Strong Negative Effect Research Articles

Dispelling MBTI Superstition: A Study on the Dialectical Use of MBTI from the Perspective of Social Use

This paper starts from a rational understanding and use of MBTI and explores the advantages of MBTI. However, compared with the previous popular horoscope, MBTI has stronger academic theoretical support and provides young people with a "more scientific" choice, such as "which MBTI is more suitable for traveling" and "the best partner for INFP". MBTI has already become a new trend in people's minds, and many different versions have emerged in the process of spreading. Although MBTI can help people understand themselves more accurately, due to the characteristics of the Internet and the limitations of the test itself, it may bring strong negative effects to people. People's understanding and perception of MBTI may only be limited to a few letter combinations of personality types, leading to the appearance of fixed labels, reliability, validity, etc. problems. This study will analyze from the perspectives of education, enterprises, and individuals, and give relevant suggestions.

How do team faultlines damage team voice behavior? Comparing the effects of objective and perceived faultlines

Purpose The continuous upgrading of new technologies and rapid changes in their external environment have made organizations more dependent than ever on the ability of their employees to quickly identify problems and make timely course corrections. This dependency is not limited to individual employee voice but extends to the collective voice of the team. In the Chinese context, collective silence prevails. Following social identity theory, this study aims to explore the mechanisms and conditional processes underlying the relationship between team faultlines and team voice behavior and examine whether there are differences between the effects of objective and perceived faultlines. Design/methodology/approach The proposed model was tested through questionnaires with 377 team members from 71 teams, which were conducted through team leader–member pairing survey. The correlation and hierarchical stepwise regression analyses were used to test the hypotheses rigorously, and the questionnaire data was analyzed using SPSS 26.0, AMOS 25.0 and R 3.6.1. Findings The results show that both objective and perceived faultlines have a negative impact on team voice behavior and that the latter has a stronger negative effect. Team psychological safety mediates the relationship between team faultlines and team voice behavior. In addition, benevolent leadership, moral leadership and Zhongyong thinking positively moderate the negative effect of objective faultlines on team voice behavior; Zhongyong thinking also moderates the mediating effect of team psychological safety on the relationship between objective faultlines and team voice behavior. Originality/value The results of this study provide a deeper understanding of team faultlines and team voice behavior, and practical implications are provided for managers and future researchers to improve voice behavior in organizations.

Does performance appraisal fairness alleviate police officers’ organizational silence? -Considering the moderating effect of trust-

This study investigated the effect of police officers’ perception of fairness in their performance evaluation on their employee silence, moderated by trust. The perception of fairness is divided into distributive justice and procedural justice and employee silence is divided into acquiescent silence and Defensive silence. Trust, the moderated variable, was divided into supervisor trust and organizational trust. Survey data were collected from police officers in Seoul, and quantitative analysis was conducted on them. Perceptions of fairness in performance evaluations had a negative effect on employee silence. Distributive justice had a strong negative effect on defensive silence, and procedural justice had a strong negative effect on acquiescent silence. The interaction between trust in superiors, organizational trust, and distributive justice and that between organizational trust and procedural justice had negative moderating effects on defensive silence but no moderating effect appeared for acquiescent silence.

OOD-CV-v2 : An Extended Benchmark for Robustness to Out-of-Distribution Shifts of Individual Nuisances in Natural Images.

Enhancing the robustness of vision algorithms in real-world scenarios is challenging. One reason is that existing robustness benchmarks are limited, as they either rely on synthetic data or ignore the effects of individual nuisance factors. We introduce OOD-CV-v2, a benchmark dataset that includes out-of-distribution examples of 10 object categories in terms of pose, shape, texture, context and the weather conditions, and enables benchmarking of models for image classification, object detection, and 3D pose estimation. In addition to this novel dataset, we contribute extensive experiments using popular baseline methods, which reveal that: 1) Some nuisance factors have a much stronger negative effect on the performance compared to others, also depending on the vision task. 2) Current approaches to enhance robustness have only marginal effects, and can even reduce robustness. 3) We do not observe significant differences between convolutional and transformer architectures. We believe our dataset provides a rich test bed to study robustness and will help push forward research in this area.

