ABSTRACTUnderage drinking has become a global public health concern. One of the major causes of underage drinking is stress. The orexin system has been reported to be involved in both alcohol addiction and stress. However, few studies have examined this system, especially among adolescents. Therefore, we constructed protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks to confirm that orexin receptors are connected to stress‐ and alcohol dependence‐related genes, providing a theoretical basis for our experimental approach. Animal experiments employed the conditioned place preference (CPP), the foot‐shock stress model and the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), to elucidate the role of the orexin system in the stress‐induced alcohol addiction‐related behaviour among adolescent mice. Our results revealed that there were interactions among orexin system, chronic/acute stress and alcohol dependence related proteins. Otherwise, chronic stress can increase the animals' vulnerability to alcohol addition‐related behaviour. Additionally, acute foot‐shock can promote alcohol‐seeking behaviour reinstatement and facilitate orexin concentrations in brain regions that have been shown to be associated with reward and addiction. Moreover, the inhibition of orexin receptors can attenuate the formation and reinstatement of alcohol addiction‐like behaviour among adolescent mice. Collectively, our findings indicate that orexin system may be a pivotal target for preventing stress‐induced alcohol addiction and reinstatement among the adolescents.

Stress Dependence of Minimum Creep Rate and Creep Deformation Behavior of Gr.91 and 2.25Cr-1Mo Steels

BackgroundThe growing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in higher education has transformed learning processes but also raised concerns about potential mental health risks. Medical students represent a particularly vulnerable group due to high academic stress and increasing reliance on generative AI tools for study and decision-making tasks. Despite this, the relationship between AI dependence and psychological distress remains underexplored in Latin American contexts.ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the association between generative AI dependence and levels of stress, anxiety, and depression among medical students.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted with 187 human medicine students from a Peruvian university during the first academic semester of 2025. The Dependence on Artificial Intelligence Scale and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale–21 were applied. Negative binomial regression models, both crude and adjusted for sex, age, income, and year of study, were used to assess associations, reporting rate ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs.ResultsParticipants had a median age of 22 (IQR 19‐24) years, and 58.8% (110/187) were female. The median Dependence on Artificial Intelligence Scale score was 10 (IQR 7‐14). Generative AI dependence showed significant correlations with anxiety (ρ=0.336, 95% CI 0.22‐0.44) and depression (ρ=0.316, 95% CI 0.20‐0.43) and a smaller correlation with stress (ρ=0.277, 95% CI 0.16‐0.39). In the adjusted regression models, each 1-point increase in generative AI dependence was associated with a 5% higher expected anxiety score (RR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01‐1.09; P=.01) and a 4% higher depression score (RR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01‐1.08; P=.03), whereas the association with stress was positive but nonsignificant (RR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00‐1.07; P=.08). Fifth-year students had significantly greater anxiety levels than their sixth-year peers (RR 1.82, 95% CI 1.09‐3.01; P=.02). No significant effects were observed for sex, age, or income.ConclusionsThis study empirically examined generative AI dependence as a distinct behavioral construct and its association with mental health symptoms in medical students. Unlike prior research, this study evaluated psychological dependence on generative AI and modeled its relationship with anxiety and depression using appropriate count-based regression techniques. By providing early evidence from a Latin American context, it contributes to the emerging field of digital mental health and medical education research. These findings underscore the need for universities to promote balanced and responsible AI use, integrate digital literacy with mental health support strategies, and develop preventive policies that mitigate potential maladaptive reliance on generative AI tools.

