that the VR immersion level explains broader heterogeneity than the learning setting. Overall, this study clarifies the pooled relational structure of VR acceptance in VCAE, identifies key boundary conditions underlying prior inconsistencies, and provides evidence-based considerations for VR-based VCAE research and instructional design.

IntroductionRelationships play an essential role in learning, particularly in peer relationships and the teacher–student relationship. Social–emotional competence, learning engagement, and teacher–student relationship can directly influence students’ academic achievement.MethodsThis study examines the relationship among these fac¬tors and explores how they collectively link to the engagement and academic achievement of 1,528 pre-service teachers in a normal university through Social Construction Theory. We analyzed the data using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).ResultsFindings revealed that all dimensions of social–emotional competence (self-relationship, interpersonal relationship, collective relationship, and responsible decision making) and the teacher–student relationship are associated with learning engagement. Two dimensions of social–emotional competence, collective relationship and responsible decision-making, are significantly correlated to academic achievement.DiscussionThis study offers guidance and recommendations for pre-service teachers to enhance their overall growth in engagement and learning outcomes.

<p><em>Based on data from the Ministry of Cooperatives and SMEs, the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) sector in Indonesia reached 64.2 million units and contributed 61.07% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). West Java Province ranks first with the largest number of MSMEs, including the Jatinangor area which is experiencing rapid growth of MSMEs along with its development as an educational area. However, most MSME players in this region face obstacles in business development due to low financial literacy and limited access to formal financing, such as the People's Business Credit (KUR). Bank Mandiri, as one of the largest KUR channeling banks, has developed digital innovations and strategic partnerships to increase the financial inclusion of MSME players. This study aims to analyse the effect of KUR facilities and financial literacy on the welfare of MSME actors, with business productivity as a mediating variable. The research method used is quantitative with a Partial Least Square - Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) approach. Based on the results of the analysis of data obtained from MSME actors in Jatinangor, it was found that KUR and financial literacy have a direct and significant effect on productivity and welfare. In addition, productivity is proven to mediate the relationship between the two variables and welfare. The results of this study suggest that strengthening access to financing and improving financial literacy are key strategies in encouraging the productivity and welfare of MSMEs in a sustainable manner, especially in semi-urban areas such as Jatinangor.</em></p>

This research addresses a structural cybernetic anomaly within strategic management precipitated by the integration of artificial intelligence into the organizational core. Traditional paradigms, specifically the resource-based view and the dynamic capabilities framework, operate under closed-system, first-order cybernetic assumptions that fail to capture the dissipative nature of algorithmic agents. By conceptualizing the enterprise as a complex adaptive system operating far from thermodynamic equilibrium, this study introduces the theory of dynamic cognitive advantage. Grounded in second-order cybernetics, the framework posits that competitive differentiation emerges from the historical, recursive, structural coupling of human semantic intent and machine syntactic processing. This research formalizes this co-evolutionary dynamic utilizing coupled non-linear differential equations and time decay integrals. Furthermore, it operationalizes the central mechanism of this capability—the cognitive flywheel—and proposes a fractal governance architecture to mitigate systemic vulnerabilities such as automation bias. To transition these propositions into management science, a proposed mixed-methods empirical research agenda is presented. It outlines a future partial least squares–structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach to test the mediating role of the cognitive flywheel and the moderating effect of fractal governance on organizational resilience. This research provides a mathematically formalized, empirically testable architecture for navigating the artificial intelligence economy.

The objective of this research is to examine the impact of lifestyle and consumer satisfaction on the purchasing decisions for Nescafé coffee among university students. University students, representing the younger generation, possess dynamic lifestyles and a propensity to follow trends, which may significantly shape their consumption patterns, especially when selecting instant coffee products. Employing a quantitative methodology through a survey technique, data were gathered by distributing questionnaires to 120 student participants who had previously consumed Nescafé coffee. The data analysis utilized the Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) approach, facilitated by the SmartPLS software. Findings from the study indicate that lifestyle exerts a positive and significant influence on decisions to purchase Nescafé coffee. Furthermore, consumer satisfaction has been established to similarly produce a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions. The coefficient of determination (R²) demonstrates that the variables of lifestyle and consumer satisfaction account for the majority of the variance in purchasing decisions, signifying that the proposed research model possesses substantial explanatory strength. These results underscore that the alignment of products with students' lifestyles and the degree of satisfaction experienced following consumption serve as critical determinants in propelling purchasing decisions. This investigation is anticipated to make scholarly contributions to the advancement of consumer behavior research, while also offering practical implications for businesses in formulating marketing strategies that emphasize consumer lifestyles and the enhancement of satisfaction levels, with particular relevance to instant coffee products.

This study examines how ethical leadership promotes employees’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) engagement in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) through a sequential mechanism of Trust in leadership and organizational commitment, and whether this process differs across national contexts. Survey data were collected from SME employees in Pakistan (n = 102), India (n = 70), and Taiwan (n = 96). Using a multi-group partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach with bootstrapping, we test direct, indirect, sequential mediation, and moderation effects linked to national culture (collectivism) and institutional support. Results show that ethical leadership has a positive direct effect on CSR engagement and an additional indirect effect via Trust in leadership and organizational commitment. The strength of these relationships varies across the three countries, underscoring the importance of cultural and institutional conditions when translating leadership ethics into CSR-oriented behaviors. The findings extend CSR micro foundations in SMEs and offer actionable guidance for leadership development and policy support in emerging and advanced economies.