A Scoping Review on Vestibulopathy After Microsurgical Resection of Vestibular Schwannoma—The Forgotten Symptom

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although half of patients with vestibular schwannoma (VS) experience some form of vestibular dysfunction, it is rarely the most prominent symptom. The effect of VS resection on preexisting vestibulopathy remains poorly understood. Our objective was to perform a scoping review to elucidate the incidence and role of postoperative vestibulopathy after microsurgery (MS) as it relates to long-term quality of life (QOL) and predictors of recovery and to identify optimal management of vestibulopathy as a presenting symptom. METHODS: Studies were identified using the PubMed database published in the English language peer-reviewed recent literature (2000-2023) using MeSH and tiab terms, and additional studies identified from a secondary review of reference lists. RESULTS: Thirty-one articles were selected and reviewed. The literature quotes a wide range for the incidence of postoperative vestibulopathy after MS (4%-100%). Persistent vertigo universally demonstrates a strong negative effect on long-term QOL. Potential predictors of poor vestibular compensation include sex, advanced age, and tumor size. Few studies examine postoperative vertigo compared with preoperative baseline. Studies are inconsistent and variable in their use of measurement tools to assess vestibulopathy and QOL. Improvement in baseline vestibulopathy can be seen in long-term post-MS, particularly in patients with severe or disabling vertigo, although outcomes relative to other treatment modalities are otherwise similar. CONCLUSION: Further understanding of predictors and comparative management strategies for vestibulopathy would be valuable in addressing an important negative influence on QOL in patients with VS. Prospective studies factoring preoperative baseline and using standardized measurement tools are needed.

Chemical composition dependent atom clustering during natural aging in Al-Mg-Si alloys

In many industrial Al-Mg-Si alloys, natural aging (NA) has a detrimental effect on the age-hardening response during artificial aging (AA), due to the formation of unfavorable nanometer-sized solute clusters during NA. In this work, we systematically studied the atomic structures of solute clusters formed in a dilute 6060 alloy and a more concentrated 6082 alloy after 1-year NA and their influences on the age hardening behavior during the following AA. In 6060, it was found that NA promotes the formation of high-density solute clusters in the form of GP-zones composed of 1–3 β″-eyes, which can act as precursors of β″ precipitates, enhancing the age-hardening kinetics during AA. In contrast, most solute clusters in 6082 after 1-year NA are 1β″-eye, binocular and square GP-zones, while GP-zones containing multiple β″-eyes are rare. As a result, NA has a strong negative effect on the age-hardening response during AA and the peak-aged strength.

Do hotel facilities matter for the customer? Analyzing the impact of risk perception toward guest satisfaction mediated by accommodation attributes in the hospitality industry

This study aims to analyze the relationship between risk perception variables and guest satisfaction mediated by hotel attributes in the hospitality industry in Indonesia. Previous studies argued that guest preference toward hotel attributes can mediate the impact of risk perception toward guest satisfaction when staying at an accommodation. However, some other findings contrast this argument. This study aims to contribute to these theoretical debates among the scholars. As a quantitative study, data were collected through a field survey of 568 foreign and domestic tourists in major tourist destinations in Indonesia. The SEM-PLS with bootstrapping analysis for mediation effect was applied in the study. The result reveals that financial risk does not directly influence guest satisfaction but significantly affects hotel attribute preferences. Health risk similarly impacts hotel attribute preferences positively without directly affecting guest satisfaction. Conversely, psychosocial risk exhibits a strong negative effect on guest satisfaction and hotel attributes. The positive relationship between hotel attributes and guest satisfaction reaffirms the critical role of service quality and physical attributes in driver satisfaction. Mediation analysis indicates that hotel attributes significantly mediate the effects of risk factors on guest satisfaction. The study concludes that enhancing hotel attributes, addressing psychosocial concerns, and investing in health-related features are pivotal strategies for hotel management to boost guest satisfaction, particularly during periods of heightened financial and health risks. These findings offer valuable insights for hotel managers to navigate challenging times and maintain high levels of guest satisfaction, fostering loyalty and positive word-of-mouth among the tourists.

