Strong Irradiation Research Articles

The First Record of Diurnal Performance Evolution of Perovskite Solar Cells in Near Space

AbstractPerovskite solar cells (PSCs), have exhibited potential value for revolutionizing photovoltaic technology for space applications, and they have passed a series of tests in a simulated space environment. Nevertheless, the simulated space environment on land is definitely distinguished from the real‐space conditions, and the results cannot completely represent the real operating state of PSCs in space. Herein, PSCs mounted on a high‐altitude balloon are launched into near‐space and the current–voltage characteristics are measured in situ throughout the 19‐h flight, during which the PSCs are exposed directly to near‐space and experience wide temperature variation, vacuum, and strong irradiation. Thus, the diurnal performance evolution of PSCs is obtained for the first time and a possible variation mechanism is identified. The PSCs present expected stability and a champion power density of ≈12 mW cm−2 at noon, which is demonstrated as the highest result achieved in near‐space for PSCs. Additionally, despite a complex degradation process, the PSCs still deliver a high energy density comparable to that of silicon solar cells. Finally, the challenges facing the space application of PSCs are discussed. This work highlights the feasibility of PSCs in near space and provides direction for further exploration.

Spatio-temporal distribution, photoreactivity and environmental control of dissolved organic matter in the sea-surface microlayer of the eastern marginal seas of China

Abstract. As the boundary interface between the atmosphere and ocean, the sea-surface microlayer (SML) plays a significant role in the biogeochemical cycles of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and macronutrients in marine environments. In our study, the optical properties of DOM were compared between the sub-surface water (SSW) and the SML during spring, summer and winter in the East China Sea (ECS) and the Yellow Sea (YS). In addition, photoexposure experiments were designed to compare photochemical degradation processes of DOM between the SML and the SSW. Chromophoric DOM (CDOM), fluorescent DOM, dissolved organic carbon, chlorophyll a (Chl a), picoplankton, nutrients and bacteria were frequently enriched in the SML. The enrichment factors (EFs) of tryptophan-like component 4 were significantly higher than other fluorescence components; the longer wavelength absorption values of CDOM showed higher EFs in the SML, and a more significant relationship between CDOM and Chl a in the SML, indicating that autochthonous DOM was more strongly enriched in the SML than the terrestrial DOM. Higher EFs were generally observed in the SML in the off-shore regions than in the coastal regions, and CDOM in the SML was photobleached more after relatively strong irradiation, as also indicated by the lower percentages of humic-like DOM and lower specific UV absorbance values (SUVA254) in the SML than the SSW. Compared to the SSW, the elevated nutrients may stimulate phytoplankton growth, biological activity and then production of abundant fresh autochthonous DOM in the SML. Our results revealed a new enrichment model for exploring the air–sea interface environment, which can explain the more autochthonous properties of DOM in the SML than the SSW.

Effect of light-selective sunshade net on the quality and aromatic characteristics of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and wine: Exploratory experiment on strong solar irradiance in northwestern China

The greenhouse effect is a global problem. In view of the intense sunlight radiation in Ningxia (an ideal wine-producing region in northwestern China), the effect of light-selective sunshade nets of different colors (black, red and white) on the quality and aromatic characteristics of grapes and wine was studied. With the treatments of different nets, the solar radiation intensity was significantly decreased. The sugar contents in both grapes and wines decreased, while the acid contents increased. The contents of total phenols, tannins and flavanols in grapes were increased, while the total flavonoids and anthocyanins were decreased. The contents of most phenolics in wine were increased. The contents of most aromas in grapes and wines under nets were higher than those in the control group. The black group usually possessed the highest variety and content. Red and black nets improved the fruity, floral and sweet aromas of grapes. The white net decreased the green and citrusy aromas.

Fascinating physics at the edge of magnetic fusion devices

The physics of the processes at the edge of magnetic fusion devices is multifaceted and exhibits complex, nonlinear synergistic effects. Even though this region occupies only a small portion of the whole device, it plays a crucial role in overall plasma confinement, heat exhaust, and plasma–wall interactions. The latter affects not only the performance but also the lifetime of plasma-facing components and therefore remains an outstanding challenge for future fusion reactors. At the edge of fusion devices, researchers are dealing with phenomena including classical and anomalous plasma transport, atomic physics effects, and physics of plasma-facing material under strong irradiation by particle and energy fluxes. The diversity of edge physics makes it particularly attractive for young scientists. Working in this field, they can find endless possibilities to demonstrate their talents and creativity. This short review describes just some of the basic scrape-off layer and divertor plasma phenomena including divertor plasma detachment, intermittent bursts of anomalous cross-field plasma transport, plasma–material interactions, and dust in fusion plasmas, which are of particular interest in relation to fusion reactors.

