Background: This study investigated whether visuo-spatial cognitive load modulates threat-related attentional bias during an experimentally induced stress state. Specifically, we examined whether increasing task demand influences threat-related attentional bias, as well as orientation and disengagement components.Methods: Seventy-two undergraduate participants were randomly assigned to either a stress-induction group or a control group. After viewing a road-traffic-accident video, participants completed a dot-probe task incorporating three levels of visuo-spatial task demand (no load, low load, high load). From this task, a standard Attentional Bias Index (sABI), an Orientation Index (OI), and a Disengagement Index (DI) were calculated.Results: The main effect of group was significant for both sABI and OI, indicating that across all visuo-spatial load conditions, the stress-induction group demonstrated greater threat-related attentional bias and stronger orientation toward threat than the control group. In contrast, neither the main effect of visuo-spatial task demand nor the Group×Demand interaction reached significance for sABI or OI. For DI, there were no significant group differences, no main effect of visuo-spatial task demand, and no significant interaction, suggesting that disengagement from threat did not differ between groups and was not influenced by cognitive load.Conclusions: Under stress induction, the stress-induction group consistently showed heightened threat-related attentional bias and increased orientation toward threat compared with the control group, regardless of visuo-spatial load level. These findings carry theoretical and clinical implications, underscoring the importance of distinguishing among attentional-bias components—particularly orientation—when conceptualizing and addressing stress-related attentional processes.

Purpose This study aims to propose and validate a classification model to identify the motivational profiles of academic inventors. The research addresses the unique context of Brazilian public universities within an emerging economy, where these institutions are the primary drivers of national patenting activity. Design/methodology/approach Adopting a mixed-methods approach, this study combines a systematic literature review to build a novel classification framework with quantitative analysis of data from 450 serial inventors from Brazil’s 12 most prolific patenting universities. Data was collected via web scraping of the Lattes platform and a direct survey. A supervised machine learning algorithm (decision tree) was developed to automate profile classification and infer missing data for nonrespondents, ensuring methodological replicability. Findings The study yields two primary findings. Substantively, inventors are driven more by intrinsic challenges (“Puzzle”) than financial rewards (“Gold”), and a key paradox emerges: a strong entrepreneurial orientation coexists with scarce industry collaboration due to systemic barriers. Methodologically, the classification model reveals a significant self-selection bias, showing that survey respondents are far more intrinsically motivated than the inferred nonrespondent group. This quantifies the limits of relying solely on public data to predict complex human traits. Originality/value This paper’s value is a dual methodological contribution. It delivers a novel, automated framework for profiling innovator motivations and a transparent process for using machine learning to identify and correct for self-selection bias in social science surveys. By offering a replicable diagnostic tool while simultaneously demonstrating the boundaries of data-driven inference, the study presents a more rigorous approach to analyzing human capital in innovation. Its application provides critical, evidence-based insights for university managers and policymakers in Brazil and other emerging economies.

Research This done for analyze influence Marketing Mix, Technological Reputation, Brand Orientation, Employee Skills for Innovation, and Goal Setting to Customer Satisfaction as well as the implications to Customer Loyalty to students class XI of Muhammadiyah Vocational High School in Surabaya. This study used a quantitative approach with an explanatory design, involving 160 respondents selected through probability sampling, with data collection through questionnaires and analysis using SEM-PLS. The results showed that Technological Reputation, Brand Orientation, Employee Skill for Innovation, and Goal Setting had a significant positive effect on Customer Satisfaction, while Marketing Mix did not show a significant effect. Furthermore, Brand Orientation, Goal Setting, and Customer Satisfaction proven influential positive significant to Customer Loyalty, whereas Marketing Mix, Technological Reputation and Employee Skill for Innovation No influential This finding confirms that technology integration, strong brand orientation, employee-teacher competence, and clarity of student goals are dominant factors in building satisfaction and loyalty in vocational schools, especially in the context of private vocational schools that face challenges of low enrollment, limited facilities, and competitive pressure from public schools.