Salty surprises: Developmental and behavioral responses to environmental salinity reveal higher tolerance of inland rather than coastal Bufo spinosus tadpoles

Salinization is predicted to intensify due to climate change, impacting biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Amphibians, particularly embryos and larvae, are highly susceptible to environmental salinity. Yet, local adaptation may cause differing vulnerabilities between coastal and inland populations. In this study, we investigated the physiological, behavioural, and life-history responses to environmental salinity (0, 2 and 4 g l−1) of embryos and larvae of a widespread amphibian species (spined toad, Bufo spinosus) from salt-exposed (coastal) and salt-free (inland) populations. Moderate salinity (4 g l−1) altered embryonic and larval development in both populations, causing increased malformations, decreased body size and survival, and altered behavior, but did not affect telomere length or oxidative status. Individuals exposed to low salinity (2 g l−1) performed better across most traits. However, moderate salinity had stronger negative effects on coastal individuals, indicating a lack of local adaptation and overall lower performance compared to their inland counterparts. These findings suggest that increasing salinity will have varied impacts on organisms depending on their population origins and developmental stages.

Employees’ Intention to Comply with Information Security Policies: The Impacts of Loafing and Commitment

Drawing upon the attitude theory, this study theorizes that commitment affects loafing behaviors and ISP compliance. Further, drawing upon the transfer theory, this study adopts the concepts of loafing and commitment transfer in order to explore whether social loafing will enhance employee cyberloafing and whether organizational commitment can enhance ISP commitment, both of which, in turn, influence ISP compliance intention. This study utilized structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze survey data collected in July 2023 from 361 Taiwanese individuals affiliated with organizations or companies. The results show that social loafing has a strong positive effect on cyberloafing, which, in turn, has a strong negative effect on ISP compliance intention. Organizational commitment has a strong positive effect on ISP commitment, which, in turn, has a strong positive effect on ISP compliance intention. In addition, distortion of consequences moderates the relationship between social loafing and cyberloafing. Advantageous comparison moderates the relationship between cyberloafing and ISP compliance intention.

Impacts of river flow and thermal regimes on fish growth dynamics during early life history

Growth during early life stages is critical to fish population persistence. Few studies explore how river discharge and thermal regimes impact growth dynamics of young-of-the-year (YOY) fishes. We used otolith biochronologies and generalised additive mixed models to partition the effects of age, individual, river, temperature, discharge, and variance in discharge on daily growth rates of YOY fishes with an opportunistic life-history strategy: Galaxias vulgaris and Gobiomorphus breviceps. Growth of both species increased with temperature. Galaxias growth decreased with discharge, while Gobiomorphus growth increased with lowered discharge but only to a point (ca. 1/3 of median discharge), after which growth plateaued. Floods had a strong negative effect on YOY growth. Our study systems and species had different characteristics to those that formed the basis of the Riverscape Recruitment Synthesis Model (RRSM) and may explain why our results were only partially consistent with flow predictions for opportunistic species of the RRSM. Further, Galaxias growth was a negative function of high-frequency, daily variation in flow, and we present testable hypotheses to explain this result.

주식시장 수익률과 개인 투자자의 매매 성향

This study examines the relationship between individual investors and the KOSPI stock market using long-term data spanning 25 years from 1999 to 2023. However, this study analyzes the relationship between individual investors' net buys and KOSPI returns by dividing the entire period into five sun-periods of five years and applying two-sided regression and structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) models. The main findings are as follows: First, compared to foreign investors, both institutional and individual investors exhibit relatively higher turnover ratios. Second, cross-sectional analysis shows that KOSPI returns decrease monotonically with the individuals' net buys. Third, the results of the two-sided regressions indicate a Granger causality, where past returns negatively influence individual investors' net buys. In addition, today's individual net buys negatively Granger cause future returns. Fourth, the SVAR analysis also shows that KOSPI returns have a strong negative effect on individual net buys. Finally, according to the results of SVAR impulse response function, net buys response negatively to KOSPI shocks, and this response dissipates almost entirely by the third day. In summary, individual investors tend to engage in net selling in response to positive news in the KOSPI market, and this tendency may be a key reason for their lower performance.

