Structural Elements Of Buildings Research Articles

Determination of the Optimal Volume of Elements of Building and Engineering Structures by Non-Destructive Testing of Their Strength

Introduction. Before repairing or reconstructing steel structures, it is necessary to obtain information about the strength capacities of the metal. The estimated service life of metal structures is tens of years, but it is known that the mechanical properties of the original metal change over time. Additionally, many facilities operate beyond these anticipated lifespans. As some researchers have noted, the challenge of obtaining such information is due to several factors. Firstly, in most cases, it is impossible to cut samples from existing structures. Secondly, the use of non-destructive testing methods needs to ensure sufficient accuracy in assessment. Thirdly, non-destructive testing may not be physically possible due to the design features of the object. Fourthly, survey work on the operating structure can be very laborious and expensive, requiring a reduction in volume and cost. Fifthly, when assessing the mechanical characteristics of the metal, it is important to apply an approach that guarantees the accuracy of results while minimizing work by utilizing previously obtained information on similar metals. Given these challenges, the development of a methodology that combines non-destructive testing with prior information is crucial.In non-destructive testing of structures, methods for qualitative assessment of the condition of metal or welded joints are used, such as ultrasonic, magnetic, and radiation techniques. There are also quantitative methods for evaluating mechanical characteristics, such as using portable hardness testers. However, most methods for assessing strength characteristics, such as yield strength and temporary tear resistance, are cumbersome and limited to laboratory settings.The methods of clarifying experimental information using a priori data by experts are conventionally divided into three categories:− according to the priority of the weight of a priori and experimental data;− extrapolation of past data to future periods;− based on Bayesian procedures.This article describes a non-destructive strength testing method based on indentation developed with the author's participation and repeatedly tested in actual surveys. The aim of this article is to justify the author's methodology to minimize the amount of required samples during survey work by combining non-destructive testing methods and Bayesian accounting for experimental information.Materials and Methods. The research plan involved analyzing experimental data on the mechanical properties of metals and developing an algorithm to minimize the number of samples of control objects. Before measuring, the metal of the structures was cleaned with a hand grinder. The method of non-destructive testing of the evaluation of mechanical characteristics according to the parameters of the impact insertion of the indenter into the surface under study was used. To minimize the amount of work, a Bayesian approach was used to reduce the variability of posterior values by utilizing additional experimental data on the mechanical characteristics of such steels. The material St3 of strength class KP 245 with yield strength of 245 MPa and tensile strength of 412 MPA was studied. Additional experimental data on this material's properties were available from a previously studied metal structure.Results. The method of non-destructive testing of the strength of metal in pipe structures has been implemented. This method used prior information obtained from previous surveys of similar materials. Based on a Bayesian approach, experimental and previous information was combined, in particular, the values of time resistance to rupture. A method for estimating the minimum required sample size of the examined structural elements was proposed provided there was minimal risk from an estimation error. As a result of calculations, it was shown that the use of such a technique was possible with a sample size of 2–3 elements.Discussion and Conclusion. The proposed methodology was developed based on an analysis of more than 20 surveys conducted to assess the strength of the existing metal structures. Using the non-destructive testing method, we were able to simultaneously determine the yield strength, tensile strength, elongation, and hardness. The article presents data on the values of tensile strength. It should be noted that although the duration of each measurement was 20–30 seconds, in some cases it took longer to inspect large structures, such as bridges, which could take weeks. The calculation performed using the proposed method, which combined experimental and pre-experimental information about one of the strength characteristics of steel, temporary tear resistance, showed the high efficiency and potential for further application in future surveys.

