International Cooperation Strategies Research Articles

Environmental implications of migration: Worldwide insights

This study investigates the impact of migrants’ skills, employment sectors, urban planning and energy sectors efficiency on carbon emissions. Utilizing the static and dynamic methods Dynamic GMM, Spatial methods on a panel dataset covering 156 nations from 2000 to 2022. Our findings reveal that heightened geopolitical risk leads to both short and long run increases in carbon emissions and the ecological footprint. The results indicate positive impact of international migration, travel services and urbanization on CO2 emissions. The results also investigate interaction effects, revealing the amplifying effect of urban population density on the association between international migration and CO2 emissions. The disaggregated analysis shows that migrants positively impact CO2 emissions in high income, Lower Income while there is complex association in upper middle-income economies. The findings provide policymakers with valuable insights for prioritizing the adoption of renewable energy, sustainable urban planning, energy efficiency measures, sustainable tourism practices, carbon pricing mechanisms, international cooperation, and sustainable economic growth strategies that are tailored to specific country contexts.

HALAL INVESTMENT AND TOURISM POLICY IN ACEH PROVINCE, INDONESIA: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

The Government of Aceh holds the authority to implement halal investment and tourism policies as outlined in Article 25 of Qanun Number 8 of 2013 on Tourism, in conjunction with Article 165 of Law Number 11 of the Aceh Government, which allows for domestic and foreign investment in tourist attraction businesses. However, this authority has not been fully utilized, leading to a negative impact on poverty rates in Aceh. This article employs a normative juridical method, utilizing library research and collecting primary, secondary, and tertiary materials to analyze laws and regulations qualitatively. The current implementation of halal tourism and investment policies in Aceh has not effectively addressed poverty alleviation. Halal tourism is not solely market-driven but also community-driven. Challenges to the implementation of halal tourism include internal factors such as natural disasters, political instability, and institutional management issues, as well as external factors like Islamophobia and marketing perceptions. To address these challenges, the Government of Aceh should establish national and international cooperation programs and strategies to promote the potential of halal tourism. Additionally, a dedicated qanun related to halal investment and tourism should be developed to support these efforts.

Evaluation of the progress of international integration of Vietnamese higher education: Approach from quality assurance activities

International integration is a prominent topic of Vietnamese higher education in the 21st century. Considered a main pillar, international integration in higher education has taken place in many fields, from development of networks, models, innovation of content and training programs, university administration to building comprehensive international cooperation strategy. Quality assurance activities have become the focus of state management agencies and training institutions. Using the historical educational research method, with a specialized approach, this article evaluates the process of developing quality assurance activities in Vietnamese higher education. The results show that Vietnamese higher education has changed from quality control method to quality assurance method. This change process represents an effort to integrate higher education according to regional and world standards. Quality assurance activities in Vietnamese higher education are currently at the stage of applying common rules and regulations of international higher education, in accordance with Vietnamese interests; Vietnamese higher education is trying to go beyond normal international cooperation, demonstrating responsibility and legal commitments to participate in the globalization process in the field of higher education.

Research on Translation Strategies of Political Texts for International Publicity from the Perspective of Eco-Translatology

Eco-translatology provides a new perspective and methodology for the international publicity translation of political texts. This paper applies the viewpoint and methodology of eco-translatology, focuses on the three-dimensional transformation of language, culture, and communication, and discusses how translators can adapt to the eco-environment of political texts through the specific example of the keynote speech of China’s president at the opening ceremony of the Third Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation and select suitable translation strategies and techniques to achieve an ecological balance of the target text in multiple dimensions.