From the Streets to the Voting Booth: The Electoral Effect of Grassroots Mobilization Against the Far Right

Abstract Is anti-far-right grassroots mobilization effective? Scholars studying the far right have focused extensively on the causes and consequences of far-right success but have paid little attention to what citizens and civil society can do to tackle this phenomenon. Focusing on the surge of Sardine (the Sardines), an anti-far-right social movement, during the 2020 Italian regional elections, we test whether grassroots mobilization is an effective tool to curb far-right parties’ electoral performance. Employing municipality-level data on electoral results, Sardines rallies, and far-right events, we exploit a difference-in-differences design to identify the effect of local exposure to Sardine mobilization on the municipal electoral performance of far-right parties. The results suggest that local exposure to a Sardines event has a strong negative effect on far-right electoral results.

Combined short-term exposure to meteorological, pollution factors and pertussis in different groups from Jining, China.

Previous studies have typically explored daily lagged relationships among pertussis and meteorology, with little assessment of effect and interaction among pollutants mixtures. Our researchers collected pertussis cases data from 2017-2022 as well as meteorological and contaminative factors for the Jining region. First, we reported the application of the Moving Epidemic Method (MEM) to estimate epidemic threshold and intensity level. Then we developed a Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) regression and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) model to assess single, multiple effects and interaction of meteorological and pollution factors on pertussis cases for different sex, delayed and epidemic threshold groups. There has been a yearly upward trend in the incidence of pertussis in Jining regions. High prevalence threshold years were in 2018-2019, the epidemic peak was mainly concentrated in 32 weeks. Totally, pertussis infections disease was separately 2.1% (95% confidence Interval (CI) = 1.3, 2.8) and 1.1% (95% CI = 0.3, 1.9) higher per decile increase in temperature and sulphur dioxide (SO2). And pertussis infections disease was 1.1% lower per decile increase in humidity. In the different stratified analyses, air pressure was a strong negative effect in males and in the lagged 11-20 days group, with 7.3 and 14.7%, respectively. Sulphur dioxide had a relatively weak positive effect in males, females and the group after 20 days lag, ranging from 0.5 to 0.6%. The main positive effectors affecting the onset of disease at low and high threshold levels were ozone (O3) and SO2, respectively, while the negative effectors were SO2 and carbon monoxide (CO), respectively. This is the first mathematically based study of seasonal threshold of pertussis in China, which allows accurate estimation of epidemic level. Our findings support that short-term exposure to pollutants is the risk factor for pertussis. We should concentrate on pollutants monitoring and effect modeling.

Casein network formation at oil–water interfaces is reduced by [formula omitted]-casein and increased by Ca[formula omitted]

Mixtures of bovine caseins can serve as a benchmark for understanding the functionality of microbial-based recombinant caseins at oil–water interfaces. In this work we show that, in the presence of Ca2+, the individual casein fractions form viscoelastic networks at the oil–water interface with comparable stiffness. In the absence of Ca2+, αs2- and β-casein interfacial network formation was strongly inhibited over the full deformation regime. For αs1-casein, the network stiffness was increased in the absence of Ca2+ at small deformations (<15%), but at large deformations (>50%) it was completely disrupted, to a similar stiffness as αs2- and β-casein. The interfacial structure formed by κ-casein was largely unaffected by Ca2+ due to limited phosphorylation. We hypothesize that the differences between calcium-sensitive caseins lie in the conformation they assume at the interface. Both αs2- and β-casein adsorb in a train-tail conformation with a tail extending into the aqueous bulk phase, whereas αs1-casein adsorbs in a loop-train conformation, with a loop that extends less into the bulk phase. The tail-train configuration is hypothesized to increase the inter-molecular Ca2+ bridging thereby increasing the interfacial stiffness of αs2- and β-casein.Blending the casein fractions revealed a strong negative effect of β-casein on the interfacial modulus, which was more pronounced at a higher concentration. The presence of Ca2+ remained important for interfacial network formation of a casein blend. Without Ca2+, the interfacial network was less stiff, more viscous, and behaved like a 2d polymer solution.With this work we showed that casein interfacial network formation at oil–water interfaces is mediated by Ca2+ bridging. Blending the different casein fractions decreased the interfacial viscoelastic properties through the presence of β-casein. These results indicate that future work on recombinant caseins should focus on single genetic variants, since a blend of variants will likely decrease interfacial functionality.