Analysis of Cement properties using Hyperspectral Remote Sensing methods

Abstract. Understanding building material properties can play a key role in analyzing the health of structural elements in buildings. However, the field and laboratory tests can be laborious, time-consuming, and cost-intensive. Generally, the standard tests employed for characterizing the material properties are destructive in nature, but in the recent past, non-destructive testing (NDT) has given us the ease of understanding the material properties. Hyperspectral remote sensing technology has been exploited as one of the NDT methods for assessing the properties of building components. This study aims to investigate the quality information about cement using the hyperspectral remote sensing method and correlate it with the results of traditional quality testing methods. The materials used in the experiments included Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), and White Portland Cement (WPC). The cement samples were studied and experimented with for the identification of their types, and their temporal variability and changes in their spectral properties on which the strength of the samples depended were further checked. The study concluded that for OPC, PPC, and WPC, the absorption range is 1970 nm to 2020 nm, which is mainly due to the presence of different chemical compounds in cement. Also, the spectral reflectance decreases with time, and it can be concluded that in the present work, the strength of cement decreases with the decrease in spectral reflectance. Hence, Cement properties can be found using hyperspectral remote sensing data.

RESEARCH OF THE METHODS OF STRENGTHENING REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS DURING THE RECONSTRUCTION OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

Over the past two years, Ukraine has noted significant losses of the state's residential and non-residential stock as destroyed or partially damaged. Damaged or destroyed buildings must be restored, reconstructed and dismantled and new ones erected in their place.Industrial facilities suffered significant destruction. In addition, the condition of the structures of many old enterprises is extremely unsatisfactory.Currently, only in Kyiv, about 30% of the city's territory is industrial territory.Depending on the level of reconstruction of the object, it is possible to perform certain structural and enclosing elements. Any intervention in the structural elements of buildings must be preceded by an examination of both the building as a whole and these structures themselves.Repair, dismantling or strengthening of frame structures are among the typical types of work during the reconstruction of industrial facilities. The vast majority of old industrial buildings in our country have a reinforced concrete frame, especially the buildings that were erected in the 60s of the 20th century and in later periods. These are those buildings whose structural condition still allows for reconstruction or repair in order to continue their intended use. Buildings of an earlier stage, as a rule, are subject to reconstruction (if they are monuments of culture and architecture) or dismantling.The article investigates various methods of reinforcing reinforced concrete columns, which are key structural elements of industrial buildings, during their reconstruction. The technological and organic features of reinforcement are presented. The destabilizing factors that affect the efficiency of work are systematized. Modern technologies are studied, including changing the structural scheme, increasing the cross section, injecting into the body of the structure and external gluing of metal reinforcing structures.The effectiveness of each method is analyzed, which allows to assess their advantages and disadvantages, costs and duration of the reconstruction process. In particular, attention is focused on methods that increase the bearing capacity and durability of structures without significant interference with the overall structural scheme of the building.The results of the study allow us to identify optimal solutions for different types of industrial buildings, which helps engineers and designers ensure the sustainability and safety of reconstructed facilities.

Variability of strength and stiffness assessment for non-profile beam structures

Introduction. Traditional ways to increase the structural strength and stiffness of beams are now almost exhausted, and optimization of production and operation technologies is mostly based on the use of new materials and increasing their reliability as bearing elements of a complex geometric profile. Bearing elements of building structures operate under high loads and, even despite their predominantly static nature, experience a complex volumetric stress and strain state, which can scarcely ever be confirmed empirically and statistically.Aim. To propose an approach to assessing the strength and stiffness of beam structures operating under conditions of transverse bending of a complex geometric profile.Materials and methods. Classical energy methods, including Castigliano, Maxwell–Mohr and Vereshchagin methods (moment area method), have been used to assess the strength and stiffness of non-profile beam structures, initial parameters, differential equations of the deflection curve.Results. The similarity parameters (fitting criteria) of Mises–Hencky and Zhurkov reflect the behavior of a brittle or plastic beam material reasonably well. These characteristics are proposed to be combined in the Arrhenius–Zhurkov durability functions.Conclusions. The dependencies given in the calculations can be recommended for improving the flexural static and fatigue strength, as well as the stiffness of the bearing elements of building structures.