Opportunities and challenges in CsPbX3@Glasses@Film with High Quality for LCD by Process Optimization towards commercialization

Although backlight display screens based on CdSe quantum dots (QDs) have basically solved the remaining problem of small display gamut, its high preparation cost limits its commercial development. In contrast, perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) with narrow band emission, simple preparation and low cost have made leaps and bounds in next-generation backlit displays luminescent material. However, the instabilities are the main issues to solve before we can apply these materials in modern displays. Researchers have precipitated perovskite NCs in inorganic glass substrates and compounded them with PDMS films for backlighting, but the important factors for commercialization have been ignored: Long-term stability under strong blue light irradiation and preparation cost. In this work, a unique melt-water quenching method combined with composition control was applied to prepare a series of glass powder. The optimal photoluminescence (PL) emission and color coordinates in the color coordinates of glasses powder were elaborately regulated by heat treatment temperature control and the introduction of rare earth Tb. Moreover, the passivation of the glass powder surface through special water treatment greatly improves its stability under long time blue light exposure. After irradiation under 20000 cd/m2 blue light (460 nm) for 500 h, the PL intensity retention rate reaches 85% of commercial CdSe film. The red and green-emitting NCs glasses powder with high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and stability were combined with PET, PS and PDMS to form a composite film, afterwards, combined with Liquid crystal display (LCD)module shows a fuller color image. Finally, after comparison, PS film was demonstrated to be the most suitable choice for commercialization backlighting.

Exposure to strong irradiance exacerbates photoinhibition and suppresses N resorption during leaf senescence in shade-grown seedlings of fullmoon maple (Acer japonicum).

Leaves of fullmoon maple (Acer japonicum) turn brilliant red with anthocyanins synthesis in autumn. Based on field observations, autumn coloring mainly occurs in outer-canopy leaves exposed to sun, whereas inner-canopy leaves remain green for a certain longer period before finally turn yellowish red with a smaller amount of anthocyanins. Here, we hypothesized that outer-canopy leaves protect themselves against photooxidative stress via anthocyanins while simultaneously shading inner canopy leaves and protecting them from strong light (holocanopy hypothesis). To test this hypothesis, we investigated photoinhibition and leaf N content during autumn senescence in leaves of pot-grown seedlings of fullmoon maple either raised under shade (L0, ≈13% relative irradiance to open) or transferred to full sunlight conditions on 5th (LH1), 12th (LH2), or 18th (LH3) Oct, 2021. Dry mass-based leaf N (Nmass) in green leaves in shade-grown seedlings was ≈ 30 mg N g-1 in summer. Nmass in shed leaves (25th Oct to 1st Nov) was 11.1, 12.0, 14.6, and 10.1 mg N g-1 in L0, LH1, LH2, and LH3 conditions, respectively. Higher Nmass was observed in shed leaves in LH2, compared to other experimental conditions, suggesting an incomplete N resorption in LH2. Fv/Fm after an overnight dark-adaptation, measured on 19th Oct when leaf N was actively resorbed, ranked L0: 0.72 > LH3: 0.56 > LH1: 0.45 > LH2: 0.25. As decreased Fv/Fm indicates photoinhibition, leaves in LH2 condition suffered the most severe photoinhibition. Leaf soluble sugar content decreased, but protein carbonylation increased with decreasing Fv/Fm across shade-grown seedlings (L0, LH1, LH2, and LH3) on 19th Oct, suggesting impaired photosynthetic carbon gain and possible membrane peroxidation induced by photooxidative stress, especially in LH2 condition with less N resorption efficiency. Although the impairment of N resorption seems to depend on the timing and intensity of strong light exposure, air temperature, and consequently the degree of photoinhibition, the photoprotective role of anthocyanins in outer-canopy leaves of fullmoon maple might also contribute to allow a safe N resorption in inner-canopy leaves by prolonged shading.