Participation in international trade comes with specific risks, including broader exposure to unforeseen disruptions that can prevent or significantly (and negatively) impact contractual performance and amount to vis major or hardship situations. Given the Czech Republic’s strong export orientation, Czech businesses are particularly exposed to these risks. Ideally, vis major and hardship would be addressed contractually. However, the exporters may lack the leverage to negotiate fair risk allocation in such cases, making it essential to understand how vis major and hardship are regulated under the applicable law. This article examines the treatment of vis major and hardship under CISG, Czech law, and German law – the three of the most relevant and frequently used legal frameworks for Czech exporters. CISG subsumes both vis major and hardship under Article 79, excusing liability for breach of contract but lacking clarity on further performance or contract adaptation. Czech law follows the PICC template and distinguishes between the two: vis major results in contract termination, while hardship requires renegotiation and allows judicial intervention. German law follows a similar dual approach but prioritizes contract modification over termination and does not require renegotiation. Unlike Czech law and CISG, German law does not recognize vis major as a distinct legal doctrine. The article concludes that Czech law offers the most clear and adaptable framework for exporters, balancing contractual stability with legal mechanisms for adjustment.

Background: This study presents a systematic literature review (SLR) of research on ecotourism and learning conducted in Asia between 2015 and 2025, aiming to identify major trends, potentials, and challenges in linking ecotourism with sustainability-oriented education. It offers a decade-long synthesis that explicitly connects ecotourism with learning outcomes and Education for Sustainable Development (ESD), an angle that has received limited systematic attention in previous reviews. Methods: Data were retrieved from the Scopus database using a PRISMA-guided selection process, yielding 39 eligible open-access articles written in English. The analysis employed bibliometric mapping and thematic synthesis using VOSviewer and Biblioshiny to explore publication patterns, disciplinary distribution, conceptual networks, and thematic evolution. The review followed the updated PRISMA 2020 statement and its explanation and elaboration papers to ensure transparent and replicable reporting. Results: Results reveal a significant growth of research output after 2021, reflecting the increasing global recognition of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) as a guiding framework for tourism studies. Social sciences, environmental sciences, and computer science dominate the field, indicating a strong interdisciplinary orientation integrating environmental modeling, community learning, and digital innovation. Keyword and thematic analyses identify ecotourism, sustainable tourism, tourism development, and learning as core themes, while emerging topics such as deep learning, social media, and decision-making illustrate a shift toward data-driven sustainability learning. Ecotourism demonstrates strong potential as a medium for experiential, community-based, cultural, and technological learning, yet its educational function remains constrained by commercialization, limited human capacity, and fragmented policy alignment. Comparative patterns across countries further show that community-based initiatives in Southeast Asia often struggle with governance and funding gaps, whereas destinations in East Asia face challenges related to overtourism, heritage commodification, and uneven access to digital learning infrastructures. Conclusion: The review concludes that ecotourism in Asia has evolved from a niche tourism activity into a transformative educational platform that connects nature, culture, and technology for sustainability learning. Future research should prioritize cross-sectoral collaboration, digital pedagogy, and long-term impact evaluation to advance ecotourism as a dynamic framework for Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). By integrating bibliometric mapping with thematic synthesis, this study clarifies how ecotourism-based learning has developed in Asian contexts, identifies persistent evidence gaps, and provides regionally nuanced directions for policymakers, educators, and tourism practitioners.

This study utilizes the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) framework to examine the elements affecting Chinese consumers' intention to ‎adopt electric vehicles (EVs). This research systematically applies TPB's core psychological variables to the EV (electric cars) adoption ‎context in China's unique market environment. This study aims to examine the relationships between attitude, subjective norm, perceived ‎behavioral control, and intention to adopt EVs among Chinese consumers. It makes a theoretical contribution by validating the applicability of ‎TPB in China's cultural and market context characterized by collectivism, strong policy orientation, and price sensitivity. From a practical ‎perspective, the investigation furnishes policymakers and marketers with valuable information to promote the advancement of more efficient ‎strategies for EV adoption in the Chinese market. Most existing research on EV adoption has been conducted in Western con‎texts, with limited systematic examination of psychological dimensions in China's distinct cultural and market environment. While existing ‎studies focus predominantly on economic and technological factors, further development of the psychological dimension and renewable energy ‎research in the Chinese market is needed. The objective of the investigation is to address this disparity by offering empirical evidence of ‎TPB's effectiveness in predicting Chinese consumers' intention to adopt EVs.