Determining Moisture Content of Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)

Wooden load-bearing structures are becoming more common as an eco-friendly alternative to steel and concrete in large buildings. In these buildings, laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is increasingly used in structural building elements, particularly in the flanges of wooden I-beams. However, as for all products made from wood, proper moisture control is important to ensure the long-term integrity of the elements. The purpose of this study is to investigate the moisture properties of LVL and the correlation between moisture sensor readings and the actual moisture content determined from accurate weighing of the samples. Laboratory measurements were made of two different wooden materials using 20 identical sensors. The test was conducted on samples of LVL flanges delivered by the Norwegian wood production company Hunton, and on samples of pine lumber. The moisture sensors were delivered by Omnisense. For the LVL samples, the test results show that the resistance values given by the resistance method were too high compared to the more accurate gravimetric method. Conversely, the measured values were too low for the pine samples. LVL also had a faster moisture sorption than pine under the same moisture conditions. The glue between the veneer layers affects the electric conductivity of the wood in LVL and interrupts the readings. The glue might also affect the moisture sorption.

Tool Development for Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of Wooden Building Envelope

The main goal of this study is to provide a platform for LCC calculation rules for timber buildings that comply with the Standards EN 16627:2015 and EN 15643-4, by employing a refined technical service life estimation. The database includes economic data for the building envelope and structural elements at the product level. In addition, the use phase of the building is included as maintenance, and the relevant economic data related to design failure, user preferences, and technical defects due to moisture. This model is under development as part of the WoodLCC project, with partners from Germany, Sweden, Norway, Estonia, Slovenia, and Austria, aiming to implement advanced methods to calculate accurate technical service life estimations and give the users the opportunity to evaluate the differences in building and maintenance costs based on different parameters. In this study, a data structure is created based on the necessary indicators and parameters for LCC calculation. An Excel model is developed, which will be used as a base for a software development in the WoodLCC project. Only wooden material is being considered for building envelope and bearing system. All material price data and installation times for each element is taken from a Norwegian dataset. This data is then modified for the selected European country using country specific labour cost- and material cost-indexes, convertible to the inquired currency. Inflation and escalation rates are considered for calculating the maintenance or repair that will occur in future. Material prices for different species and modification are included. Improved service life input data will enable more precise LCC for wood-based products, resulting in improved economic impact. LCC finds common acceptance only if reliable input data are available and complemented with knowledge about user expectations. We will evaluate the possibility of future improvements of such models.

MoLO: Drift‐free lidar odometry using a 3D model

AbstractLiDAR odometry enables localising vehicles and robots in the environments where global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are not available. An inherent limitation of LiDAR odometry is the accumulation of local motion estimation errors. Current approaches heavily rely on loop closure to optimise the estimated sensor poses and to eliminate the drift of the estimated trajectory. Consequently, these systems cannot perform real‐time localization and are therefore not practical for a navigation task. This paper presents MoLO, a novel model‐based LiDAR odometry approach to achieve real‐time and drift‐free localization using a 3D model of the environment containing planar surfaces, namely the structural elements of buildings. The proposed approach uses a 3D model of the environment to initialise the LiDAR pose and includes a scan‐to‐scan registration to estimate the pose for consecutive LiDAR scans. Re‐registering LiDAR scans to the 3D model at a certain frequency provides the global sensor pose and eliminates the drift of the trajectory. Pose graphs are built frequently to acquire a smooth and accurate trajectory. A geometry‐based method and a learning‐based method to register LiDAR scans with the 3D model are tested and compared. Experimental results show that MoLO can eliminate drift and achieve real‐time localization while providing an accuracy equivalent to loop closure optimization.

