Streptopelia Chinensis Research Articles

JENIS SATWA BURUNG PADA KOMUNITAS MANGROVE DI TELUK HITU KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH

This research aims to determine the types of bird species in the mangrove area in Hitu Bay, Central Maluku Regency. The method used in this research is descriptive using direct and indirect census techniques to determine the type and distribution of birds. The results of the research show that in Hitu Bay there are 17 species of birds, consisting of 12 species of terrestrial birds and 5 species of seabirds. The bird distribution value with the lowest frequency is 0.1 and the lowest relative frequency is 1.03, namely the Common turtledove (Streptopelia chinensis), while the highest frequency is 0.9 and the highest relative frequency is 9.27, namely the Cow swallow (Collocalia esculenta), Little egret (Egretta garzetta), and Cucak kutilang (Pycnonotus aurigaster).

Ecological drivers of nesting behavior in a subtropical city: An observational study on spotted doves.

Due to rapid homogenization in habitat types as a result of urbanization, some urban birds adapt their nesting strategies to changes in local habitat characteristics. Bird nesting decisions might have been mainly linked to resource constraints and ensuring reproductive success. In this study, we examined patterns of nesting behavior by spotted doves (Spilopelia chinensis) in a rapidly urbanizing area of Nanchang, China using ArcGIS 10.8, satellite tracking, camera traps, and field survey. To explore the mechanisms underlying nesting behavior in urban habitats, we assessed the correlations between nest reuse and reproductive success, and between nest reuse and nest predation. From December 2018 to December 2021, a total of 302 breeding nests were surveyed. The results revealed that the nest reuse rate was 38.08% (n = 115). Nests closer to trunk, with lower nest position and higher large-scale urbanization score tended to have higher reuse rate. In addition, nests with the higher the nest height and percent of canopy cover, and the lower small-scale urbanization score were more likely to reproduce successfully, and the reused nests also reproduce more successfully. The reproductive success associated with nest reuse was significantly higher than that associated with new nests (χ 2 = 8.461, p = .004). High degree of urbanization promoted nest reuse of spotted doves (large-scale urbanization score, z = 2.094, p = .036), which apparently enhanced their reproductive success (nest reuse, z = 2.737, p = .006). In conclusion, a nest structure with good permeability is the material basis for the nest reuse in spotted dove, while the relatively low risk of predation in urban habitat and the scarcity of nest site resources due to urbanization increase the tendency of birds to reuse old nests, which is associated with their reproductive success and evolutionary fitness.

Enhancing bird conservation in tropical urban parks through land sparing and sharing strategies: Evidence from occupancy data

Urban green spaces such as parks, play a vital role in relieving pressure on urban biodiversity. In Southeast Asia, urban park management often prioritises aesthetic appeal over urban biodiversity conservation. Management of wildlife habitat at the stand and landscape scales is necessary to support land-sharing and land-sparing conservation strategies in urban environments. To date, few studies have looked at the occurrence of urban birds in the context of land sharing and sparing strategies. We investigated how resident and migratory birds utilise urban parks based on stand-level habitat characteristics and landscape metrics. We conducted point count surveys at 49 points to estimate site occupancy and detection probability in 40 parks within highly urbanised Klang Valley, Peninsular Malaysia. Out of 90 species recorded, 14 species had more than 50 % site occupancy. The abundance of palm trees, percentage of shrub, and height of ground vegetation and woody trees positively influenced the occupancy of Black-naped Oriole, Javan Myna, House Crow, Oriental Magpie-Robin, and Yellow-vented Bulbul. While the number of woody trees and elevation negatively influenced the occupancy of Asian Glossy Starling, Spotted Dove, Zebra Dove, and Common Myna. Our findings can contribute to the effective management of urban parks, considering both stand and landscape-level characteristics to support urban biodiversity, ultimately benefiting both resident and migratory bird populations. Our research emphasises the significance of implementing both land-sparing and land-sharing strategies in urban park management. By doing so, we can promote greater avian biodiversity, preserve diverse habitats for birds, and establish crucial ecological corridors within urban landscapes.

