Structural Equation Modeling Analysis Research Articles

Effects and functional mechanisms of digital fitness platforms on online fitness payment behavior under the perspective of "She-economy".

Women have become an important force for economic development. Online fitness payment behavior is an important part of women's pursuit of "beautiful skin and healthy body", and is also an important embodiment of the integration of the digital industry and the fitness industry. Based on Stimuli-Organism-Response and Technology Acceptance Model theories, this study systematically explored the relationship and mechanism of action between digital fitness platforms and online fitness payment behavior through a survey of 259 women using Structural Equation Modeling and Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis. It was found that women's perceived use of digital fitness platforms was positively related to satisfaction, continued use intention, and online fitness payment behavior, except for the relationship between perceived usefulness and satisfaction, which was not significant. With the exception of satisfaction, which did not mediate between perceived enjoyment and online fitness payment behavior, satisfaction, and continued using intention mediated and chained mediation between the other independent variables and the dependent variable. The "comprehensive" digital fitness platforms were the most popular and favorite among women, followed by the "hedonic" and "pragmatic" platforms. On this basis, corresponding countermeasures and recommendations are proposed to promote the healthy, sustainable, and stable development of the digital fitness industry.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of gastric cancer patients toward nutritional therapy

BackgroundTo investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of patients with gastric cancer (GC) toward nutritional therapy.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2024 at the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University (Wuxi, China) and enrolled patients with GC. Questionnaires (Cronbach’s α = 0.923) were used to collect data on demographics and KAP dimensions. Scores >75% were considered good. Multivariable analyses were performed to examine the factors associated with KAP. A structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis was performed to examine the relationships among KAP dimensions.ResultsThe analysis included 486 valid questionnaires. The median knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were 6.0 (0–16; 37.5%), 26.0 (7–35; 74.3%), and 28.7 (8–40; 71.7%) indicating poor KAP. Only agricultural, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, and water conservancy production personnel (OR = 0.09, 95%CI: 0.02–0.49, p = 0.006) were independently associated with knowledge. Knowledge (OR = 1.11, 95%CI: 1.05–1.18, p < 0.001) and a monthly income of 10,000–20,000 (OR = 3.85, 95%CI: 1.23–12.06, p = 0.021) were independently associated with attitude. Knowledge (OR = 1.22, 95%CI: 1.15–1.30, p < 0.001), attitude (OR = 1.21, 95%CI: 1.11–1.32, p < 0.001), personnel other than leading cadres of state organs and enterprises (all OR < 1 and all p < 0.05), and a monthly income of 10,000–20,000 yuan (OR = 3.02, 95%CI: 1.15–7.96, p = 0.025) were independently associated with practice. Knowledge had a direct positive influence on attitude (β = 0.350, p < 0.001) and practice (β = 0.460, p < 0.001) and an indirect positive influence on practice (β = 0.146, p < 0.001). Attitude had a direct positive influence on practice (β = 0.417, p < 0.001).ConclusionPatients with GC in Wuxi partly had poor KAP toward nutritional support.

Analysis of Sustainable Lean Manufacturing Implementation in Pune Region Manufacturing Industries

In business and industry, lean manufacturing techniques are employed to enhance sustainability. Through continuous improvement, lean culture influences the performance of our processes and fortifies our systems. The facility’s culture is fostered and delivery success rates are increased by connecting customers and suppliers. The ultimate aim of this research is to draft a methodology to implement sustainable lean in the manufacturing sector of India. The proposed research would address management-related issues and critical success factors (CSFs). For the functioning of sustainable lean manufacturing (SLM). The questionnaires were distributed to managers of manufacturing companies in the Pune region, directors of management, managers of manufacturing, and executives of quality. The returned surveys were legitimate and may be utilized for data analysis after a visual inspection for faults. By calculating Cronbach’s alpha, the research tool’s reliability was examined. The information was analyzed using a statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) to get descriptive analysis which demonstrates how factors within each category impacted lean manufacturing using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis for a better understanding of the lean process. The study revealed success factors like continuous flow, leadership commitment, supplier partnership, and customer engagement impacting sustainable lean manufacturing implementation (SLMI) in manufacturing industries. Additionally, it indicates that barriers like lack of resources, and technological changes, have an impact on SLMI.