The transport efficiency of anisotropic functional membranes is largely dictated by the geometry and orientation of their internal pores. In this study, a numerical finite-volume framework was developed to evaluate how elliptical pore eccentricity () and orientation influence charge transport and effective conductivity () within two-dimensional porous membrane microstructures. Canonical stochastic domains with controlled porosity were generated, considering parallel and perpendicular aligned configurations of the major pore axis relative to the imposed potential gradient. Results demonstrated a strong orientation dependence: under perpendicular alignment, the effective conductivity decreased by up to 70% as εcc increased from 0.5 to 0.999, while parallel alignment maintained at > 0.8 even for highly elongated pores. The aspect ratio was identified as a secondary geometric modulator producing opposite conductivity trends depending on orientation. Through isotropy-error analysis, a critical morphological threshold at ≈ 0.9 was found, indicating the onset of structural anisotropy and loss of isotropic transport. These results establish a quantitative structure–property relationship linking pore geometry to macroscopic transport performance. The proposed stochastic FVM-based approach provides a generalizable and computationally efficient tool for the design and optimization of anisotropic porous membranes used in electrochemical and energy-conversion devices.

Objective: This study examines the relationship of Learning Orientation (LO) and Firm Performance (FP), with the moderating role of Market Dynamism (MD), among Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Polish technology parks. This study will offer strategic insight in establishing organizational learning in changing environments.Methods: Data analysis was conducted in three stages: descriptive statistics summarized the sample and relevant variables, Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests confirmed data normality, and construct integrity was verified. The moderating effect of MD on the relationship between LO and FP was assessed through statistical techniques.Results: The results show a positive relationship of LO with FP hence highlighting the significant strategic need to develop a learning culture of MSMEs. In the context of MD's moderating role, speakers show that high MD makes a strong positive relationship between LO and FP, which indicates that firms need to adapt for their survival in competitive and dynamically changing environments.Novelty: This study addresses one of the important gaps in MSMEs literature that shows the effect of organizational learning on environmental dynamism. Examining the case of technology parks in Poland, it fills an empirical gap thus enriching the dynamic capabilities literature. It brings in market dynamism as an important moderating construct and this perspective could provide fresh insights on how firms can better match learning practices with external uncertainties to achieve sustained and enhanced performance.Research Implications: The study highlights the importance of nurturing a strong learning orientation as not only a peripheral mechanism but a strategic focus for MSME success in fast-paced and rapid markets. It involves embedding this learning structure across the breadth of the organization, in coordination with real- to external market trends and effective response to changes. Future studies may investigate further moderating factors including but not limited to digital transformation or innovation intensity, as well as broaden the applicability of this framework towards studies with cross-national comparisons. Longitudinal studies could deepen insights into LO development across organizational life-cycles, and uncover synergies that contribute to sustainable, competitive advantage over time.

The Dutch Land Goat (Nederlandse Landgeit) is one of Europe's oldest goat breeds, originally developed as a resilient smallholder's livestock in the Netherlands. Today, it plays an increasingly important role in conservation grazing projects, particularly on small-scale and structurally complex sites where traditional grazing animals such as sheep are of limited use. The breed is characterized by high robustness, adaptability, and a distinct browsing behavior with a preference for shrubs and woody vegetation. This makes it especially effective in controlling invasive or competitive plant species such as blackberry (Rubus sect. Rubus), holly (Ilex), and late-flowering black cherry (Prunus serotina).By browsing and bark-stripping, Dutch Land Goats contribute not only to maintaining open cultural landscapes but also to a long-term reduction of undesirable vegetation. Their relatively low tendency to jump, protective long coat, and strong keeper orientation facilitate practical management. Nevertheless, small-scale projects and specific conservation goals require close monitoring of health and nutrition. Key aspects include adequate mineral supplementation (e. g., selenium), claw health on moist soils, and prudent parasite management to minimize adverse effects on dung fauna.Experiences at Tierpark Nordhorn demonstrate that male groups are particularly suitable for seasonal use, as they remain more manageable than females with offspring. Mobile handling and restraining systems adapted to the goats' physical abilities are essential, while regular interactions at feeding and watering points enhance trust and facilitate veterinary care.Dutch Land Goats thus represent a valuable component of conservation grazing systems. Their specialized browsing behavior enables effective management of shrub-encroached habitats on small areas. Moreover, as a rare heritage livestock breed, they provide an important contribution to the preservation of genetic diversity.

From the perspective of local governance, this paper systematically analyzes the current state of competitiveness in China’s human resources industry. At present, the human resources service sector is undergoing a critical period of structural transformation, characterized by regional disparities, strong policy orientation, and talent policy-driven development. However, it also faces three key challenges: the lack of a nationwide coordination mechanism, emphasis on talent attraction over cultivation, and policy homogenization. In response, this study proposes three targeted strategies to enhance competitiveness. First, it advocates for the establishment of a "central coordination local collaboration" governance mechanism to promote information sharing and mutual recognition of qualifications. Regions can strengthen local talent cultivation and service capabilities. Simultaneously building a comprehensive talent development chain. Regions can also develop localized human resources policies that are suitable for regional conditions. Thus achieving differentiated competition and coordinated regional development. I hope to provide feasible ways to build a localized human resource governance model.