Effect on microstructure of Fe80B13Si7 metallic glass irradiated by high intensity pulsed ion beam and He ions

Metallic glasses (MGs) are regarded as promising radiation-resistant materials due to their unique long-range disordered structure and abundant free volume. However, temperature sensitivity limits their application in complex irradiation environments, for example, in the fusion environment there are multiple irradiations such as He and strong thermal shock irradiation acting together on the service materials. In this work, the effects of thermal shock and He ions irradiation on the microstructure of Fe80B13Si7 MG were investigated using high intensity pulsed ion beam (HIPIB), He ions and HIPIB + He ions irradiation. It was found that Fe80B13Si7 MG remained amorphous as the main phase structure under all irradiation conditions, and no extensive surface damage occurred even at dose of up to 1.6 × 1018 He2+/cm2. Due to the strong thermal shock effect of HIPIB irradiation, the surface layer of Fe80B13Si7 MG remelted and solidified rapidly, which increased the free volume content. At the same He dose, the HIPIB induced increase in free volume content slightly promoted He bubbles growth and reduced the bubble layer depth, while it had no obvious effect on bubble layer width. As the dose increased, He bubble size and bubble layer width increased significantly. The addition of HIPIB also significantly suppressed the crystallization of Fe80B13Si7 MG induced by He ions irradiation: crystallization occurred within the He bubble layer after 4 × 1017 He2+/cm2 irradiation, while no crystallization was observed after HIPIB + 6 × 1017 He2+/cm2 irradiation. Fe80B13Si7 MG showed good resistance against HIPIB, He ions and HIPIB + He ions irradiation, and perhaps offer some unique advantages in complex irradiation environments.

The Protective Role of Non-Photochemical Quenching in PSII Photo-Susceptibility: A Case Study in the Field.

Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) has been regarded as a safety valve to dissipate excess absorbed light energy not used for photochemistry. However, there exists no general consensus on the photoprotective role of NPQ. In the present study, we quantified the Photosystem II (PSII) photo-susceptibilities (mpi) in the presence of lincomycin, under red light given to five shade-acclimated tree species grown in the field. Photosynthetic energy partitioning theory was applied to investigate the relationships between mpi and each of the regulatory light-induced NPQ [Y(NPQ)], the quantum yield of the constitutive nonregulatory NPQ [Y(NO)] and the PSII photochemical yield in the light-adapted state [Y(PSII)] under different red irradiances. It was found that in the low to moderate irradiance range (50-800 μmol m-2 s-1) when the fraction of open reaction centers (qP) exceeded 0.4, mpi exhibited no association with Y(NPQ), Y(NO) and Y(PSII) across species. However, when qP < 0.4 (1,500 μmol m-2 s-1), there existed positive relationships between mpi and Y(NPQ) or Y(NO) but a negative relationship between mpi and Y(PSII). It is postulated that both Y(NPQ) and Y(NO) contain protective and damage components and that using only Y(NPQ) or Y(NO) metrics to identify the photo-susceptibility of a species is a risk. It seems that qP regulates the balance of the two components for each of Y(NPQ) and Y(NO). Under strong irradiance, when both protective Y(NPQ) and Y(NO) are saturated/depressed, the forward electron flow [i.e. Y(PSII)] acts as the last defense to resist photoinhibition.

Red-light controlled supramolecular co-assembly transformations of stiff stilbene and donor acceptor stenhouse adduct amphiphiles

Amphiphiles are of great interest in the search of biomimicking supramolecular assembly for their assembling into complex and hierarchical structures in aqueous media across multiple length-scale. Incorporations of photoswitching units into amphiphiles provide a means to control the morphology of the resultant assembled structures by light irradiation, which is non-invasive and generally biocompatible. The use of light to induce morphological changes offers several extra merits, including selective excitation of photoswitches by different wavelengths, high temporal- and spatial-resolution. Macroscopic soft materials assembled from donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASA) amphiphiles (DA) in aqueous media are generally suffered from absorption peak broadening due to aggregation and requires strong white-light irradiation to induce a morphological change. Herein, we provide a new strategy for the restoration of red-light sensitivity of DA in aqueous medium, which requires a co-assembly system of DA with a six-membered fused ring stiff stilbene amphiphile (6SA). This 6SA:DA co-assembly forms supramolecular structures in both microscopic and macroscopic length-scale. Morphological changes of these supramolecular structures can be fine adjusted with red-light irradiation. The structural design, supramolecular assemblies and co-assemblies, and macroscopic scaffolds of photoresponsive SA and DA could enable potential visible-light controlled soft functional materials with improved biocompatibility and photosensitivity.