Fracture behavior of spiral welded API X70 pipeline steels under monotonic and cyclic loading

• Fundamental twinning mechanisms of FCC crystals were studied by micromechanical testing. • Single-slip based twinning mechanism are predominant in sub-micron pillars. • The size scaling for dislocation slip and twinning is identical. • A secondary twin type is observed in multi-slip activation cases. • The lower bound for the critical twinning shear stress for the Cantor alloy is around 130 MPa. Deformation twinning is an important deformation mechanism for low stacking fault energy face-centered cubic (FCC) alloys including multi-principal element alloys, however, its underlying mechanism remains incompletely understood. In this work, we applied in situ scanning electron microscope (SEM) micro-pillar compression combined with microstructural investigations to gain insights into the fundamental mechanism of deformation twinning and its stress and/or strain dependence. Our findings reveal that the morphology of the deformation twins and the controlling mechanism vary with micro-pillar size. In sub-micron pillars, single-slip based twinning models like the three-layer model were predominant as confirmed by in situ deformation and post-mortem microstructural analyses. For pillar diameters above 3 µm, two different twin variants were observed including one formed by the three-layer mechanism, although the secondary twinning mechanism remains unclear. When the pillar diameter increased to 10 µm, the applied stresses was insufficient to activate deformation twinning, and dislocation slip became the dominant deformation mode. A quantitative stress analysis of pillars ranging from 0.14 µm to 10 µm in diameter showed a lower bound for twinning stress of approximately 130 MPa. Finally, size dependence investigations revealed no significant difference between twinning stress and full dislocation slip critical resolved shear stress. This not only proves that dislocation slip is a prerequisite for twinning, but also indicates that, above a threshold stress, twinning could be more strain rather than stress-dependent.

The elastocaloric effect, driven by stress-induced martensitic transformations, offers a promising route toward efficient and environmentally friendly solid-state cooling. However, its practical implementation has been hindered by an inherent trade-off: materials exhibiting large isothermal entropy changes typically operate over narrow temperature windows, thereby limiting their overall cooling performance. Here, we demonstrate an elastocaloric response in a Ti-Al-Cr superelastic alloy that overcomes this limitation. Direct measurements reveal a pronounced elastocaloric coolingeffect over an ultra-wide temperature range of 305 K, from 97 K to 402 K. This temperature span exceeds that predicted by the Clausius-Clapeyron relationship (235 K), indicating a significant deviation from conventional thermodynamic expectations. At room temperature, a large adiabatic temperature change of ~10 K is directly measured, corresponding to a cooling output of 5.76 J·g⁻1 and a material coefficient of performance of 4.6, demonstrating competitive cooling performance at practical operating conditions. In addition, the elastocaloric response is maintained over the entire temperature range despite the expected decrease in entropy change at lower temperatures, indicating that the conventional trade-off between temperature span and cooling strength is effectively mitigated. This exceptional behavior originates from a combination of anomalous temperature dependence of the critical stress for martensitic transformation and high mechanical strength, which together enable fully reversible stress-induced transformations across a broad thermal domain. Our findings reveal a new regime of elastocaloric behavior and establish a guiding principle for overcoming the apparent limitations imposed by Clausius-Clapeyron-based descriptions in caloric materials.

Abstract This study investigates how the substrate off-cut angle and off-cut direction influence SiGe epitaxial growth on Si(110), clarifying the emergence of orientation-dependent surface morphology and strain behavior in SiGe/Si(110) heterostructures relevant to Beyond-2-nm GAAFETs. SiGe layers were grown by UHV-CVD on Si(110) substrates off-cut by 0°–10° toward ⟨100⟩ or ⟨110⟩. SEM revealed that ⟨100⟩ off-cut substrates maintained [001]-aligned facets consistently over 2°–10°, whereas ⟨110⟩ off-cut substrates exhibited a reorientation of facet edges from [001] toward [–110] around 6°–8°. Raman spectroscopy showed a monotonic low-wavenumber shift of the Si–Si peak for ⟨100⟩ and a shift reversal near 6°–8° for ⟨110⟩. To interpret these results, off-cut-angle-dependent surface energies were examined using reported orientation-dependent values within the framework of Wulff–Herring theory. The combined analysis clarifies how differences in off-cut angle and direction govern facet stability, surface morphology, and strain relaxation in SiGe/Si(110) heteroepitaxy.