In this study, we investigate the role of film thickness in modulating the properties of Cu films deposited on BaTiO3 ceramic substrates using direct current magnetron sputtering (DCMS) and high-power pulsed magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS). While HiPIMS is known for producing dense films, and the thickness-dependent properties of sputtered Cu films are well-documented, this work uniquely explores the synergistic interplay between deposition technique and thickness on BaTiO3 ceramic substrates, revealing novel insights into stress evolution and property optimization for advanced microelectronic and coating applications. Cu films of 300 nm, 1000 nm, and 1700 nm were systematically compared for their microstructures, surface morphologies, and electrical and mechanical properties, elucidating the critical role of thickness in densification, stress state, and overall performance. The results indicate that the target current and voltage waveforms of HiPIMS are similar to square waves, and the ionization rate is significantly higher than that of DCMS. Still, the deposition rate at the same power of 180 W is only 44.6% of that of DCMS. The films obtained by both processes present a strong (111) orientation; the crystallite size of the DCMS film grows with increasing thickness, while the HiPIMS film shows increasing and then decreasing, and its residual stress is overall lower than that of DCMS. In terms of surface morphology, DCMS films appeared porous and rough, whereas HiPIMS films were denser and smoother. In terms of properties, the resistivity of HiPIMS films is significantly lower than that of DCMS, especially at 1000 nm thickness. The binding force is also better than that of DCMS, especially at thicknesses less than 1000 nm, which is mainly attributed to the compressive stresses introduced by the energetic ion bombardment at the early deposition stage. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into thickness-dependent stress and property modulation, offering a reference for tailoring high-performance Cu films through process optimization.

High turnover intention among Generation Z has become a critical issue in human resource management, especially in urban areas such as DKI Jakarta, which is dominated by young workers. Generation Z is characterized by a strong orientation toward work–life balance, meaningful work, and flexible, supportive environments. However, heavy workloads without sufficient organizational support may trigger psychological stress and lead to burnout, increasing employees’ intention to leave their jobs. This study examined the effects of workload on burnout and turnover intention and tested the mediating role of burnout. Using a quantitative survey method, data were collected from 400 Generation Z employees across various formal sectors in DKI Jakarta and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) with SmartPLS 4. The results showed that workload significantly affected both burnout and turnover intention, while burnout significantly mediated the relationship between them. These findings emphasized the importance of workload management and mental health strategies to reduce turnover among Generation Z employees.

Background/Objectives: Interest in alternatives to animal-derived products has gained momentum, driven by health, environmental, and ethical concerns. However, consumer interest in plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) remains highly heterogeneous. This study employs the core dimensions of the Food-Related Lifestyle (FRL) framework for consumer segmentation to deepen understanding of PBMA adoption in a meat-centric context such as Poland, and to derive segment-specific recommendations that support the transition toward plant-based diets. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among a representative sample of Polish adults (n = 1200). Consumer segmentation was performed using a two-step cluster analysis based on the three FRL dimensions—food involvement, innovativeness, and responsibility. Results: Four distinct consumer clusters emerged, differing significantly across all FRL dimensions (p < 0.001). Cluster 1, Traditionalists (18.5%), demonstrated high food involvement but the lowest innovativeness, showing the highest proportion of non-buyers and strong environmental scepticism. Cluster 2, Conscious Food Enthusiasts (24.6%), demonstrated the highest scores across all FRL dimensions, reported the most frequent PBMA purchases, and showed a strong sustainability orientation combined with a pronounced appreciation for sensory quality and eating enjoyment. Cluster 3, Moderates (38.8%) occupied intermediate positions exhibiting moderate PBMA purchasing frequency but expressing concern about food waste. Cluster 4, Careless Food Lovers (18.2%, n = 218), showed high food involvement and innovativeness, but the lowest responsibility, characterised by pronounced environmental scepticism. Conclusions: The study shows that consumer segments with similar levels of food involvement differ in their perceptions, beliefs, and willingness to adopt PBMAs, primarily according to their environmental orientation. These findings highlight that a strong interest in food alone does not translate into acceptance of plant-based alternatives unless accompanied by sustainability-oriented values. Overall, the results offer practical guidance for designing marketing, product development, and policy initiatives tailored to distinct consumer profiles, supporting the transition toward more plant-based dietary patterns.