Identifying critical transmission sectors, paths, and carbon communities for CO2 mitigation in global supply chains

The critical transmission hubs in global supply chain networks have great potential to reduce carbon emissions, yet this has not received much attention from existing studies. This research combines the structural path betweenness, an extended structural path analysis, and a multi-level modularity optimization algorithm to identify key transmission sectors, paths, and carbon communities in a global supply chain network using the environmentally extended multi-regional input-output analysis. The results show that (1) China's metal industry, power industry, and non-metallic industry are the most crucial transmission centers, and some sectors, such as the paper industry and textile industry in China, are also key transmission hubs, yet they are ignored by traditional accounting methods. From a national viewpoint, China is the most key transmission hub, and its high betweenness is mainly caused by domestic demand. Meanwhile, the CO2 emissions transferred by China to satisfy foreign demand are mainly related to the US, ROW (especially the Asia-Pacific region), and Japan. (2) The transmitted carbon emission is mainly concentrated in the first four production layers, accounting for 69.46 % of the total. (3) The global carbon emission network can be divided into 20 carbon communities. And the largest communities are mainly led by mainland China. Most of the communities contain various national sectors, which offer evidence for international cooperation strategies. The results offer policymakers a new perspective on mitigating environmental stress.

A short analysis of security culture from the perspective of postmodern society

This article explores new dimensions of security in the context of postmodernity. The article highlights the influence of postmodernism and postmodernity on security culture and presents necessary measures to mitigate the risks associated with this paradigm. In a society characterized by plurality, relativism, and diversity, security culture must evolve to address new digital challenges. It presents how the concept of the relativization of truth from the perspective of postmodernism can affect the approach to security, highlighting both benefits and challenges. It also examines the impact of globalization and digitization on security, highlighting the need for international cooperation and interdisciplinary strategies. The article emphasizes that promoting digital education, raising awareness, developing collaboration, and implementing technology are crucial in building an adaptable and effective security culture in the face of the challenges of postmodernity.

Does international collaboration enhance internationalization of higher education for a non-native English environment ? A comparative analysis of NBUIs, China?

PurposeA significant number of studies suggest that both international cooperation (IC) and English proficiency (EP) greatly assist internationalization of higher education (IHE). Yet, more evidence is required to confirm their relationship. Hence, this paper intends to investigate whether any association prevails between IC and EP, and if so, how both domains facilitate IHE.Design/methodology/approachThis study employed a qualitative approach to examine how IC and EP potentially influence each other, as well as the way they shape IHE.FindingsThe main key finding reported in this study is that IC plays a significant role in internationalization efforts, with English serving as a critical medium.Practical implicationsThe findings suggest that although IC can positively influence EP and the overall level of IHE, the newly built undergraduate institutions (NBUIs) in China should be careful not to fall into the dual traps of number-crunching and income-generation instruments. NBUIs in China may consider changing their IC strategies and seek to join some authoritative or high-reputation networks in other developing countries to expand their horizons.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature on IHE by exploring the connections between IC and EP and how they affect IHE, thus providing insights into advancing institutional internationalization. It is achieved through expanding institutions' IC or joining international networks while overcoming linguistic barriers.

Rethinking of the future sustainable paradigm roadmap for plastic waste management: A multi-nation scale outlook compendium

The myriad consumption of plastic regularly, environmental impact and health disquietude of humans are at high risk. Along the line, international cooperation on a global scale is epitomized to mitigate the environmental threats from plastic usage, not limited to implementing international cooperation strategies and policies. Here, this study aims to provide explicit insight into possible cooperation strategies between countries on the post-treatment and management of plastic. First, a thorough cradle-to-grave assessment in terms of economic, environmental, and energy requirements is conducted on the entire life cycle across different types of plastic polymers in 6 main countries, namely the United States of America, China, Germany, Japan, South Korea, and Malaysia. Subsequently, P-graph is introduced to identify the integrative plastic waste treatment scheme that minimizes the economic, environmental, and energy criteria (1000 sets of solutions are found). Furthermore, TOPSIS analysis is also being adapted to search for a propitious solution with optimal balance between the dominant configuration of economic, environmental, and energy nexus. The most sustainable configuration (i.e., integrated downcycle and reuse routes in a closed loop system except in South Korea, which proposed another alternative to treat the plastic waste using landfill given the cheaper cost) is reported with 4.08 × 108 USD/yr, 1.76× 108 kg CO2/yr, and 2.73 × 109 MJ/yr respectively. To attain a high precision result, Monte-Carlo simulation is introduced (10,000 attempts) to search for possible uncertainties, and lastly, a potential global plastic waste management scheme is proposed via the PESTLE approach.