IDENTIFICATION OF HIDDEN DAMAGE IN CONSTRUCTIVE ELEMENTS OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES TO REDUCE THE RISKS OF THEIR DESTRUCTION

Problem statement. In emergency situations, which are activated by dynamic impacts from explosions, fires and earthquakes, it is necessary to monitor the stability of objects to assess their suitability for further operation. Purpose of the study. ensuring the safe operation of buildings and structures using methods, software and technical means for vibroacoustic monitoring of hidden damage in building structures. Methods. Analysis and generalization of data, computer modeling, experimental studies of the structures stability using the vibroacoustic method. Research results. Considered: loss of concrete stability, reinforced concrete, bricks and other elements of load-bearing structures; risk factors manifested in the gradual weakening of load-bearing building structures due to the accumulation of internal damage. Sudden loss of stability of structures occurs after the accumulation of a critical amount of damage in structural elements or the rapid growth of cracks, which are activated by the sudden unloading of extremely stressed structures as a result of any dynamic influences. By modeling the destruction process using the finite element method, it has been established that long before cracks on the surfaces of structures can be visually identified, zones of hidden damage can actively spread inside the wall structures of buildings. The main parameters for monitoring the condition of buildings and structures using visual and vibroacoustic methods have been determined. Due to the fact that the object of research is the partial destruction of buildings and structures (that is, not the root cause, but the consequences of the influence of a complex of negative main factors), two main groups of risk factors for assess the risks of stability loss have been proposed. The first group is associated with the detection of external structural damage identified by visual inspection methods. The second group is associated with the detection of hidden damage, the parameters of which are determined by the vibroacoustic method. The integral risk of stability loss is determined by comparing and selecting the maximum risk in the group. Scientific novelty. The methodology for identifying hidden damage in structural elements of buildings and structures has been further developed, which is distinguished by taking into account the parameters of vibroacoustic control of the destruction consequences and assessing the risks of the structures stability loss. Practical significance. The research results make it possible to improve the method for assessing changes in the structure of the medium as a result of the occurrence of observed and hidden systems of cracks using vibroacoustic monitoring.

Analysis of Wind Load in a 15-Storey Building Using Various Lateral Load Resisting Techniques: A Review

Traditionally, outrigger and belt truss additions are used to strengthen the rigidity of tall buildings with central cores in order to control displacements. At the top of the structure, a single level outrigger can efficiently reinforce a building. The lateral stiffness of each outrigger level rises, although not as much as that of the top level. The primary lateral force-resisting elements of high-rise building structures are shear walls. Higher-performance shear walls are necessary because to the ever-increasing building code requirements and the rising height of high-rise and super high-rise structures. The conventional reinforced concrete shear wall is not very ductile, has a limited capacity to dissipate energy, and is not very deformable. Specifically, the base of a typical shear wall is particularly vulnerable to earthquake damage and is highly challenging to restore. In high-rise and super high-rise buildings, steel plate shear walls (SPSWs) and steel plate reinforced concrete composite shear walls (SPCSWs) are frequently used in place of regular reinforced concrete shear walls or shaped steel reinforced concrete composite shear walls to improve the seismic performance of building structures. Numerous structural methods seem to be able to withstand lateral stresses brought on by earthquakes, blasts, and wind. The more crucial it is to choose the optimal structural arrangement to counteract opposing horizontal loads. Keywords— High-rise structure, Outrigger, Shearwall, Damper etc.

Design and Implementation of Water PH Level and Turbidity Monitoring System

Abstract: Building collapses have become a distressing and recurring issue in Nigeria, necessitating urgent action to mitigate their occurrence. This paper introduces an innovative approach to address this challenge by developing an Automated Structural Health Monitoring System (ASHMS) utilizing a mobile app. Focusing on major cities like Lagos and Abuja, the proposed system employs strategically placed sensors to gather data from various structural elements of buildings. The collected information, encompassing seismic activity, vibrations, bending moments, shear forces, and other key parameters, is wirelessly transmitted to the cloud where it can then be accessed and visualized using mobile app. The system offers real-time insights into the structural integrity of buildings and provides early warnings, thereby contributing significantly to reducing the risk of building collapses. Key findings show that when incorporated into an automated Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system, the user's mobile app offers essential structural insights, capturing values such as a 0.5-unit vibration level, 20 units of shear force, 50 units of bending moment, and an 89-degree vertical wall angle. The app's userfriendly interface improves the effectiveness of monitoring and overseeing structural health, in line with the overarching objective of promoting safety in construction practices