Water has profound effects in both cellulosic materialsand theplant cell wall. In particular, water was recently shown to resideat the fibril–fibril interfaces inside cellulose fibril aggregateswhere it attains a structural role. We use molecular dynamics simulationsto investigate the properties of water confined by cellulose surfacesat a specific and conceptually well-defined distance L. We study different crystalline faces of cellulose interacting withthe water molecules and vary the confinement so that the water regionchanges from submonomolecular to essentially bulk. We find that confinementhinders molecular motions. In particular, the translational self-diffusioncoefficient D exhibits a dramatic divergence andslows by up to three orders of magnitude from its bulk value for adefective monolayer of water. In the same regime, water also attainsa strong preferential orientation with regards to the confining surfaces.The mass density of the water layer evolves with L in a nonmonotonic and intriguing manner. As pore size decreases,at roughly monolayer separation, the density first increases fromits bulk value so that it approaches the densities of high-pressureforms of ice. When water becomes sparser than monomolecular, its massdensity sharply drops as it should for a defective layer. In thisdefective layer, the reorientation is not only slow, but completelyanisotropic. These observations on the atomistic scale highlight theunique ways cellulose and water, two very abundant materials interactwith each other.

The objective of this paper was to investigate Groundnut Commercialization and the constraints affecting Smallholder Farmers in Oyo and Osun States, Southwest Nigeria. Using appropriate standard methods with a three-stage sampling procedure, primary data were collected from 210 groundnut farmers through structured questionnaires and oral interviews. Results showed that groundnut production remains largely semi-commercialized, with 66.91% of farmers falling within the semi-commercial category (HCI 0.31–0.70). The mean quantity of groundnut produced was 426.84 kg per household, of which only 30.55% was marketed, highlighting the strong subsistence orientation of farmers. Major constraints to commercialization identified were high input costs, limited access to credit, poor road and market infrastructure, pest and disease attacks, and inadequate storage facilities. High input cost ranked as the most severe constraint, followed closely by lack of access to credit. The study concludes that while there is considerable potential for enhancing groundnut commercialization in Southwest Nigeria, realizing this potential requires comprehensive interventions. These include reducing input costs, expanding rural credit access, improving infrastructure, strengthening extension services, and promoting storage technologies. Policy measures aimed at enhancing land access, market linkages, and price stabilization are also recommended.

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the degree to which higher education programs in Kazakhstan align with the evolving requirements of the labor market. It focuses on assessing the effectiveness of academic training in preparing graduates for professional practice and in meeting employer expectations, especially in light of rapid technological change, globalization, and shifting economic conditions. Design/methodology/approach. The study adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining statistical analysis of national graduate employment data, expert evaluations of bachelor programs, and labor market insights derived from the HeadHunter platform. Indicators such as graduate employment rates, median salaries, job-search duration, and curriculum relevance are analyzed to assess the level of alignment between education outputs and labor market demands. Findings. The analysis shows that programs characterized by strong industry partnerships, practical orientation, and flexible curricula lead to higher graduate employability outcomes. These programs demonstrate better performance in terms of employment rates, job relevance, and career readiness of graduates. Originality. This research offers both scientific and practical contributions by bridging the gap between academic preparation and labor market requirements in Kazakhstan. It provides new evidence on the role of curriculum adaptability and university–industry collaboration in enhancing employability, thereby informing policymakers, educators, and employers on strategies for aligning higher education with contemporary labor market needs. Key words: Higher Education, Labor Market Alignment, Graduate Employability, University-Industry Collaboration.