Religion, politics and jingle bells: examining contextual factors influencing the impact of workplace holiday practices

PurposeWhile Christmas and the holidays are widely celebrated in society at large in the US, the question arises whether doing so has value in today’s organizations. In this light, the present study examined the relationship of workplace holiday practices with positive affect and emotional engagement, along with some boundary conditions of these relationships. Specifically, this research examined the moderating influences of religious orientation, political orientation and political environment.Design/methodology/approachData were collected at two points in time via an online survey. At time 1, the participant survey included measures of workplace holiday practices, political orientation and demographic characteristics. At time 2 (approximately two weeks afterward), the participant survey included measures of positive affect and emotional engagement.FindingsWorkplace holiday practices were related to both positive affect and emotional engagement. There were slightly stronger effects for the impact of workplace holiday practices among individuals who reside in more conservative (“red”) states in the US on emotional engagement, but not positive affect. Individual political orientation did not moderate the relationships between workplace holiday practices and the outcomes. Counter to expectations, the absence of workplace holiday practices had a stronger negative effect on non-Christians’ emotional engagement than Christians. The interaction between workplace holiday practices and religious orientation with positive affect was nonsignificant.Research limitations/implicationsThe data from this research were obtained via a survey methodology. Although data on the independent and dependent variables were obtained at two different points in time, future research could experimentally manipulate features of the work environment related to the celebration of the holidays to more definitively establish cause-and-effect relationships.Practical implicationsThis research highlights the value of celebrating Christmas and the holidays. In this light, organizations should not underestimate the potential value of such celebratory activity in promoting employee goodwill. At the same time, organizations must be cognizant that some individuals may value the celebration of Christmas and the holidays more so than others.Originality/valueThis research provides a framework for further research on workplace holiday practices and identifies theories that can be used in future research to explore the mechanisms that influence how and under what conditions workplace holiday practices impact employees’ experiences at work.

The Absence of Phasins PhbP2 and PhbP3 in Azotobacter vinelandii Determines the Growth and Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate Synthesis.

Phasins are proteins located on the surface of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB) granules that affect the metabolism of the polymer, the size and number of the granules, and some also have stress-protecting and growth-promoting effects. This study evaluated the effect of inactivating two new phasins (PhbP2 or PhbP3) on the cellular growth, production, and molecular mass of P3HB in cultures under low or high oxygen transfer rates (OTR). The results revealed that under high OTRₘₐₓ conditions (between 8.1 and 8.9 mmol L-1 h-1), the absence of phasins PhbP2 and PhbP3 resulted in a strong negative effect on the growth rate; in contrast, the rates of specific oxygen consumption increased in both cases. This behavior was not observed under a low oxygen transfer rate (3.9 ± 0.71 mol L-1 h-1), where cellular growth and oxygen consumption were the same for the different strains evaluated. It was observed that at high OTR, the absence of PhbP3 affected the production of P3HB, decreasing it by 30% at the end of cultivation. In contrast, the molecular weight remained constant over time. In summary, the absence of phasin PhbP3 significantly impacted the growth rate and polymer synthesis, particularly at high maximum oxygen transfer rates (OTRₘₐₓ).

Design of Aerated Oleogel-Hydrogel Mixtures for 3D Printing of Personalized Cannabis Edibles.

Cannabis seed oil oleogel structured with Glycerol Monostearate (20% w/w) was mixed with xanthan gum hydrogel (2% w/w) at different ratios ranging from 0% w/w hydrogel to 75% w/w hydrogel, using a syringe-to-syringe apparatus, for the preparation of 3D-printable food inks. This process enabled the simultaneous blend of oleogel and hydrogel phases and the incorporation of air in a reproducible and accurate manner. The printability of bigel inks with different mass ratios was evaluated by using a conventional benchtop food 3D printer. The printability of the inks was found to be negatively affected by the presence of higher portions of the hydrogel phase, while the printing performance of pure cannabis seed oil oleogel was superior compared to the printing performance of the bigel inks. The physicochemical properties of hybrid gels were investigated with rheological studies, thermophysical studies (Differential Scanning Calorimetry), Polarized Light Microscopy, and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. The microstructure of the aerated inks was affected by the presence of a higher oleogel fraction, in terms of air bubble shape and distribution. The addition of hydrogel at concentrations higher than 50% w/w had a strong negative effect on the mechanical properties of the inks leading to a partial collapse of the printed structures and subsequently to poor printing performance.