Avifaunal Diversity in Telangana State: A Case Study in Campus of Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India

Population Studies on different agricultural and other bird species were carried out at Students farm, College farm, Agri biodiversity park, and Agricultural Research Institute farm areas of Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU) Campus in semiarid region of Telangana state covering an area of about 36 Sq.km. for a period of eleven years (2012 to 2023). Population diversity of 92 species of different birds, and their distribution within the university campus farm areas were recorded. Important among them are 9 species namely: Blue rock pigeon (Columba livia), Spotted dove (Streptopelia chinensis), Rose ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri),Common myna (Acridotheres tristis), House crow (Corvus splendens), House sparrow (Passer domesticus), Baya weaver bird (Ploceus philippinus), White throated munia (Lonchura malabarica), and Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) which depredate experimental field crops among them only few birds such as: Rose ringed parakeets, House crows, House sparrows, Pigeons, Baya weavers, Peafowls and Munias were serious bird pests to major agricultural and horticultural crops. The University farm areas were found to be the most preferred habitat for many of these birds, it could be due to availability of food, breeding, roosting and resting sites in abundance because of more agricultural croplands and agro forestry trees.

Nidification and Breeding Success of Spotted Dove (Streptopelia chinensis) in District Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Nidification and Breeding Success of Spotted Dove (Streptopelia chinensis) in District Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Concentrations and biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants in three granivorous food chains from an abandoned e-waste recycling site.

The distinct accumulation patterns of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) among granivorous groups and the biomagnification of POPs from crops to granivorous species are still unclear. In this study, occurrence and biomagnification of POPs in three granivorous species including spotted dove (Spilopelia chinensis), scaly-breasted munia (Lonchura punctulata), and reed vole (Microtus fortis Buechner) from a former e-waste recycling site were investigated. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in granivorous species ranged from 41.5 to 1370 and 21.1 to 3890ng/g lipid weight, respectively. PCBs and PBDEs were the main POPs in birds and vole, while decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and PBDEs were predominant POPs in crops. The dominance of BDE 209 was observed in samples, with few exceptions. Biomagnification factors (BMFs) of POPs in birds and vole were measured. BMFs of most POPs in vole were higher than those in birds, indicating that POPs had greater biomagnification potential in vole. Species-specific biomagnification of POPs might be affected by many factors, such as physiochemical properties and metabolic capability of POPs. There was significant correlation between concentration ratios of POPs in muscle/air and log KOA, which demonstrated that respiratory elimination to air affects biomagnification of POPs in granivorous birds and vole.

The Impact Of Palm Oil Plantations On Bird Diversity In Palm Oil Estates In Nagari Salareh Aia, Palembayan Sub-District, Agam District

This study aimed to see the effect of the existence of oil palm agricultural land on bird populations in the Agam area of West Sumatra Province. Observations were made directly by taking primary and secondary data.The species of birds that were identified during the observations were Pycnonotus goiaver (Merbah Cerocok) important value index 68.75 %, Streptopelia chinensis (Tekukur) IVI 42.50, Prinia familiaris (Prenjak Java) IVI 35.00 %, Colocalia esculenta (Cow Swallow) IVI 18.75 %, Copsychus saularis musicus (Murai) IVI 13.75 %, Halcyon smyrnensis (Javanese gecko) IVI 8.75 %, Rhipidura javanica (Stripe fan) IVI 6.25 % and Porzana cinerea (White Eyebrow Rat) with IVI 6.25%. The diversity of bird species in the oil palm plantations is low because only 8 bird species were found. The results of this study were basic data that need to be developed because there are effects that need to be multiplied further. The existence of oil palm plantations has an effect on the diversity of animal populations, especially birds around the land.

The avian diversity of Chemmattamvayal Wetlands and adjacent areas of Kasaragod District, Kerala, India

The avian diversity of Chemmattamvayal Wetlands and adjacent areas, in Kasaragod District, Kerala State, was recorded from December 2014 to March 2018. The methodology followed was mainly incidental observations using binoculars. Findings presented here are also based on the data collected from eBird, a citizen science based online platform. A total of 145 bird species, belonging to 17 orders and 50 families were recorded during the study. Among them, 42 species were winter migrants and 97 were seen throughout the year. The highest number of birds were recorded during the month of January and the lowest in June. The present work gains importance as a literature on the avian fauna of the district. White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis, Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii, and Spotted Dove Spilopelia chinensis were recorded highest in terms of relative abundance. The importance of these wetlands and adjacent areas as the stepping stone for trans-continental migrants is discussed.