The Interrelationship among Perception of Event Quality, Perceived Value, Event Image, Satisfaction and Revisit Intentions of Road Runners in Taiwan

This study examined the interrelationships between perceived event quality, perceived value, event image, satisfaction, and revisit intentions among road race participants in Taiwan. The data collection involved 641 valid questionnaires from participants across nine road race events held during 2017-2018. Structural equation modeling analysis yielded three key findings. First, the theoretical model demonstrated satisfactory overall explanatory power. Second, event satisfaction and perceived value significantly and positively influenced revisit intentions. The analysis revealed the direct effects of event quality, event image, and perceived value on event satisfaction. In contrast, event quality and event image directly influenced perceived value, and event quality directly affected event image. Third, the model explained 63% of the variance in event image, 72% in perceived value, 70% in satisfaction, and 59% in revisit intention. The findings highlight the critical roles of perceived event quality, event image, perceived value, and satisfaction in predicting road race participants' revisit intentions in Taiwan. These results offer valuable insights for event marketing managers and organizers to enhance event outcomes.

Relationship between internal legal compliance culture, leadership style, organizational trust, and employee engagement in Vietnam’s banking sector

This study was conducted to explore and measure the relationship between leadership style, internal legal compliance culture, organizational trust, and employee engagement in the banking sector from the perspective of managerial perceptions. Data were collected through a survey of 386 managers currently working at 35 commercial banks in Vietnam. The results of the two-stage partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis indicate that managers’ leadership styles have a positive impact on the implementation of internal legal compliance culture and enhance employee engagement. Additionally, the enforcement of internal legal compliance culture positively increases organizational trust, which in turn influences employee engagement in the banking industry. The study’s findings provide empirical evidence on the influence of leadership style and the implementation of internal legal compliance culture on promoting stability and sustainable development in the banking sector of emerging economies. At the same time, the study emphasizes that a strong internal legal compliance culture not only ensures regulatory adherence but also fosters a work environment where employees feel valued and secure. When employees perceive that their organization operates ethically and transparently, they are more likely to develop a sense of engagement, thereby strengthening their overall involvement. This heightened engagement can lead to improved job performance, lower turnover rates, and greater organizational efficiency in the banking sector. AcknowledgmentThe authors would like to thank the Editor-in-Chief and a reviewer for their helpful comments that, in our view, have helped to improve the quality of the manuscript significantly. Besides, this study is the result of collaboration between researchers from the University of Law, Hue University, and School of Business and Economics, Duy Tan University. The authors would like to thank both institutions for their support and facilitation in the publication of this research.

Digital transformation in SME financing in Saudi Arabia: Leveraging digital financial intermediation to overcome challenges, maximize benefits, and foster sectoral growth

This study examines the impact of digital financial intermediation on the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Saudi Arabia, focusing on blockchain technology, artificial intelligence (AI), and digital platforms. The study utilizes data from 307 SMEs in technology, gaming and esports, services, and industry sectors. It employs Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and hierarchical regression analysis to analyze key relationships between digital adoption and business performance. Results indicate that digital technologies significantly enhance organizational capabilities (β=0.65, p<0.001) and financial performance (β=0.58, p<0.001). Digital readiness is a critical mediator, explaining 42% of operational efficiency variance. Sectoral analysis reveals that technology firms benefit the most from digital transformation (mean = 4.7), followed by gaming (4.5), services (4.2), and industry (4.0). Additionally, blockchain improves financial transparency (β=0.72, p<0.001), while AI enhances operational efficiency (β=0.68, p<0.001). The study provides a comprehensive framework linking digital adoption to SME performance, highlighting key mediating factors and sectoral disparities. Findings offer actionable insights for policymakers, financial institutions, and SME stakeholders to support digital transformation, including: Capacity-building programs to enhance digital competencies. Sector-specific digital strategies addressing industry challenges. Policy interventions to strengthen digital readiness and financial inclusion. Aligned with Saudi Vision 2030, these insights contribute to sustainable growth, enhanced competitiveness, and digital financial integration.