Stress and frequency dependence of wave reflection and transmission in patchy-saturated porous media

Objective The current project examined the effectiveness of an inpatient treatment center by evaluating clinically significant improvements across measures of functional impairment, addiction-related symptoms, traumatic stress, and psychological distress. Methods Participants (N = 537) comprised individuals who completed either a 7-week or 9-week inpatient program for addiction and mental health. Results Over 75% of participants met the cutoff for clinical improvement based on established reliable change indices on measures of overall functioning and depression. Over 80% met the clinical improvement cutoff for measures of posttraumatic stress and substance dependence. About 61% had clinical improvement on measures of anxiety. Significant reductions in symptoms of anxiety, depression, traumatic stress, substance dependence, and functional impairment were observed from admission to discharge. Change scores on the four outcome measures were significantly related to the decreased likelihood of being classified as “reliably better” compared to “no change” in overall functioning post-treatment completion. Change scores on all variables, except anxiety symptoms, demonstrated no significant relationship with the likelihood of being classified as “reliably worse” in overall functioning post-treatment completion compared to “no change.” Conclusion Findings support the positive impact of inpatient treatments that adopt integrated care approaches for both individuals with SUD and co-occurring psychological conditions.

In this work, the influences of substrate characteristics on the deformation and residual stress in ZrO2 coatings deposited on one side carbon steel, 316 stainless steel and 304 stainless steel are analysed via the image relative method. Based on the changes in bending deflection at different temperatures, temperature dependence of the residual stresses in the above three specimens was achieved through Stoney's formula. Results show that a compressive residual stress is generated during the cooling process because the ZrO2 coating has a lower coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) than that of the substrates. Additionally, by comparing the images of specimens under different temperatures, it can be found that the difference in CTE (∆α) between coating and substrate, as well as the temperature difference (∆T) between zero-stress temperature and testing temperature, determine the residual stresses in the coated specimens. And the higher the ∆α and ∆T, the higher the residual compressive stress and bending deflection. Moreover, temperature dependence of the residual stress could also be found through the image relative method.

Dynamic characterization of calcareous (carbonate) sands is essential for performance-based design of offshore foundations, coastal reclamation, and marine infrastructure in tropical and subtropical regions. In contrast to silica sands, carbonate sediments are biogenic and typically comprise angular, irregular grains with intra-particle voids and fragile skeletal microstructure. These traits promote grain crushing and fabric evolution at relatively low-to-moderate confinement, leading to pronounced stress dependency, strong nonlinearity with strain amplitude, and substantial scatter in laboratory stiffness and damping measurements. Consequently, empirical correlations calibrated primarily on quartz sands may yield biased estimates when transferred to carbonate environments. This study presents an ML-driven, leakage-aware benchmarking framework for predicting two key dynamic parameters of biogenic calcareous sands, damping ratio D and shear modulus G, using standard tabular descriptors commonly available in geotechnical practice. Two consolidated experimental databases were curated from resonant column and cyclic triaxial measurements (D: n=890; G: n=966), spanning mean effective confining stress 25 ≤ σm′≤1600 kPa and a wide range of density and gradation conditions. To emphasize transferability, explicit deposit/site labels were excluded, and missingness arising from heterogeneous reporting was handled through a consistent preprocessing pipeline (training-only imputation, categorical encoding, and scaling). Eleven regression algorithms were evaluated, covering linear baselines, regularized regression, neighborhood learning, single trees, bagging and boosting ensembles, kernel regression, and a feedforward neural network. Performance was assessed using R2, RMSE, and MAE on training/validation/test splits, and engineering credibility was supported through explainability-based diagnostics to verify mechanically plausible sensitivities. Results show that ensemble-tree models (Extra Trees and Random Forest) provide the most reliable accuracy–robustness balance across both targets, consistently outperforming linear models and the tested SVR configuration and exhibiting stable validation-to-test behavior. The explainability audit confirms physically meaningful separation of governing controls: stiffness is primarily stress-controlled (σm′ dominant for G), whereas damping is primarily strain-controlled (γ dominant for D). The proposed framework supports practical deployment as a fast surrogate for generating G − γ and D − γ curves within the training domain and for guiding targeted laboratory test planning in carbonate settings.