VEGETASI TAMAN URBAN SEBAGAI PENYEDIA PAKAN BAGI BEBERAPA TROPHIC GUILD BURUNG HERBIVORA: STUDI TAMAN LAPANGAN BANTENG, JAKARTA PUSAT

Vegetal food is the most important resource for herbivores. The study of food consumed by bird community in Indonesia, especially in urban environments is needed to provide an overview of the ability of City Parks to support bird communities. The aim was to determine the urban park vegetation in the Lapangan Banteng park as a potential food source for urban birds, especially frugivores, nectarivores and granivores. The study was conducted in September until December 2018 . Data were analyzed using Rstudio and ImageJ. The results showed that there were 7 species of birds consisting: four species of granivores (Passer montanus, Streptopelia chinensis, Lonchura punctulata, and Pycnonotus aurigaster) and three species of frugivores (Psittacula alexandri, Dicaeum trochileum, Treron vernans) which were observed to use plants as food resource Lapangan Banteng park. Birds used 30% of trees (Syzygium polyanthum, Melaleuca leucadendra, Ficus benjamina) and 70% of herbaceous ground cover (Arachis pintoi., Phoenix sp., Pennisetum purpureum, Axonopus compressus, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus, and Eleusine indica). The availability of sufficient natural food in nature will have an impact on both bird conservation and the environment. The availability of natural food will improve bird conservation and ensure the sustainability of urban biodiversity.

Bird’s blood and feathers as bioindicators for the oxidative stress induced by metal(loid)s in polymetallic contaminated areas

Toxic metal(loid)s in polymetallic mining areas are very prominent environmental stressors and may lead to undesirable oxidative stress responses in wild birds. Finding an effective nondestructive bioindicator to monitor the toxic effects of oxidative stress induced by metal(loid)s exposure is vital for bird conservation in these areas. In this study, the contents of six metal(loid)s (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr and As) in feathers and plasma and the levels of seven oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA, SOD, GST, GPX, CAT, GSH and GSSG) in plasma were measured and their correlations were investigated for three resident bird species (turtledove Streptopelia chinensis, sparrow Passer montanus and blackbird Turdus merula) in Tongling, a polymetallic contaminated mining area in eastern China. The contents of most metal(loid)s were high in our samples and they were positively correlated with each other in both feathers and plasma, except that the Cd content was negatively correlated with Zn in plasma. Also, the activity levels of oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA, SOD, GST, GPX and CAT) in plasma were positively correlated with each other. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that the first principal component of metal(loid)s in feathers was positively correlated with that in plasma. The canonical correlation analysis (CCA) indicated that the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers had positive correlations with the contents of As, Cr and Cd in feathers, and with the contents of As, Cr, Pb, and Zn in plasma. Compared with those in feathers, the metal(loid)s in plasma explained more of the total variance of the levels of oxidative stress and should be a good bioindicator. Due to the sampling convenience and no damages, we suggest that feathers may possibly be used as an auxiliary bioindicator for monitoring oxidative stress induced by metal(loid)s. This study supplements the information about selecting the bird-related nondestructive bioindicators as environment monitoring tool in polymetallic mining areas and provides a reference for bird conservation in similar areas.

Monetary evaluation of supporting ecosystem services as a habitat provider for birds in Thailand urban park

Abstract. Yarnvudhi A, Leksungnoen N, Siri S, Ponpithuk Y, Sukmasuang R, Duengkae P, Pongcharoen C, Sutummawong N, Marod D, Wachrinrat C, Premashthira A, Tor-ngern P, Poungcharean S, Hermuk S, Kachina P. 2022. Monetary evaluation of supporting ecosystem services as a habitat provider for birds in Thailand urban park. Biodiversitas 23: 4747-4758. Supporting services are important services to maintain ecosystems by providing habitats for organisms and genetic diversity. In this study, the monetary value of supporting services for bird habitats in urban parks was evaluated based on the price for nursing each bird species and market value. Bird diversity was conducted using point count observation. We found total of 53 bird species, 27 families and 8 orders in the park. Total monetary benefit for bird habitats in this park was estimated to be around USD60,354.12 per individual bird with an average value of USD1,138.76 per bird per species. The top three species with the highest monetary value were the Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala), Asian Openbill (Anastomus oscitans), and Chinese Pond Heron (Ardeola bacchus). The species diversity index of the bird community (H') was 2.73 and the most abundant bird species were Eastern Spotted Dove (Spilopelia chinensis), Eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus), Eastern jungle crow (Corvus levaillantii), Oriental magpie robin (Copsychus saularis), and Coppersmith Barbet (Psilopogon haemacephalus). Among 4 microhabitats, birds were found the most in the trees, followed by lawn, grassland, and wetland areas. The small urban parks should be designed with diverse microhabitats to provide various ecological functions to attract and ensure adequate resources for organisms.