Factors influencing surgical anxiety and postoperative pain: a comprehensive evaluation of psychological and gynecological determinants.

Postoperative pain is a persistent challenge in gynecological surgery, influenced by psychological and clinical factors. Surgical anxiety, a critical preoperative psychological state, is shaped by underlying psychological conditions that can affect pain experiences during recovery. This study aimed to explore the psychological factors contributing to surgical anxiety and their interaction with postoperative pain outcomes, focusing on anxiety, psychological distress, and general gynecological status. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 114 women undergoing gynecological surgery at a tertiary care hospital. Data collection included demographic and clinical characteristics, along with psychological assessments using the surgical anxiety questionnaire, Kessler psychological distress scale, and general health questionnaire-12. Postoperative pain was evaluated using the American Pain Society Patient Outcome Questionnaire-Revised and the Postoperative Pain Assessment Tool-Day 1/7. Statistical analyses involved correlation tests, group comparisons, and structural equation modeling (SEM). Psychological distress and general health were significant predictors of surgical anxiety. Higher levels of surgical anxiety were associated with increased psychosocial impacts on postoperative pain, particularly in activity interference and self-care. SEM analysis revealed moderate indirect effects of surgical anxiety on pain outcomes through psychological distress, while direct effects on pain were minimal. Preoperative assessments of psychological distress and general health are essential for understanding surgical anxiety and its nuanced impact on postoperative pain. Tailored pain management strategies that address both psychological and clinical factors may enhance recovery and patient satisfaction following gynecological surgery.

Effects of compassion fatigue, structural empowerment, and psychological empowerment on the caring behaviours of intensive care unit nurses in China: A structural equation modelling analysis.

Effects of compassion fatigue, structural empowerment, and psychological empowerment on the caring behaviours of intensive care unit nurses in China: A structural equation modelling analysis.

The mediating role of emotional intelligence in the relationship between technostress and burnout prevention among critical care nurses a structural equation modelling approach.

Critical care nurses frequently experience high levels of technostress due to the increasing demands of healthcare technology, which contributes to burnout. Emotional intelligence has been shown to buffer stress in demanding environments, potentially mitigating burnout. However, its mediating role in the relationship between technostress and burnout among critical care nurses remains underexplored. This study aims to examine the mediating role of emotional intelligence in the relationship between technostress and burnout among critical care nurses. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 180 critical care nurses from two hospitals in Damnhour City, Egypt. Data were collected using the Technostress Questionnaire, Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI), and Emotional Intelligence Scale. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to test the hypothesized relationships between technostress, emotional intelligence, and burnout, with bootstrapping employed to assess mediation. Technostress was positively correlated with burnout (r = 0.56, p < 0.01), while emotional intelligence was negatively correlated with both technostress (r = -0.45, p < 0.01) and burnout (r = -0.49, p < 0.01). SEM analysis revealed that emotional intelligence significantly mediated the relationship between technostress and burnout (indirect effect = 0.23, p = 0.002), reducing burnout levels. Emotional intelligence plays a crucial role in mitigating the effects of technostress on burnout among critical care nurses. Targeted interventions to enhance emotional intelligence may help reduce burnout in technology-driven healthcare environments.

The spiteful effect of envy on innovative behavior: evidence through the individualism vs. collectivism cultural dimension

Purpose This study aims to assess how envy, both directly and indirectly, through negative behaviors such as ostracism, negative word-of-mouth and alignment with the negative behaviors of superiors, influences innovative behavior based on the cultural dimension of individualism versus collectivism. Design/methodology/approach The data was collected using a survey applied to 305 individuals between October 2022 and June 2023. The model developed was analyzed and validated using partial least squares estimation with structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and PLS-SEM multigroup analysis techniques. Findings The results suggest that for individualistic individuals, negative word-of-mouth exerts a greater positive mediating influence on the relationship between envy and ostracism, and that envy exerts a greater positive influence on both alignment with the negative behaviors of superiors and on ostracism. In addition, the results indicate that negative word-of-mouth and ostracism together negatively influence the relationship between envy and innovative behavior. Practical implications This research provides empirical evidence that envy triggers negative behavior in both individualistic and collectivist individuals. Thus, in practical terms, envy can be considered as something more primitive that goes beyond the accepted values of sociability, especially in the organizational environment. Originality/value The main contribution of this research is to understand the effects of envy on innovative behavior, based on a conceptual model that considers the mental programs that differentiate one group of individuals from another. In addition, it presents theoretical and empirical implications that provide descriptive evidence of behaviors, making it possible to broaden the psychological understanding of them. In this specific sense, this research differs from other organizational studies, whose objectives are to standardize behavior.