High-quality AZO thin films were produced on a 4-inch Si substrate using large-area PLD equipment at a substrate temperature of 330 °C, with a ZnO: Al (98:2 wt.%) target. This study aims to enhance the electrical, optical, morphological and structural properties of large-area PLD-grown AZO thin films by tuning the deposition pressures. The samples were prepared under high-vacuum (HV) conditions, as well as in oxygen atmospheres of 0.005 mbar O2, 0.01 mbar O2, and 0.1 mbar O2. Consequently, a bilayer AZO film was prepared in a combination of two deposition pressures (first layer prepared under HV, followed by the second layer prepared at 0.01 mbar O2). Additionally, morphological and structural characterization revealed that high-quality columnar growth AZO thin films free of droplets, with a strong (002) orientation, were achieved on a 4-inch Si substrate. Moreover, Hall measurements in the Van der Pauw configuration were used to assess the electrical properties. A low electrical resistivity of 3.98 × 10−4 Ω cm, combined with a high carrier concentration (n) of 1.05 × 1021 cm−3 and a charge carrier mobility of 17.9 cm2/V s, was achieved at room temperature for the sample prepared under HV conditions. The optical characterization conducted through spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements showed that the large-area AZO sample exhibits an increased optical transparency in the visible (VIS) range with a near-zero extinction coefficient (k) and a wide bandgap of 3.75 eV, fulfilling the standards for materials classified as TCO. In addition, the increased thickness uniformity of the prepared AZO films over a large area represents a significant step in scaling the PLD technique for industrial applications.

Prosocial behavior is a critical foundation for fostering harmonious social relationships, particularly within community settings and educational institutions. Acts such as sharing, helping, and providing emotional support reflect underlying psychological drives and social values shaped through the process of socialization. This study examines prosocial motivation through the lens of contemporary social psychology literature. The review identifies key factors influencing prosocial behavior, including empathy, social norms, religious beliefs, self-efficacy, and the quality of interpersonal relationships. In educational contexts, character education strategies, empathy development, and the implementation of collaborative learning approaches have proven effective in cultivating students’ prosocial tendencies. These findings reinforce the view that prosocial behavior is not instinctive but develops through social learning and the internalization of cultural values, which are reinforced by the surrounding environment. Accordingly, educational institutions and community structures play a pivotal role in shaping individuals with a strong orientation toward social concern.

Background: Palliative care improves quality of life across the disease trajectory, yet misconceptions and attitudinal barriers among nurses can delay timely referral, undermine analgesic stewardship, and impair end-of-life communication. Local data from tertiary hospitals in Pakistan are limited. Objective: To quantify nurses’ knowledge and attitudes toward palliative care in tertiary hospitals of Peshawar and identify priority domains for education. Methods: A cross-sectional survey (June–August 2025) was administered to registered nurses with ≥3 months’ experience across four tertiary hospitals. A structured questionnaire adapted from validated tools captured demographics and item-level agreement on knowledge and attitudes using five-point Likert responses. Descriptive statistics and Wilson 95% confidence intervals were reported for agreement prevalences. Results: Of 262 respondents, 94.8% were female and 61.0% were aged 25–35 years; 43.5% had 1–5 years’ experience and 85.1% held a nursing diploma. Evidence-aligned beliefs were common: educating families (89.6% agreement, 95% CI 85.3–92.7), facilitating patient emotional expression (86.4%, 81.7–90.0), trusting patient self-report of pain (81.8%, 76.7–86.0), and distinguishing chronic from acute pain (81.8%, 76.7–86.0). However, misconceptions were frequent: changing the topic when asked “Am I dying?” (78.6%, 73.2–83.1), perceiving emotional detachment as required (63.7%, 57.7–69.3), limiting palliative care to downhill deterioration (57.8%, 51.7–63.6), endorsing placebo use for pain (66.3%, 60.4–71.8), and preferring intramuscular opioids (48.7%, 42.7–54.7). Conclusion: Nurses demonstrated strong family-centred orientations but substantial gaps in communication and analgesic ethics, defining a tractable training agenda focused on serious-illness dialogue, scope and timing of palliative care, and WHO-concordant pain management.

Drawing on conservation of resources theory, this study examines how existing employees’ calling orientation shapes their responses to newcomers’ job crafting. Using a scenario-based experimental vignette design with 149 full-time employees who work in teams, this study tested how two distinct forms of newcomers’ job crafting—approach- and avoidance-oriented—affect veterans’ helping intention toward newcomers. The results show that approach-oriented job crafting increases, whereas avoidance-oriented job crafting decreases, helping intentions. More importantly, both effects were mitigated by observers’ calling orientation: experienced employees with a strong calling orientation consistently displayed higher helping intentions and were less reactive to the degree of newcomers’ crafting behaviors. This study extends interpersonal job crafting research to newcomer–veteran relationships rather than the peer or leader–subordinate contexts that dominate prior work. The findings deepen the understanding of how proactive newcomers are received in organizations and suggest that integrating employees’ work orientation profiles into mentoring and onboarding systems can enhance welcoming practices in the workplace.