The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has changed the world forever, forcing it to turn to the values, which, under globalized capitalism, were rapidly decreasing in significance. This transformation should take place based on the idea of safeguarding and caring for life, therefore the issue of public health is of particular relevance. The pandemic has confirmed once again that public health is an element of every country’s national security. The article examines the socio-philosophical specifics of public health, which enables determining and analysing the risks and factors affecting the condition and process of the public health system reconstruction in Ukraine. In the research, it is stated that the effect of anti-epidemic measures depends on the characteristics of the culture and mentality of a particular country (region) as well as on the actions taken by the leadership. Whereas many developed countries have created a post-capitalist system of medical development, in which the state assumes responsibility for preserving the health of its nation, Ukraine still needs to shape a strong protectionist national policy to maintain public health and, consequently, national security. The aim of our research is to reveal the state of public health in the context of social, economic and other changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The objectives of the research are as follows: 1. To examine the problem of public health and peculiarities of the health system functioning in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. 2. To reveal the issue of influence of mentality, and culture in general, on the actions of the countries’ leadership and ordinary citizens during the COVID-19 pandemic (on the example of the Ukrainian society). 3. To analyse the changes that occurred in public life during the COVID-19 pandemic and, consequently, have affected individuals’ lives and social health. 4. To investigate the problems of the healthcare system in Ukraine. The research methodology involves a post-structuralism approach, which, being a method of the modern socio-philosophical tradition, a hermeneutical approach. On the pages that follow, the authors attempted to present the work of an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary methodology. The results of the research. 1. The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed a whole range of problems, including medical, social, economic and managerial inherent in the whole world and the Ukrainian society in particular. 2. Most countries have created a post-capitalist system of medical development, in which the state assumes responsibility for safeguarding the health of its nation. 3. The modern Ukrainian healthcare represented by medical professionals makes every effort to promote effective functioning of the healthcare system. 4. Public health, which provides for the harmonious functioning of a person in all the main types of interaction, is the very primary prevention that is not based on healthcare alone. 5. The healthcare system will not be able to respond to the threats that emerge if it constantly adapts to the liberal mood of the market interests of multinational pharmaceutical companies.