Rytov variance of plane and spherical waves, and scintillation index in weak to strong underwater turbulence

As a means of distinguishing the weak and strong irradiance fluctuations of optical beam propagation in turbulence, Rytov perturbation approximation and its later extension make it possible to characterize the transition between turbulence regimes. The closed-form expression of Rytov variance is derived for both plane and spherical waves propagating in underwater turbulence. Scintillation index of plane and spherical waves are also investigated depending on the Rytov variance in weak-moderate-strong underwater turbulence regimes. Moreover, the variation of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for an optical wireless communication system operating in underwater turbulent medium is analyzed. Results are presented for various underwater parameters. We believe that researchers may benefit from our results to find the optimum design (e.g. aperture size) and performance (e.g. SNR, bit-error-rate) parameters for an optical wireless communication systems operating in wide range underwater turbulent medium.

Divergent Effects of Laser Irradiation on Ensembles of Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Bulk and Nanodiamonds: Implications for Biosensing.

Ensembles of negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy centers (NV−) in diamond have been proposed for sensing of magnetic fields and paramagnetic agents, and as a source of spin-order for the hyperpolarization of nuclei in magnetic resonance applications. To this end, strongly fluorescent nanodiamonds (NDs) represent promising materials, with large surface areas and dense ensembles of NV−. However, surface effects tend to favor the less useful neutral form, the NV0 centers, and strategies to increase the density of shallow NV− centers have been proposed, including irradiation with strong laser power (Gorrini in ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 13:43221–43232, 2021). Here, we study the fluorescence properties and optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of NV− centers as a function of laser power in strongly fluorescent bulk diamond and in nanodiamonds obtained by nanomilling of the native material. In bulk diamond, we find that increasing laser power increases ODMR contrast, consistent with a power-dependent increase in spin-polarization. Conversely, in nanodiamonds we observe a non-monotonic behavior, with a decrease in ODMR contrast at higher laser power. We hypothesize that this phenomenon may be ascribed to more efficient NV−→NV0 photoconversion in nanodiamonds compared to bulk diamond, resulting in depletion of the NV− pool. A similar behavior is shown for NDs internalized in macrophage cells under the typical experimental conditions of imaging bioassays. Our results suggest strong laser irradiation is not an effective strategy in NDs, where the interplay between surface effects and local microenvironment determine the optimal experimental conditions.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s11671-022-03723-2.

Determination of the direct bandgap value in In4Se3 thin films

The value and the nature of the bandgap of In4Se3 are still not well defined, with a large spread of the experimental data between 0.42 and 1.68 eV and an uncertain nature, predicted to be indirect by ab initio band structure calculations. Here we report on the optical transmission and photoluminescence (PL) performed in In4Se3 thin films grown by coevaporation on (0001)-oriented sapphire wafers. The quality of the polycrystalline layers allows the first detection of the excitonic-like transition in the optical absorption of this compound at low temperature. The PL detected under weak laser excitation shows a bound exciton emission at 0.75 eV. Strong laser irradiation reveals a quadratic dependence of the PL intensity on the optical excitation, which demonstrates a stimulated emission at 0.79 eV in relation with an exciton–exciton scattering process. On the basis of a reasonable estimate of the exciton energy, equal to meV, we evaluate the direct bandgap of In4Se3 to eV at low temperature.

Microwave Absorption Properties of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes/Carbonyl Iron Particles/Polyurethane Foams.

In order to improve the microwave absorption performance of absorbing materials, the composite foam absorbing materials with different multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) contents were prepared using polyurethane foam as the substrate and MWCNTs and flaked carbonyl iron powder as absorbers. The electromagnetic properties of the materials were characterized and analyzed. Then, CST electromagnetic simulation software was used to simulate the electromagnetic shielding effect of absorbing materials on mechatronics products under a strong electromagnetic irradiation environment, and, finally, it was verified by irradiation experiment. The results show that the materials have good microwave absorption properties, in which the composites containing 1.5 wt.% MWCNTs exhibit good microwave absorption properties. The minimum reflectivity reaches −29 dB when the thickness is 3 mm and −15.6 dB when the thickness is 1.5 mm, with a bandwidth of 5.7 GHz for reflectivity less than −10 dB. The good microwave absorption performance of the material is due to the synergistic effect of MWCNTs particles and good impedance matching. The simulation and experimental results show that the mechatronics product with absorbing materials can protect against strong electromagnetic interference and ensure the normal operation of the mechatronics product circuits.

Light Intensity-Selective Photopolymerization and Photoisomerization for Creating Colorful Polymer-Stabilized Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Patterns.