Keanekaragaman Jenis Burung Ekosistem Danau

This study aims to determine the diversity of bird species found in the Natural Tourism Park "Dendam Tak Sudah Lake" at Bengkulu City. The method used was direct survey in the field by exploring. The sampling was carried out by photographing and observing birds directly in the Natural Tourism Park "Dendam Tak Sudah Lake" at Bengkulu City. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively by looking at the morphology of the birds and identified based on reference books. The results showed that the birds found in the Natural Tourism Park "Dendam Tak Sudah Lake" were Collocalia esculanta, Halcyon smyrnensis, Streptopelia chinensis, Centropus bengalensis, Ardea cinerea, Ardea Purpurea, Ixobrychus cinnamomeus, Leptoptilos javanicus, Amaurphyrio procurornis, Procurornis. montanus, Pycnonotus goiavier, Lanius schach, Lonchura punculata and Lonchura maja. The index of bird species diversity at this location is H'= 2,413. In conclusion, the number of bird species found was 15 species from 11 families with a moderate diversity index.
 Keywords: Birds, Species Diversity, Natural Tourism Park "Dendam Tak Sudah Lake"

Taxonomy of wild birds’ lice at the campus of Chittagong University, Chattogram, Bangladesh

Lice of five wild bird species, of diversified feeding habits and phylogeny viz., Sturnus contra, Acridotheres tristis, A. fuscus, Pycnonotus cafer and Streptopelia chinensis – have been investigated between 2014 and 2018 from the Chittagong University Campus and adjoining areas. A total of six lice species, viz., Menacanthus eurysternus (Burmeister), Sturnidoecus sturni (Clay), Bruelia zohrae (Ansari), Myrsidea kathleenae (Hellenthal and Price), Columbicola turturis (Uchida) and Nitzschiella lativentris (Uchida), were identified and described. Among them, five were strictly host specific – S. sturni (in S. contra), B. zohrae (in A. fuscus), M. kathleenae (in P. cafer), C. turturis (in S. chinensis), and N. lativentris (in S. chinensis). The remaining species, M. eurysternus, had wide specificity – occurring in all the three sturnid species investigated, i.e., S. contra, A. tristis and A. fuscus. Closely related hosts were found to share similar parasite species whereas unrelated host possess completely different lice species. Of the five hosts, three (S. contra, A. fuscus, and Streptopelia chinensis) were found to be infested by two lice species each, whereas, A. tristis and P. cafer hosted by a single lice species each. Bangladesh J. Zool. 50 (1): 51-66, 2022

Some molecular cytogenetic markers and classical chromosomal features of Spilopelia chinensis (Scopoli, 1786) and Tachybaptus ruficollis (Pallas, 1764) in Thailand

This study analyzed the karyological features of two bird species – Spilopelia chinensis and Tachybaptus ruficollis – from Northeastern Thailand. Mitotic chromosomes were indirectly prepared by fibroblast cell culture. The chromosomes were stained by conventional Giemsa staining and microsatellite repeat of fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques. Giemsa staining showed that the diploid chromosome number of S. chinensis was 2n=70 and T. ruficollis was 60. The types of chromosomes observed in S. chinensis were 4 large metacentric, 2 medium acrocentric, 2 small metacentric, 2 small submetacentric, 2 sex chromosomes and 58 microchromosomes; the karyotype of T. ruficollis comprised 2 large metacentric, 2 large submetacentric, 2 large acrocentric, 8 small metacentric, 4 small submetacentric, ZW sex chromosomes and 40 microchromosomes. The molecular cytogenetical features that were exhibited only on the male T. ruficollis chromosome included two microsatellites and telomeric sequences: two signals of d(CA)15 on two microchromosomes, one signal of d(GC)15 on one of the first pair, and signals of AGGGTTn sequences on each telomeric region of all macro- and microchromosomes. The karyotype formula was deduced as: 2n (70) = Lm4 + Ma2 + Sm2 + Ssm2 + 2 sex chromosomes (Sm1/Ssm1) + 58 microchromosomes for S. chinensis and 2n (60) = Lm2 +Lsm2 + La2 + Sm8 + Ssm4 + Z (Msm1) W (Ssm1) + 40 microchromosomes for T. ruficollis.