This study aims to analyze the effect of Green Accounting, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), and Enviromental Perfomence on the probility of mining companies listed on yhe Indonesia Stick Exchange (IDX) for the 2020-2024 period. A quantitative approach using explanatory methods was applied in this study. There are secondary data used in the form of financial reports, annual report, sustainbility reports, and CSR reports from eight mining companies selected through purposive sampling, resulting in 40 observation units. Data analysis involves testing the measurement model (outer model) and the struktural model (inner model) using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach based on SmartPLS 4.0. The result of the study indicate that partially, Green Accounting has a positive and significant effect on profitability with a P-Value of 0.035 (<0.05). Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) also has a positive and significant effect on profitability with a P-Value of 0.019 (<0.05). However, Enviromental Perfomance does not signifcantly influence profitability , with a P-Value of 0.099 (>0.05). Simultaneously, Green Accounting, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), and Enviromental Perfomence together significantly influence profitability ith a calculated F-value of 5.021 (>F-Table 2.87). The R-Square value of 0.295 indicates that the three independent variables collectively influence profitability by 29.5%, while the remaining 70.5% is influenced by other variabels outside this research model Keywoards: Green Accounting, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Enviromental Perfomence, Profitability, Mining Company.

Previous meta-analyses have consistently identified Conscientiousness as a robust predictor of academic performance, while findings for the other Big Five traits have been mixed or inconclusive. However, most existing meta-analytic evidence is based on zero-order correlations and does not account for the substantial intercorrelations among personality traits. Using a one-stage meta-analytic structural equation modeling (MASEM) approach, the present study reanalyzes data from 84 studies of university students (total N = 45,477) compiled in a previous meta-analysis to examine the unique associations between the Big Five traits and academic performance while explicitly modeling their shared variance. Conscientiousness remained the strongest predictor (β = 0.199, p < 0.001). Extraversion showed a significant negative association (β = -0.062, p < 0.001), whereas Agreeableness (β = 0.034, p = 0.046) and Openness (β = 0.060, p < 0.001) showed small positive associations. Neuroticism was not significant (β = -0.006, p = 0.771). Overall, the pattern is broadly consistent with prior meta-analytic evidence, but the structural model reveals a unique negative association for Extraversion that is not evident in zero-order correlations. This highlights the value of modeling the Big Five jointly when drawing inferences about personality-achievement relations.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of incentive strategy on employee performance: moderating mediating effect of organizational commitment and job satisfaction in the hospitality industry in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach This study used a quantitative approach to gather data, giving questionnaires to 335 full-time workers of three- and four-star hotels in Northeast Nigeria. The study hypotheses were empirically tested using the bootstrapping technique and the structural equation modeling approach. Findings The results confirm the positive and significant effects of incentive strategies (intrinsic and extrinsic), employee job satisfaction, and organizational commitment on employee performance. The positive significant effect of motivational strategies on employee job satisfaction was documented. A partial mediating effect of job satisfaction was documented. However, job satisfaction has no mediating impact, while the moderating effect of organizational commitment was documented. Practical implications Based on this study, practitioners should provide in-accordance incentives and rewards to hardworking employees in order to provide them with excellent working environments and suitable employment conditions, increase employee loyalty, reduce attrition, and draw in promising talent. Originality/value In contrast to earlier research, this study contribution concentrates on the moderating effect of organizational commitment and the mediating effect of employee work satisfaction in the hospitality industry. It draws attention to the industry's ongoing difficulties in luring and keeping workers.

Network-specific design features are largely overlooked in the empirical literature, despite their potential role in strengthening urban rail transit as a net transport-sector decarbonizer. To address this gap, we examine the indirect contributions of these design features to the road-to-rail mode shift in China’s urban context, taking a structural equation modeling approach. In particular, we focus on three dimensions of physical network configurations—connectivity, accessibility, and efficiency. We hypothesize that the case specificity associated with these design features partly explains the mixed evidence regarding transit-led traffic-diversion effects. We find that, overall, metro rail service in China tends to significantly reduce vehicle use, with a net elasticity of -0.36. Path analysis shows that the road-to-rail traffic-diversion effects can be further strengthened by improved connectivity, optimized inter-station spacing, and enhanced transit accessibility. Conversely, the diversion effects are partly offset by rail-induced urban development and derived on-road traffic demand, while rail transit remains a net vehicular-traffic reducer. The overall net traffic diversion and the impact of network design features tend to be more pronounced and statistically significant in cities with larger populations, higher population densities, and longer periods of metro operation. This suggests that the case specificity underlying the existing mixed evidence is partly associated with network-specific factors and their interplay with the scale and density of a given city. From a policy perspective, these findings seem to provide a rationale for China’s continued investment in urban rail infrastructure, along with increased attention to network configuration features. Improvements in network connectivity and accessibility may be achieved through increased links between key stations, express rail services during rush hours, transit-oriented development, and complementary traffic management strategies.