Automated Structural Health Monitoring System for Mitigating Building Collapse in Nigeria: A Mobile App Approach

Abstract: Building collapses have become a distressing and recurring issue in Nigeria, necessitating urgent action to mitigate their occurrence. This paper introduces an innovative approach to address this challenge by developing an Automated Structural Health Monitoring System (ASHMS) utilizing a mobile app. Focusing on major cities like Lagos and Abuja, the proposed system employs strategically placed sensors to gather data from various structural elements of buildings. The collected information, encompassing seismic activity, vibrations, bending moments, shear forces, and other key parameters, is wirelessly transmitted to the cloud where it can then be accessed and visualized using mobile app. The system offers real-time insights into the structural integrity of buildings and provides early warnings, thereby contributing significantly to reducing the risk of building collapses. Key findings show that when incorporated into an automated Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system, the user's mobile app offers essential structural insights, capturing values such as a 0.5-unit vibration level, 20 units of shear force, 50 units of bending moment, and an 89-degree vertical wall angle. The app's userfriendly interface improves the effectiveness of monitoring and overseeing structural health, in line with the overarching objective of promoting safety in construction practices.

Visualization of Deformation and Stress Waves in Wooden Solid and Glued Elements of Building Structures.

The basis of the research hypothesis is the assumption that in wooden structures, deformations and stresses propagate in waves. The numerical experiment demonstrated a correct qualitative visual picture of the wave propagation of deformations, with wave manifestations and characteristic effects on the surface of the sample, at axial and corner points. Visually, the numerical model showed Rayleigh waves on the surface layer of the sample, depending on the ratio of the external geometric dimensions of the sample model, with pronounced wave interference on the outer shell. The visual manifestation of deformation on the outer sides (faces) and the reflection of deformation waves from the outer boundaries of the elastic medium of the sample in the form of Rayleigh waves confirm the correctness of the general hypothesis and the implemented model. Visualization of the process of emergence, propagation and attenuation of deformation waves on the surface of the sample shows that in the quantitative description of the deformation gradient, areas dangerous for the material can be identified.

Sound transmission loss of vertical building partitions designed to meet shear structural requirements

Vertical partitions often include structural building elements designed to meet shear requirements. Shear partitions are designed to resist lateral load due to wind or seismic activity and are required in many regions throughout North America. Nightingale et al. completed a 70-assembly series quantifying the effect of shear OSB on the sound transmission loss (STL) of both wood- and steel-framed single-stud assemblies in the National Research Council Canada (NRCC) research report NRCC-45018. This research study builds on the NRCC research with a test of over 200 wood and steel assembly partitions. This research study includes single-, staggered-, and double-stud framing as well as various forms of shear treatment such as OSB Plywood installed on one or both sides of the partition, attachment with various nail attachment patterns, and steel strapping. The effect of these partition elements on the STL will be presented and discussed. Additionally, the effect of sound isolation treatment, such as additional mass, resilient channels, resilient sound isolation clips, and constrained-layer damping will be presented and discussed.

Structures incorporating damping devices: Are we correct in our design thinking?