The work is devoted to the study and analysis of finite element (FE) calculations performed by a large cycle of computational experiments of plate deformation with a section under steady-state creep conditions, which revealed a power-law self-similar distribution of the continuity function (damage) and stress components in the immediate vicinity of the tip of the section at the second and third stages of creep in a damaged medium in a related formulation of the problem, when the continuity parameter is included in the constitutional relations. The FE computations of stress fields and continuity near the tip of the defect were carried out using the powerful SIMULIA Abaqus platform using the UMAT utility, which integrates the process of damage development into the computational scenario of the finite element method (FEM). The paper implements computer modeling of uniaxial stretching of a plate weakened by a central horizontal section or an inclined section in creep mode, in which computational algorithms include damage growth that progresses over time according to the classical mechanical model of damage growth by Kachanov–Rabotnov according to a power law for various values of exponents of the kinetic equation and the power determining equation with the concept of true tension in a related formulation. Numerical study and analysis of the obtained FE representations of stress and continuity fields in the vicinity of the crack tip for a number of material constants clearly reveals a self-similar distribution of stress fields and damage near the tip of a power-type defect. The structure of the solution is revealed and the values of the exponents in the self-similar variable and the self-similar representation of the solution are found, which can be interpreted as an intermediate self-similar solution of the second type according to the classification of G.I. Barenblatt. It is shown that the discovered self-similar property of the solution can be interpreted as self-similar asymptotics of the far field of continuity and stresses. Also, the stress dependences extracted from FEM calculations on the distance from the tip of the incision, reproduced in double logarithmic coordinates, clearly demonstrate the asymptotic behavior corresponding to the near-field stress, characterized by the complete absence of a singularity in the immediate vicinity of the tip of the incision.

The creep behavior of pre-tensile strained alpha brass was investigated. The primary creep strain was increased by tensile pre-strain while secondary creep rate was little affected. Based on the stress exponent of 6.32 and the activation energy of 70.2 kJ/mol—obtained from the temperature and stress dependence of the secondary creep rate in the as-received specimen—the dominant creep mechanism was identified as either pipe diffusion-limited dislocation creep or dislocation glide hindered by forest dislocations. By combining the one-variable internal state variable model with creep model and also with back stress, it is suggested that −150 MPa of back stress can explain the increase of primary creep and similarity of secondary creep rate. The calculated results indicate that the back stress introduced by tensile pre-strain increases effective stress and thus creep strain rate in primary region. On the other hand, back stress becomes less significant in secondary region due to creep deformation.

Rock friction governs lithospheric strength and earthquake mechanics, yet its fundamental characteristics remain poorly understood. A survey of experimental data on the frictional resistance of bare contacts or powdered gouge from 41 published studies encompassing 119 rocks and synthetic materials reveals a power-law dependence between sliding friction and effective normal stress from 10 Pa to 1 GPa. For framework silicates, ice, and most synthetic materials considered, the friction coefficient is a decreasing function of effective normal stress, in contrast with water-saturated phyllosilicates. The normal stress dependence of the friction coefficient is controlled by the real area of contact, possibly modulated by osmotic pressure near contact junctions for phyllosilicates. Cohesion is negligible at macroscopic scales for fractures with rough contacts. These experimental findings challenge the conventional representation of rock friction as a linear function of normal stress. These results provide critical constraints for advancing physical models of rock friction and fault mechanics.

The Hardening Soil model with small-strain stiffness (HSS) is widely adopted in the numerical analysis of deep excavations and tunneling due to its ability to capture non-linear deformation and stress-history dependency. However, the determination of its key stiffness parameters remains regionally uneven, limiting its application in distinct geological contexts. To address this gap, this study systematically analyzes the physical significance and experimental determination methods of key HSS parameters. Based on comprehensive laboratory testing, including standard consolidation, consolidated undrained triaxial, empirical correlations and quantitative normalized stiffness ratios among the three reference stiffness parameters (Eoedref, E50ref, Eurref) and the small-strain shear modulus (G0ref) were established for typical soil layers in Taiyuan. Additionally, recommended values for the stress dependency exponent m were determined. The derived parameter ratios were implemented in a finite element analysis of a representative deep excavation project, where the predicted wall deflections and ground settlements showed good agreement with field monitoring data. The results demonstrate that the calibrated regional parameter system provides reliable deformation prediction and improves the transparency and consistency of HSS parameter selection. These findings not only provide a reference for HSS parameter selection in the Taiyuan region but also offer a highly applicable framework for establishing similar parameter systems in other geological contexts.