Polymer-stabilized cholesteric liquid crystal (PSCLC) films have been widely studied for their application as sensors, polarizers, and reflective windows. However, the preparation of programmable and colorful patterns based on the structural color is still challenging. Herein, the photochromic CLC mixtures were prepared by adding a photoisomerizable chiral additive (CA) and a photoinitiator in the nematic liquid crystal LC242. Under UV irradiation with weak intensity, photoisomerization of the CA was carried out and photopolymerization was suppressed by oxygen inhibition. With extending the irradiation time, the helical pitch of the CLC film increased and the selective Bragg reflection band tended to redshift. Under strong UV irradiation, oxygen inhibition was overcome and photopolymerization dominates the reaction. Therefore, the colorful-patterned PSCLC films were able to be prepared using masks. The results shown here not only give us a better understanding of the effect of oxygen inhibition but also lay the foundations for practical applications such as decoration and optical devices.

2,2'-Dihydroxy-4,4'-dimethoxy-benzophenon as Bifunctional Additives for Passivated Defects and Improved Photostability of Efficient Perovskite Photovoltaics.

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have developed rapidly in the past decade, but their commercial applications are restricted by further improvement in their photovoltaic performance and stability. Herein, we propose a facile and effective method employing 2,2'-dihydroxy-4,4'-dimethoxy-benzophenon (BP6) as bifunctional additive to construct efficient and photostable PSCs. BP6, as an additive, improves the crystallization quality of perovskite absorbers and further inhibits defect-mediated non-radiative recombination through interaction between the C═O group and defects; as a UV absorber, BP6 protects the PSCs from UV degradation by effectively absorbing UV light through molecular tautomerism under continuous strong UV irradiation. Eventually, the champion PSC demonstrates an efficiency of 22.85% with enhanced UV stability after addition of 0.024 wt % BP6. These results reveal that addition of UV absorbers (such as BP6 in this study) is a simple and effective strategy to fabricate efficient and photostable PSCs.

Spectral selective composite mask media for personal cooling and efficient PM 2.5 removal

Face masks are commonly used to protect an individual’s respiratory system from inhaling fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in polluted air, as well as the airborne pathogens, especially during the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, all conventional masks with anti-PM2.5 function suffer from insufficient facial thermal comfort, particularly in a hot and humid environment. Herein, we demonstrated a novel infrared-transmittance visible-opaque PM2.5 media for radiative cooling utilizing rutile titanium dioxide particle-embedded polyamide 6 (PA6-TiO2). The transmission of visible light and infrared and PM2.5 removal performance of composite media containing a variety of microstructures, such as TiO2 particles of varying sizes, shapes, and contents, were numerically examined to determine the optimal ranges. Then the PA6-TiO2 media was effectively electrospun by controlling the arrangement of fibers and the morphology of TiO2 particles. By transmitting more than 85% of the thermal radiation from the human body and selectively blocking solar irradiance, the developed PA6-TiO2(flower-shaped) media cooled the simulative skin by 10.3°C as compared with commercial masks under strong solar irradiance. Additionally, they demonstrated a high PM2.5 removal efficiency of 95.3%, a low air resistance of 22.5 Pa (at 5.3 cm/s), and a sound water vapor transmission rate of 0.0169 g cm−2 h−1. This study presents an effective strategy for making thermally comfortable anti-PM2.5 masks, which will significantly benefit the public health prevention and control.

Field Study of Early Implementation of UV Sources and their Relative Effectiveness for Public Health and Safety

ABSTRACT The emergence of COVID-19 and corresponding public health burden has prompted industries to rapidly implement traditional and novel control strategies to mitigate the likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, generating a surge of interest and application of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) sources as disinfection systems. With this increased attention the need to evaluate efficacy and safety of these types of devices is paramount. A field study of the early implementation of UVGI devices was conducted at the Space Needle located in Seattle, Washington. Six devices were evaluated, including four low pressure (LP) mercury-vapor lamp devices for air and surface sanitation not designed for human exposure and two krypton chloride (KrCl*) excimer lamp devices to be operated on and around humans. Emission spectra and ultraviolet (UV) irradiance at different locations from the UV devices were measured and germicidal effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 were estimated. Human safety of KrCl* excimer devices was also evaluated based on measured irradiance and estimated exposure durations. Our results show all LP devices emitted UV radiation primarily at 254 nm as expected. Both KrCl* excimers emitted far UVC irradiation at 222 nm as advertised but also emitted at longer, more hazardous wavelengths (228 to 262 nm). All LP devices emitted strong UVC irradiance, which were estimated to achieve three log reduction of SARS-CoV-2 within 10 seconds of exposure at reasonable working distances. KrCl* excimers, however, emitted much lower irradiance than needed for effective disinfection of SARS-CoV-2 (>90% inactivation) within the typical exposure times. UV fluence from KrCl* excimer devices for employees were below the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH®) Threshold Limit Values (TLVs®) under the reported device usage and work shifts. However photosensitive individuals, human susceptibility, or exposure to multiple UV sources throughout the course of a worker’s day were not accounted for in this study. Caution should be used when determining acceptability of UV exposure to workers in this occupational setting and future work should focus on UVGI sources in public settings.