The use of discrete damping devices in New Zealand buildings is increasing as designers seek to limit damage to both architectural and structural building elements in moderate earthquakes. The overall damping of the structure becomes a combination of inherent material damping, hysteretic damping from yielding of building elements at specific locations and damping from discrete devices. For over 60 years, engineers have used simplified analysis procedures (e.g., modal response spectrum analysis) to predict building response under seismic actions. The design of structures incorporating viscous dampers requires a paradigm shift in approach as the force each damper resists is a function of the relative velocity between its ends. Popular pseudo-static design methodologies promote the use of a viscous strut in the analysis model to represent them. However, it is incorrect to use elastic, mode-based analysis for a structure incorporating damping devices and relying on significant inelastic behaviour. This paper elucidates the complex mechanics of damper-structure interaction by reviewing some of the established classical, modal‑based, simplified analysis techniques used in seismic design. A series of numerical investigations demonstrate how these techniques are usually invalid for structures that incorporate viscous dampers because they violate the laws of physics. The reason why mode-based techniques are invalid is explored with reference to the imaginary components of the natural modes of vibration and the effect on them of significant inelasticity within the structure. The dynamic characteristics of viscous dampers challenge conventional design approaches such as displacement-based design. This paper establishes that nonlinear time-history analysis is the only meaningful way of predicting the dynamic response of a structure incorporating viscous dampers when significant inelastic behaviour of the structure is expected.

ОЦІНКА ПОШКОДЖЕНЬ КОНСТРУКТИВНИХ ЕЛЕМЕНТІВ БУДІВЕЛЬ І СПОРУД ВІБРОАКУСТИЧНИМ МЕТОДОМ

Purpose. Improving methods and algorithms for assessing damage and cracking of buildings and structures structural elements using the vibroacoustic method to improve the safety of their operation. Methods. Analytical methods of wave theory and statistics, experimental methods for studying the spectral density of acoustic responses. Results. For the safe operation of buildings and structures, reducing operational and environmental risks in cases of partial loss of stability, it is important to carry out timely and rapid monitoring of internal damage to their structural elements. Based on direct Fourier transforms, algorithms are proposed for transforming the spectra of selected periodic vibroacoustic signals of the structure response of a controlled object to an exciting shock effect into rectangular control pulses for digital systems. To assess the damage to structural elements of buildings and structures, it is proposed to use methods of vibroacoustic control - longitudinal profiling and vertical acoustic probing. Methodological diagnostic parameters were developed during experimental studies of concrete tubings. It has been established that the absolute deviations of the parameters characterize the change in damage along the entire length of the section under study, and the maximum values of the deviations of the parameters show the location of the most unstable (dangerous) sections. Vibroacoustic studies identified areas with increased stress, areas of hidden cracks and damage in concrete. It is proposed to determine integral indicators of damage to structural elements associated with zones of acoustic audibility of normal resonant waves. These waves are recorded by a receiver with octave filters that pass low frequencies to the structures of various materials. Originality. The method of assessing damage and cracking of structural elements of buildings and structures using the vibroacoustic method, which is distinguished by algorithms for converting the spectra of selected periodic signals of the structure response of the to an exciting impact into rectangular control pulses for digital systems, has been further developed. Practical implications. Algorithms for transforming vibroacoustic spectra make it possible to automate monitoring of damage to buildings and structures in real time, to increasing the accuracy and information content of monitoring. Based on integral indicators of damage to structural elements, it is possible to identify the risks of the objects stability loss. Keywords: buildings and structures safety, vibroacoustic methods, diagnosis of fractures.

Numerical simulation of the defect's behavior in building structure elements during ultrasonic diagnostics

One of the important scientific problems of modern construction is the detection of cracks in elements of building structures. Among a significant number of methods, ultrasound diagnostics is popular due to automation and speed of processing results. However, the accuracy of ultrasonic methods is in the range of 40%, which does not meet modern requirements. The article considers the problem of ultrasonic wave propagation in a brick and conducts a numerical analysis of the behavior of defects in the form of a crack. The results were obtained in the form of fields of displacements, deformations and stresses in the structure as a function of time. The results obtained make it possible to identify the characteristic features of the reaction of defects to dynamic impact and obtain numerical dependences of the response of the structure in comparison with samples without defects.