A novel auxetic honeycomb (RSSHR) is developed by introducing the arc-shaped structure into the re-entrant star-shaped honeycomb (RSSH). Based on theoretical models and finite element methods, the dynamic crushing responses of RSSH and RSSHR plate (RSSH_P and RSSHR_P) structures are investigated to elucidate the dependence of plateau stress, negative Poisson's ratio (NPR), deformed shape and specific energy absorption (SEA) on crushing velocity. The stress-strain curves of two types of structures are calculated to analyze configuration-mechanical property relationships. The results exhibit that the plateau stress and SEA of the RSSH_P and RSSHR_P structures increase as the crushing velocity increases. Owing to the stress-mitigating effect of the arc-shaped structure, the RSSHR_P structure exhibits a stronger NPR effect. And the SEA of the RSSHR_P structure is higher than that of the RSSH_P structure. In addition, it is also found that at low crushing velocity, the stress-strain curves of the two structures exhibit three distinct stages: the elastic stage (I), the stress plateau stage (II) and the densification stage (III). During the crushing process, there are three deformed shapes. They are the global deformed shape, the local deformed shape and the layer-by-layer deformed shape.

Increasing academic pressure, psychological stress, and digital dependence in higher education have reduced students’ physical activity and negatively affected their mental well-being. Therefore, developing psychological resilience has become an important pedagogical task. This article examines the relationship between physical activity and psychological resilience in university students from a scientific and pedagogical perspective. The role of regular physical exercise in enhancing stress tolerance, emotional stability, motivation, and academic performance is analyzed. Pedagogical mechanisms for integrating physical activity into the educational environment are also discussed. The findings show that systematic physical activity serves as an effective tool for strengthening students’ psychological resources and promoting holistic development in higher education.

Stress dependence of the chemical potential of lithium in a silicon electrode

Eutrema salsugineum is a model species for studying stress resistance, particularly extreme salinity, and is often compared with Arabidopsis thaliana. Previous research has shown that basal salicylic acid (SA) levels are significantly lower in E. salsugineum than in A. thaliana. In this study, subtractive hybridization revealed that SA-related genes were extensively induced in Arabidopsis but not in Eutrema. Using exogenous SA and the biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PBZ), we further demonstrated that the low endogenous SA level in Eutrema significantly upregulates dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR) gene expression, doubling the pools of total ascorbic acid and total glutathione. While SA treatment decreased the ratios of reduced ascorbic acid (ASA) to dehydroascorbate (DHA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG), PBZ treatment increased them, correspondingly modulating DHAR and GR activities and gene expression. The resulting enhancement of these key non-enzymatic antioxidants is a critical mechanism underpinning the superior salt tolerance of Eutrema.

Deviatoric stress-induced coalescence of nanocrystal superlattices is a promising route for massively fabricating nanowires. We perform atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to characterize the deviatoric stress-induced fusion behavior of alkylthiol-capped gold superlattices and examine the influence of ligand length on the nanowire formation. The results show that a threshold deviatoric stress along the compression direction is essential for forming the ordered nanowire arrays, and it significantly increases with the ligand length. The ligand length dependence can be attributed to the fusion energy barrier between constituent gold nanocrystals as well as its alternation induced by the change in ligand length. We show that the ligands on neighboring gold nanocrystals abundantly interdigitate at the potential minimum but become highly splayed or bent at the repulsive maximum. Increasing the ligand length promotes ligand interdigitation at the potential minimum but causes a larger contact area between ligands on opposite nanocrystals at the repulsive maximum. This jointly results in a marked increase in fusion energy barrier with the increasing ligand length, thereby requiring a higher critical deviatoric stress to drive the gold nanocrystals into nanowires for longer ligands. This study reveals that reducing the ligand length can effectively decreases the operational stress required for the formation of nanowires, which can provide theoretical guidance for optimizing the stress-induced nanofabrication approaches.