INVENTARISASI JENIS BURUNG DI AREAL BEKAS TAMBANG BATUBARA PT. PILAR PUTRA SEJATI KELURAHAN LOA BAKUNG KECAMATAN SUNGAI KUNJANG SAMARINDA

The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of bird species in the area of ​​the former coal mine of PT. Pilar Putra Sejati, Loa Bakung Village, Sungai Kunjang District, Samarinda.This research has been carried out for approximately three months starting from May 2021 to September 2021. The method used for observing birds is a direct method using traps or traps in the form of fog nets and traps or snares, where observations are made at six points , as follows; three points on the edge of the dug hole and three points located on trees frequented by birds. At each point, observations were held in the morning at 06.00-08.00 and in the afternoon at 16.00-18.00 WITA.The results of observations at the research location found as many as 9 species of birds from 6 families. Bird species during the study were Lonchura punctulata (Ploceidae family), Passer montanus (Ploceidae family), Streptopelia chinensis (Colombidae family), Giopelia striata (Colombidae family), Arborophila charltonii (Phasianidae family), Phynonotus aurigaster (nis family), Aenicurus family Rallidae), Acridotheres javanicus (family Sturnidae), and Lonchura fuscans (family Ploceidae).

Short Communication: Bird correlations with waste in Muara Gembong, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Ayujawi SA, Winarni NL, Pradana DH. 2021. Short Communication: Bird correlations with waste in Muara Gembong, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3872-3879. The existence of waste in Muara Gembong can potentially affect bird abundance because organic waste can be a source of bird food, while inorganic waste can cause changes in habitat structure. This study aimed to (i) determine bird species that have a high abundance near the trash, and (ii) determine the correlation between waste concentration and the relative abundance of birds. The study was conducted in June 2020 in Pantai Mekar and Muara Blacan areas, Muara Gembong, West Java. Bird observation was carried out using exploration method and the relative abundance of the bird was determined based on encounter rates. The data collection and calculation of waste concentration were carried out following the NOAA protocol. The Spearman correlation test was carried out between the abundance of each bird species and the concentration of waste. Our results suggested that 26 species of birds in Muara Gembong were found near trash and 24 species have negative correlations to inorganic waste. The Javan munia (Lonchura leucogastroides) and Great egret (Egretta alba) were the most abundant species living near the trash with encounter rates of 39.13 and 38.89, respectively. Moreover, the concentration of inorganic waste has a significant negative correlation to the relative abundance of Cerulean kingfisher (Alcedo coerulescens), Spotted dove (Streptopelia chinensis), and Sunda collared dove (Streptopelia bitorquata). Based on these findings, inorganic waste in Muara Gembong can significantly reduce the abundance of birds in the long term because the pile of inorganic waste may cause damage to the mangrove forest, which is a bird habitat.

Molecular Taxonomy and Phylogenetic Analysis of Dove and Pigeon Species (Aves: Columbidae) of Pakistan, Based on COI Region of Mitochondrial DNA

Doves and Pigeons are the members of living family Columbidae (Order: Columbiformes) having a wide range of taxonomic diversity and geographic distribution. Seven species with one sample each of family Columbidae were collected via random sampling from different districts of Pakistan to carry out this study. The targeted gene region was sequenced and identified by using BLAST tool at National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). CLUSTALW was used for sequence alignment and MEGA6 for reconstruction of phylogenetic trees to predict the effective ancestry of different Columbidae species. The following phylogenetic trees were obtained i.e. Maximum Likelihood tree, Neighborhood joining tree, Maximum parsimony tree and UPGMA tree. In the current study, COI gene barcoding and phylogenetic analysis of family Columbidae gave results of multiple alignment which showed that Columba livia livia and Columba eversmanni, closely resembled as well as Spilopelia senegalensis and Streptopelia decaocta. While Streptopelia tranquebarica and Spilopelia chinensis have great affinity due to small clade difference and Treron phoenicoptera was distinctly related to other species due to large clade difference.

Bird species diverity in several types of land cover in Gunung Bromo University Forest, Karanganyar, Central Java

Gunung Bromo University Forest is a sub urban forest near human settlements that located in Karanganyar, Central Java. Still rarely research on bird species in this area. Therefore, it is necessary to do research on birds diversity in Gunung Bromo University Forest to help on understanding its habitat conditions. The data will be useful for determining forest management. The aims of this research were to identify birds diversity and to find out bird guild composition. This research was conducted in various land cover types at Gunung Bromo University Forest on April-August 2019. Observation was conducted in the morning and afternoon with IPA (Indices Ponctuel d’Abondance) methode. Research area were divided into 6 observation plots, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, and S6. Total species found in this study were 44 species of birds from 25 families. There were 2 species of protected birds, crested serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela) and crested hawk-eagle (Spizaetus cirrhatus). Sooty-headed bulbul (Pycnonotus aurigaster), javan munia (Lonchura leucogastroides), common iora (Aegithina tiphia), linchi swiftlet (Collocalia linci), spotted dove (Spilopelia chinensis), collared kingfisher (Todiramphus chloris), and coppersmith barbet (Psilopogon haemacephalus) were the most common species in all observation plot. Insectivorous birds were the most common species found. Based on Margalef species richness index, S1 had the highest number of bird species while S6 had the lowest number of bird species. Eventhough total species that found in S3 was lower than S6, it had higher value of Margalef species richness index compare to S3.