Planes geometry verification program written in Python

In recent years, there has been significant progress in sensor and scanning technologies in the computer vision and 3D visualization field. This has led to an increased interest in processing and analysing point clouds, which are groups of 3D points collected by laser scanners, stereo cameras, and drones. The data obtained from these devices has a wide range of applications. This article focuses on using point cloud data to verify planar structural elements of buildings. The article aims to present a methodology for analysing planar point cloud objects using 3D models in IFC format as reference data. The research includes processing data in IFC format, exporting geometric information, segmenting plane objects from a point cloud obtained by laser scanning, and analysing the data obtained. We provide the necessary graphic materials and code to enhance the content of the article. We also evaluate the results and create an outline for future work.

Finger-jointed wood compressed parallel to the grain: Experiment and modelling

Compression tests of pine specimens of two types with initial dimensions of 40x40x80 mm and 40x40x80 mm with finger-joints are considered. Tests on similar specimens without finger-joints are also analyses for comparison. The experiments showed that the finger-joint in the investigated specimens reduced the peak load on the specimen as well as the load in the post-peak stage of plastic deformation. A methodology for modelling the load-displacement relationship taking into account the plastic deformation of wood with a finger-joint in the post-peak stage is proposed. The modelling results do not contradict the experimental data. The basic equation of the proposed mathematical model can be used in further studies to analyse the energy characteristics of the deformation process of wooden elements of building structures.

Decomposition of the building into structural elements in the assessment of life cycle costs of construction objects.

The article substantiates the author's methodological approach to determining the cost of the life cycle of a construction object at the stage of preparing investor estimate documentation, taking into account the current industry regulatory and methodological framework and focusing primarily on the public customer. The necessity of calculating (grouping) investor estimate documentation is shown not by types of construction works, but by structural elements that have a generalizing and unchanging nature when determining the cost of construction, maintenance and repair of the object, which makes the structural elements the necessary unit for determining the cost of the life cycle. The possibility of decomposition of structural elements by levels of generalization related to the structure of the market of contractors and their products was also noted. The rules for the initial formation, use and subsequent clarification of value indicators during the design and development of the infestor estimate documentation and at the subsequent stages of construction, maintenance (repair) and completion of operation of the object are proposed. In this way, the evolutionary nature of the methodology is noted as the data necessary for calculations are accumulated and refined.
 The application part shows the compatibility of the proposed approach and BIM technologies, which also operate with structural elements. The procedure for displaying life cycle costs in the digital information model of the project is proposed, according to the levels of generalization and content - costs in the BIM model can be planned and actual and can be specified by value (amount) or calculation (estimate). The possibility of applying graph theory to the tasks of calculating the costs of the life cycle of a construction object is illustrated, which facilitates the development of mathematical apparatus and corresponding algorithms for estimating the cost of the life cycle using the BIM model.
 Corresponding changes to the current DSTU are proposed in terms of the development and standardization of the nomenclature of structural elements of buildings and structures and the standardization of the structure and the order of displaying information about the life cycle costs of the construction object in the BIM model.

A 3D BUILDING INDOOR-OUTDOOR BENCHMARK FOR SEMANTIC SEGMENTATION

Abstract. Both machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms require high-quality training samples as well as precise and thorough annotations in order to work effectively. The 3D building indoor-outdoor dataset (BIO dataset), which is a highly accurate, high level of detail, and high coverage dataset for 3D building point cloud and mesh semantic segmentation, is established as a canonical benchmark dataset. It contains 100 building models, in which building structural elements are annotated into 11 semantic categories. Each building in this dataset has an average of 75,587 triangular faces, and the total area of the dataset is 481,769 square meters. Furthermore, semantic segmentation of the dataset was carried out using the Random Forest ML algorithm to verify the dataset’s accessibility. A weighted F1 score of 96.64% was obtained with 10% of the segments of each building randomly chosen as training data. For applications involving building geometry data, the BIO dataset can support a broad class of recently developed ML and DL methodologies.