Key Factors and Configuration Analysis of Improving Tourist Loyalty in Forest Park: Evidence from Yingde National Forest Park, South China

Tourist perceived value is an important antecedent to loyalty by enhancing satisfaction, revisiting intentions, and recommendations, thereby promoting sustainable development of forest parks. However, existing research has not sufficiently examined the configurations of perceived value in relation to increasing tourist loyalty specifically in the context of forest parks, representing a notable gap in the existing literature that requires further investigation. To address this gap, both covariance-based structural equation model (CB-SEM) and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) models were conducted to explore the joint effects of perceived value on tourist loyalty and identify pathways of perceived value dimensions to increase tourist loyalty, based on the Value-Satisfaction-Loyalty Chain model. A total of 404 valid questionnaires were collected from 436 visitors to the Yingde National Forest Park in southern China. Among the respondents, 54.2% were male, nearly 50% were over 36 years old, and 60% held a university degree. The results indicate that perceived value significantly influences tourist loyalty, with satisfaction playing a crucial mediating role between perceived value and loyalty. Notably, the indirect effect mediated by satisfaction was found to be greater than the direct effect of perceived value on loyalty. Five distinct pathways were identified for enhancing tourist loyalty, categorized into three models: the economic value-driven model, the functional value and epistemic value dual-core driven model, and the emotional and social value dual-core driven model. Additionally, four pathways were identified for enhancing tourist satisfaction, which subsequently improves tourist loyalty. These four pathways were grouped into two modes: the economic value-driven model and the functional value plus driven model. This study introduces an innovative perspective on the relationship between tourist perceived value and loyalty in forest parks, identifying key factors and configurations within the five dimensions of perceived value that enhance both tourist loyalty and satisfaction. Moreover, it extends the application of the Value-Satisfaction-Loyalty Chain theory to a forest park context. The findings provide valuable insights for forest park managers, guiding them in enhancing perceived value through targeted pathways to increase tourist revisit intentions and recommendations, ultimately supporting the park’s sustainable development. The influence of individual items on tourist satisfaction and loyalty, along with the identification of optimal item combinations to enhance loyalty, necessitates further investigation. Furthermore, a deeper exploration of the heterogeneity of factors and pathways for improving tourist loyalty is required.

Enhancing Sustainability Practices in Malaysian Food Manufacturing SMEs: The Mediating Effect of Innovation Capability

ABSTRACTSustainability is crucial in the food manufacturing business strategy, driven by environmental considerations and market demands. This study examines the influence of organizational support, human resource quality, and innovation capability on the intention to adopt sustainability practices among Malaysian food manufacturing SMEs while investigating innovation capability's mediating role. Grounded in the resource‐based view (RBV), natural resource‐based view (NRBV), and triple bottom line (TBL) frameworks, the study focuses on understanding factors influencing intentions rather than actual implementation or outcomes. A survey of 367 SME owner‐managers was conducted via e‐mail. Structural equation modeling analysis showed that all three factors significantly influence the intention to adopt sustainability practices, with innovation capability partially mediating these relationships. These findings expand the theoretical understanding of sustainability adoption in SMEs, validating innovation capability's mediating role in the food manufacturing sector. For academia, the study contributes to the literature on sustainability in SMEs. Policymakers can use these results to develop initiatives supporting sustainable practices, such as funding for sustainable technology or environmental education. For SME owner‐managers, the findings encourage viewing investments in human resources and innovation capabilities as catalysts for fostering intentions toward sustainability.