First high radiant energy xenon-pipe-based x-ray source on LMJ

We report on the performance of the highest radiant energy x-ray source at the LaserMegaJoule facility (LMJ) for testing material properties under irradiation. This radiation source was produced by the L-shell emission of xenon contained in a gas-pipe. The target was an epoxy ortho-cylinder tube with a diameter of 3 mm and a 50-μm thickness wall containing xenon gas at 1.2 atm. For this proof of principle shot, the LaserMegaJoule facility delivered a total energy of around 90 kJ of 351 nm laser and a total power of 30 TW. Thirty-two beams, divided into eight beamlets each, are arranged into two cones. The laser pulses were nearly flat, with a duration of 3 ns and a power range of 3.5–5 TW for each quadruplet. Two broadband spectrometers, DMX (DP4) and miniDMX (DP11), have been used to characterize the x-ray emission up to 10 keV. Radiant energy up to 0.5 kJ/sr has been recorded in the xenon L-shell band between 3 and 6 keV. This was the highest energy ever delivered for creating an x-ray source on the LMJ. Even though the target was axisymmetric, the strong asymmetric laser irradiation (nor axi or bottom/top symmetric) required full 3D radiation-hydrodynamic calculations to retrieve the radiant energy measured by broad band spectrometers. The main purpose of this work was to benchmark our 3D hydrorad code and the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium model by using newly developed x-ray spectrometers.

Impact of Agroclimatic Variables on Proteogenomics in Sugar Cane (Saccharum spp.) Plant Productivity.

Sugar cane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) is a major crop for sugar and renewable bioenergy worldwide, grown in arid and semiarid regions. China, the world’s fourth-largest sugar producer after Brazil, India, and the European Union, all share ∼80% of the global production, and the remaining ∼20% of sugar comes from sugar beets, mostly grown in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, also used as a raw material in production of bioethanol for renewable energy. In view of carboxylation strategies, sugar cane qualifies as one of the best C4 crop. It has dual CO2 concentrating mechanisms located in its unique Krantz anatomy, having dimorphic chloroplasts located in mesophylls and bundle sheath cells for integrated operation of C4 and C3 carbon fixation cycles, regulated by enzymes to upgrade/sustain an ability for improved carbon assimilation to acquire an optimum carbon economy by producing enhanced plant biomass along with sugar yield under elevated temperature and strong irradiance with improved water-use efficiency. These superior intrinsic physiological carbon metabolisms encouraged us to reveal and recollect the facts for moving ahead with the molecular approaches to reveal the expression of proteogenomics linked with plant productivity under abiotic stress during its cultivation in specific agrizones globally.

Effects of Irradiance and Temperature on the Photosynthesis of the Crustose Coralline Algae Pneophyllum fragile (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) in the Coastal Waters of Korea

We investigated the photosynthetic characteristics of the crustose coralline alga Pneophyllum fragile (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) according to elevated water temperature and irradiance on the coast of Jeju in 2018. P. fragile was cultured under different temperature (11 °C, 21 °C, 26 °C, and 31 °C) and irradiance (0–1250 μmol photon m−2 s−1) conditions. Oxygen (O2) concentrations at the P. fragile mat–water interface (MWI) were measured using an O2 microsensor. At the MWI, the diffusive boundary layer thicknesses ranged from 200 to 400 μm. The O2 concentrations at the mat surface increased in response to increasing irradiance, and reached 344% air saturation. The maximum photosynthesis capacity (Pmax) and respiration rate in the dark (Rd) at 31 °C were about 3 times higher than those recorded at 11 °C. The compensation irradiance (Ec) and saturation irradiance (Ek) increased with increasing water temperature. The Pmax, Rd, and Ec were statistically correlated with temperature (p &lt; 0.05). The Ek increased up to 833 μmol photon m−2 s−1 at 31 °C and exhibited a strong dependence on irradiance at high temperatures. The adaptability of P. fragile to high temperatures and strong irradiance was distinct from that observed for coralline algae in other temperate waters.