Diversity of bird species in the coffee agroforestry landscape: Case study in the Pangalengan Sub-district, Bandung District, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Withaningsih S, Parikesit, Alham RF. 2020. Diversity of bird species in the coffee agroforestry landscape: Case study in the Pangalengan Sub-district, Bandung District, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 2467-2480. Traditionally, shade-grown coffee agroforestry is home to diverse taxa, including insects and mammals. However, research has shown that shade-grown coffee agroforestry is also an important habitat for various types of birds. A study on the diversity of bird species was performed in the coffee agroforestry landscape area of Perum Perhutani, Pangalengan Sub-district, Bandung District, West Java. Bird diversity data was collected using the point count method, and landscape structure analysis was performed, to quantify the characteristics of the landscape. The results were analyzed using Pearson's correlation analysis to determine the relationships between landscape structures and bird species diversity. The results of the study recorded 60 species of birds, from 29 families, among 1,581 individuals. The most dominant bird species were Pycnonotus aurigaster, Orthotomus sutorius, Orthotomus ruficeps, Streptopelia chinensis, and Brachypteryx leucophrys. The highest species abundance value at the research site was recorded for Pycnonotus aurigaster, with a relative abundance value of 22.02%. The diversity of bird species found at the study location was classified as high (H ' = 3.10). Thus, coffee agroforestry landscapes are associated with bird diversity, and diversity appears to increase when the total area (TA) increases; however the patch edge length (TE), number of spots (NP), the complexity of patch forms (MSI, MPFD) and landscape heterogeneity (SHDI) decrease. The coffee agroforestry landscape may represent an important habitat for many bird species.

Impact of agricultural crop type and hunting on bird communities of two villages in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Hakim L, Abdoellah OS, Parikesit, Withaningsih S. 2020. Impact of agricultural crop type and hunting on bird communities of two villages in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 57-66. Land use change has occurred in the Upper Citarum Watershed over time, converting tropical rain-forest to man-made cash-crop gardens dominate the agricultural landscape, leaving mixed-garden (talun), rice fields and smallholder plantation. This changes species composition, community structure and animal diversity, especially bird species. The objective of this paper was to study bird structure community in rural agricultural landscape in Upper Citarum Watershed. We conducted the survey from February to March 2018. We surveyed birds at 36 point counts (PCs), each PC's surveyed six times for 15 minutes along total 6 km of transects in the agricultural landscape in Sukapura and Resmi Tingal Village, consisting of 12 PCs in mixed-garden, 12 PCs in homegarden and 12 PCs in cash-crop garden. Twenty-nine bird species, 17 families and 1.103 individuals were recorded; 2 species being protected by Indonesian law in all sites, three Javan Island endemics and one species migrant bird species. The insectivorous birds are dominant with 15 species in all land-use types. Passer montanus and Javan munia were the most common birds in all land-use types with 820 of 1.103 individual birds (74,9%) were of two bird species. Mixed-garden had higher bird diversity, species richness, and evenness index than the homegarden and cash-crops garden because of the complexity of vegetation structure and canopy cover stratification. There was a significant decrease in some bird species which in the previous study was dominant to be reduced even to local extinctions such as Oriental White-eye (Zosterops palpebrosus), Crescent-chested Babbler (Stachyris melanothorax) and Western Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava). Decreased bamboo-tree garden as Crescent-chested Babbler habitat is suspected to be the cause of declination of this bird population. In addition, unregulated bird hunting is also one of the causes of the declining bird populations, especially birds with market value. Some species such as Oriental White-eye (Zosterops palpebrosus), Sooty-headed Bulbul (Pycnonotus aurigaster), Great Tit (Parus major), Bar-winged prinia (Prinia familiaris), Javan myna (Acridotheres javanicus) and Spotted dove (Streptopelia chinensis) have rapidly decreased population because of bird hunting activities.