Moderated mediation model of relationship between artificial intelligence awareness and counterproductive work behavior, turnover intention

PurposeThis study aimed to develop a moderated mediation model to explain the relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) awareness and counterproductive work behavior, turnover intention. In this model, the authors assumed that interpersonal conflict mediates and that perceived organizational support and competitive psychological climate moderates the relationship between AI awareness and counterproductive work behavior, turnover intention.Design/methodology/approachAn empirical study based on a sample of 1,129 Vietnamese employees at some enterprises of 6 fields with the highest level of AI application. Structural equation modelling analysis was used for hypothesis testing.FindingsAnalysis of the data demonstrates that AI awareness has a relationship with counterproductive behavior, interpersonal conflict and turnover intention. At the same time, the research results also confirm that interpersonal conflict affects counterproductive behavior and turnover intention. Moreover, interpersonal conflict mediates the effect of AI awareness on counterproductive behavior and turnover intention, and the moderating roles of perceived organizational support and competitive psychological climate has been confirmed.Research limitations/implicationsSample data was only collected at a few Vietnamese enterprises in 6 fields with the highest level of application which are e-commerce, transportation and logistics, education, real estate, finance and agriculture, which may be limiting generalizability of research results. Future studies could include data from enterprises in different sectors or focus on a specific sector.Practical implicationsThe authors offer several significant implications to reduce counterproductive work behavior and turnover intention in enterprises, such as by paying attention that the penetration and spread of AI or other smart technologies is inevitable in the future, ensuring make sure support from organization is available for the employees and creating a working environment of integrity and honesty in all situations based on trust, respect and fairness.Originality/valueThe study developed and verified a moderated mediated model on the relationship between AI awareness and counterproductive work behavior, turnover intention. The authors confirmed the mediating role of interpersonal conflict and the moderating role of perceived organizational support and competitive psychological climate in the relationship among AI awareness and counterproductive work behavior, turnover intention.

Analysis Of The Influence Of Brand Equity Dimensions On Consumer Buying Interest In Fashion Products In Bogor City

This study aims to determine how the influence of brand equity dimensions on consumer purchasing interest in Erigo products in Bogor City. The brand equity dimensions consist of brand awareness, perceived quality, brand association, and brand loyalty. This study uses a descriptive quantitative approach with a data collection method in the form of a questionnaire to 196 respondents. The sampling technique in this study was carried out using a non-probability technique in the form of purposive sampling. This technique is carried out by determining the sample criteria in the form of Erigo consumers in Bogor City. The data analysis technique in this study uses SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) analysis. This study found that the dimensions of equity, brand awareness and brand association do not have a significant effect on consumer purchasing interest in Erigo products in Bogor City. The dimensions of perceived quality and brand loyalty have a significant effect on consumer purchasing interest in Erigo products in Bogor City. Keywords : Brand Equity, Buying Interest, Erigo , Influence

Sustainability Transformation Through Green Supply Chain Management Practices and Green Innovations in Pakistan’s Manufacturing and Service Industries

The increasing global emphasis on sustainability necessitates the integration of environmentally responsible practices within supply chains. This study explores the impact of green supply chain management practices (GSCMPs) on firm sustainable performance in Pakistan’s manufacturing and service industries. Unlike prior research, which primarily focuses on the direct impact of GSCMPs, this study advances knowledge by incorporating green technological innovation (GTI) and green managerial innovation (GMI) as mediators and green organizational culture (GOC) as a moderator. The study looks at survey data from 480 industry professionals and uses partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and multi-group analysis (MGA). It discovers that GSCMPs greatly enhance sustainability outcomes, especially when green innovations are used. Furthermore, the impact of GSCMPs is more pronounced in the manufacturing sector, emphasizing the role of regulatory pressures and technological advancements. This study makes a significant contribution to the literature by integrating post-pandemic sustainability challenges, highlighting industry-specific dynamics, and providing actionable strategies to enhance green supply chain adoption in emerging markets. The study provides applicable strategies for managers and policymakers to embed sustainability deeper into corporate strategies, ensuring resilience and competitive advantages in evolving global markets.