A Novel Technique to Mitigate Saltwater Intrusion: Freshwater Recharge via Drainpipe in Permeable Paleochannels

ABSTRACTSeawater intrusion (SWI) is threatening coastal aquifers and farmland productivity worldwide. Although this phenomenon naturally occurs in coastal areas, it is intensified by anthropogenic activities such as groundwater pumping and land reclamation that cause a lowering of the hydraulic head and land subsidence. Moreover, the consequences of climate change such as sea level rise, increase of the mean temperature and the shifting of rainfall events to tropical regimes, have strong negative effects on groundwater quality and agriculture. Countermeasures against SWI are needed to maintain agricultural productivity and protect the freshwater resources in coastal areas. In the low‐lying farmlands surrounding the southern Venice Lagoon, in northern Italy, SWI is exacerbated by land subsidence, the presence of sandy paleochannels connected to the lagoon subsurface, seawater encroachment into the river estuaries, the presence of fossil brine waters and peat deposits. This study provides a detailed hydrogeological and geochemical characterisation of an experimental agricultural field affected by SWI located in this area using a large dataset collected over the 4 years between 2019 and 2022. Furthermore, it presents the results of novel intervention established across the farmland in 2021 to mitigate saltwater contamination. This intervention involved a controlled discharge of freshwater supplied by a reclamation channel through a 200 m‐long drainpipe buried 1.5 m below the field surface along a well‐preserved sandy paleochannel. The interpretation of the collected data demonstrates that the freshwater recharge carried out in 2021 and 2022 effectively reduced the groundwater salinity along the paleochannel. Moreover, statistical analyses highlighted that a certain lateral spread of freshwater occurred too, although the variability of the monitored parameters in the sites located outside the sandy body was only partially explained by the drain activity.

Light distribution at the fruit tree-crop interface and consequences for yield in sloping upland agroforestry

Agroforestry can improve soil conservation and overall farm productivity compared with sole-crop systems, but its benefits are limited by competitive interactions between tree and crop components. Studies on light competition have been performed on relatively flat land, but slope can influence light distribution. Little is known about optimizing light utilization and enhancing system productivity and/or income from agroforestry on sloping land.This study examined how slope influences light distribution and performance of maize and coffee crops in fruit tree-crop agroforestry. Starting hypotheses were that 1) crops upslope of tree rows receive and intercept greater amounts of light than those downslope; and 2) position of the crop is more important for light interception and yield when fruit trees have a large, dense canopy.Five-year-old fruit-crop agroforestry experiments on west-southwest facing slopes were revisited. Each agroforestry treatment was divided into nine zones relative to the tree rows (zone 5), with zones 1–4 upslope and 6–9 downslope of the fruit tree row. Light distribution was assessed using Hemiview and SunScan and compared with that in sole-maize and sole-coffee systems. Crop growth and yield were also recorded.Incident light to the crop was higher in the sole-crop system than in agroforestry. In agroforestry, incident light to the crops was lower downslope of trees than upslope but increased with increasing distance from the tree rows. On average, 0.40–0.50 fraction of total light reached the soil surface. Downslope had a stronger negative effect on light distribution and crop yield than upslope. The available light at the soil surface provides scope for additional components. Further studies on the light demands of different crops during the season could improve system design.

Late Colonialism and Postcolonial Development in Africa: A Comparative-Historical Analysis of Former Italian Africa

This article analyzes the development legacies of Italian colonialism in Africa. The comparative-historical analysis shows that colonial Italy pursued “settler colonialism” in areas conducive to colonial settlement and large-scale exploitation, and “plantation colonialism” in areas with fewer resource endowments and settlement opportunities. In the immediate aftermath, while settler colonialism had a positive influence and plantation colonialism exerted a negative impact on economic prosperity, both types of Italian colonialism had strong negative effects on human development. In the post-1960 period, whereas the colonial legacy of plantation colonialism led to persistent poverty in Somalia, long-run development in Eritrea and Libya was contingent on critical junctures, which variously reinforced, destabilized, and/or transformed the institutional and developmental legacies of settler colonialism. I draw on the comparative-historical tradition emphasizing national orientation of European colonizers and natural conditions in colonized areas as key determinants of European colonialism and long-run development. However, I emphasize “factor endowments” as one such condition that defined Italian colonization strategies and institutions, finding little empirical support for factor endowments per se or precolonial ethnic centralization as principal determinants.