The ‘New Quad’ in the Middle East: Opportunities and Implications for Sri Lanka’s Middle Eastern Relations

The emerging geopolitical tension and the trade competition in the Indian Ocean urge Sri Lanka to plan its diplomatic ties prudently encouraging Sri Lankan decision-makers to envisage a new strategy for international diplomatic cooperation: minilateralism. This diplomatic engagement mode enables smaller states to cooperate with greater powers in small-scaled/sized cooperation patterns to increase their international opportunities. Since the Indian Ocean has become a hotspot of maritime trade competition and various geostrategic developments, Sri Lanka aspires to new venues for international cooperation. The ‘new Quad’ formed among the United States, India, Israel, and the United Arab Emirates can be a potentially lucrative partnership for a littoral state like Sri Lanka. Amid these developments, this paper seeks to fill a void by delving into the strategic reasons for Sri Lanka’s engagement with the Middle East via minilateralism. This paper investigates the newly strategising affairs of the ‘new Quad’ which two of their member states, Israel and UAE are from the Middle East, and views on how Sri Lanka can benefit in economic ties and crisis management realms to deal with energy and maritime trade issues.

The European Central Bank, national central banks, and the unity of the international representation of the European System of Central Banks

Although centred on the European Central Bank, the international representation of the European System of Central Banks also relies on the national central banks. This article analyses the requirement of unity of the international representation of the ESCB, assesses the current means through which it is implemented, and identifies areas of possible improvement in the coordination of the respective international activities of the European Central Bank and of national central banks. The article argues that the principle of sincere cooperation can play a significant role, both within and beyond Article 6 of the ESCB/ECB Statute. Although the existing soft-law arrangements within the ESCB are more effective than for the EMU in general, improvements are possible regarding the conclusion and implementation of international cooperation agreements. Stronger synergies with the activities of national central banks would also help the emergence of a more proactive and influential international cooperation strategy. European System of Central Banks, Eurosystem, national central banks, international representation

Cuba's participation in international development cooperation and its relationship with North-South imbalances in global governance

The research focuses on Cuba's participation in international development cooperation and its relationship with North-South imbalances in global governance, examining how Cuba has developed its international cooperation strategy. Cuba's international cooperation policies and practices are analyzed, including its technical and humanitarian assistance programs, and it is examined how they have adapted to the changing political and economic circumstances of the region. It assesses Cuba's role in global governance, particularly in relation to international and regional organizations, and discusses how it has used its position to further its development interests and goals. The research shows that Cuba's participation in international development cooperation has been significant and has had a positive impact on reducing North-South imbalances. However, Cuba's ability to influence global governance is still limited, due to its political and economic situation and the hegemony of the North in global decision-making

DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN CHINA: STRUCTURE, TRENDS AND INVOLVEMENT IN THE GLOBAL TRADE FLOWS

The paper reveals the issues of agricultural development and trade in China for the period 2014-2022. The rapid growth in the output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery in China is marked, highlighting the distinctive advantages of regions specializing in these areas. It was found that despite using only 7% of its own arable land, China manages to feed 20% of the global population, achieving a 95% self-sufficiency rate in cereals. This study employs policy investigation and comparative analysis to assess the evolution of China's agricultural policies and their impact on the industry. The paper further explores the balance in the supply and demand of major crops like rice, wheat, and corn, and the substantial improvements in national food security. Additionally, the international trade of agricultural products has expanded, showcasing China's comparative advantages and efficient resource utilization. It identifies the achievements and challenges in China's agricultural development and emphasizes the importance of international cooperation and sustainable development strategies, such as the "Belt and Road" initiative, in enhancing global food security. Keywords: agriculture, rural development, periphery regions, agricultural trade, agricultural export and import, China, global product security

Uneven Progress Toward Sustainable Development Goals Reveals Urgency and Potential for Green Belt and Road Initiative