Determinants of Graduate Students' Behavioral Intention to Use Mobile Learning Platforms at Hunan Normal University

Background and Aim: This research examined the factors affecting graduate students' behavioral intentions toward using a mobile learning platform. The study focused on several latent variables, including system quality (SQ), service quality (SVQ), information quality (IQ), perceived usefulness (PU), satisfaction (SA), attitude (ATT), and behavioral intention (BI). The goal of the study was to assess the degree to which each of these variables impacts the utilization of the mobile learning platform. Materials and Methods: This research collected survey responses from 500 graduate students at a public university in Hunan, China, regarding their perspectives on using mobile learning platforms. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were employed to analyze the data. Results: The data analysis results indicated that all hypothesized paths were statistically significant, demonstrating strong direct relationships between the variables in the model. Information quality, in particular, had the most substantial impact on perceived usefulness. These findings highlight the critical role of these factors in enhancing the effective use of mobile learning platforms in higher education, leading to increased student satisfaction and behavioral intentions. The study's strengths include a large sample size and the application of advanced statistical methods like SEM and CFA, offering a thorough evaluation of the model's validity. However, the study is limited by its focus on a single university, which may not capture the diverse experiences of students at other institutions. Moreover, while the study emphasizes key factors influencing mobile learning, it does not explore potential barriers or challenges students might encounter, such as technological issues or varying levels of digital literacy. Future research could address these aspects to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of mobile learning platforms.

A novel immobilized bacteria consortium enhanced remediation efficiency of PAHs in soil: Insights into key removal mechanism and main driving factor.

A novel immobilized bacteria consortium enhanced remediation efficiency of PAHs in soil: Insights into key removal mechanism and main driving factor.

Nurses' Performance as a Mediator Between Nurses' Fatigue and Patient Safety Culture: A Structural Equation Model Analysis

ABSTRACTAimTo determine the relationships among nurses' fatigue, nurses' performance and patient safety culture.DesignCross‐sectional study.MethodsA multicentre study was conducted with 308 nurses working in 14 medical and surgical wards from four teaching hospitals in Iran. The sampling method was stratified with a proportional allocation. Data were collected via a demographic form, the Occupational Fatigue/Exhaustion Recovery (OFER‐15), the Nurse Performance Instrument (NPI) and the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC). The data were analysed via structural equation modelling (SEM).ResultsNurse fatigue was significantly inversely related to performance and patient safety culture (p &lt; 0.001). Path analysis revealed that each unit of reducing nurses' fatigue improved patients' safety culture by 0.286 units and that each unit of improved nurse performance improved patients' safety culture by 0.360 units. Additionally, each one‐unit increase in a nurse's fatigue could decrease his or her performance by 0.860 units. SEM analysis confirmed the mediating effect of nurses' performance on the relationship between their level of fatigue and patient safety culture.Practice ImplicationsThe proposed model can assist nursing managers and healthcare policymakers in developing practical strategies to mitigate and reduce nurses' fatigue and, consequently, improve nurses' performance and patient safety.Patient or Public ContributionAll participants contributed to this research by completing self‐reported scales.

Examining Generative AI User Discontinuance from a Dual Perspective of Enablers and Inhibitors

As a negative behavior, user discontinuance may undermine user retention and reduce the competitive advantage of generative AI platforms. Extant research has focused on the positive behaviors such as user adoption and continuance of generative AI, and has seldom explored the formation mechanism underlying user discontinuance of generative AI. The purpose of this research is to explore generative AI user discontinuance intention from a dual perspective of enablers and inhibitors. We used a mixed method of structural equation modeling (SEM) and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to conduct data analysis. The results revealed that discontinuance intention is influenced by both the enablers (misinformation, algorithm bias, low transparency, and dissatisfaction) and the inhibitors (perceived anthropomorphism, perceived intelligence, perceived interactivity, and flow experience). The results contribute to a comprehensive understanding of generative AI user discontinuance. They also suggest that generative AI platforms need to be concerned with both enablers and inhibitors in order to prevent user discontinuance and ensure a sustainable development.

Soil microbial biomass P status affecting P runoff loss from paddy fields under different agricultural practices.

Soil microbial biomass P status affecting P runoff loss from paddy fields under different agricultural practices.