The “Green Belt and Road Initiative” (GBRI) is China’s international cooperation strategy aimed at expanding international collaborations between China, Asia, and Europe through regional trade, policy dialogue, and cultural exchange in order to promote the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs). Identifying the development characteristics and deficiencies of Belt and Road countries is critical to investment and policymaking decisions. Here, we incorporated progress evenness across SDGs based on biodiversity measurements to establish a comprehensive assessment system and evaluated the sustainable development status and trajectory of Belt and Road countries from 2017 to 2021. Our results suggest that, although most countries have experienced progress toward SDGs, disregarding evenness among goals tended to result in the overestimation of the current achievements and ignore regional gaps. Economically developed member countries in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) were more successful in achieving SDGs, but they also faced development bottlenecks owing to uneven development among the 17 goals, with particular shortcomings in goals related to climate actions. However, many countries with relatively poor economies, mostly in Central and Southeast Asia, performed well on eco-environment-related SDGs. Therefore, complementary collaboration among countries may provide a green development pathway to rapidly promote the achievement of SDGs in the Belt and Road region, which emphasizes the urgency and potential for the GBRI. In essence, while uneven development is a tremendous challenge for Belt and Road countries, it presents an opportunity to enhance regional cooperation in support of the GBRI.

Hubungan Kerja Sama Perdagangan Komoditas Batu Bara Indonesia-China Tahun 2014-2021

This research aims to explain the relationship of bilateral trade cooperation between Indonesia and China in coal commodities, the influencing factors and the opportunities and defiances of Indonesia in trade cooperation of coal energy with China during the period of President Joko Widodo’s administration in 2014-2021. Indonesia and China are two countries that have very close relations in the energy sector, as seen from a lot of policies and cooperation agreed upon by the two countries. However, the existing social, economic and political dynamics also affect the cooperation between the two countries. Seeing these dynamics, this research tries to answer the reason why Indonesia and China did the coal trade cooperation, how was the bilateral cooperation between the two countries and what is Indonesia’s opportunity and defiance of coal bilateral trade cooperation with China. This research uses the Heckscher-Ohlin international trade theory, international cooperation and new trade strategy concepts to answer the questions. The data collection technique used in this research is a secondary data collection technique with a literature review method. From the analysis, the coal bilateral trade cooperation between Indonesia-China does not escape from their national interest which is over production of coal in Indonesia and the lack of domestic coal energy resources in China. So the author concludes that domestic and global factors, big opportunities and defiances play a very important role in relation to coal bilateral trade cooperation between Indonesia and China.

Navigating the Nexus: Legal and Economic Implications of Emerging Tech-nologies

This research delves into the multifaceted interplay among emerging technologies, legal frameworks, and economic landscapes, highlighting the complexities, challenges, and opportunities within this nexus. The study unfolds the rapid evolution of emerging technologies, showcasing their transformative potential across industries while uncovering the intricate relationship between technological advancements and the adaptation of legal structures. It elucidates how the pace of innovation often outstrips regulatory capacities, leading to gaps and uncertainties in legal frameworks. Moreover, conflicts between economic objectives and ethical considerations underscore the need for integrative approaches that balance innovation with responsible practices. Successful integration of legal and economic factors is exemplified by businesses prioritizing ethical conduct, fostering consumer trust, and enhancing market reputation. Legislative initiatives worldwide reflect efforts to adapt regulations, focusing on data privacy, cybersecurity, and ethical AI development. Anticipated growth projections in technology sectors signal substantial economic opportunities but necessitate adaptive legal frameworks. Policy recommendations advocate for agile regulations, investments in education, international cooperation, and sustainable economic strategies to navigate these complexities responsibly. Ultimately, the research emphasizes collaborative efforts, innovative thinking, and ethical responsibility as crucial pillars in steering the course of emerging technologies for the collective benefit of society

Europe’s Space Exploration and Korea’s Space Exploration Strategy from the Perspective of Science and Technology Diplomacy

Space exploration is an area where international cooperation takes place more actively than any other space activities such as Earth observation, communication and navigation. This is because a country cannot afford a huge budget to have full infrastructure for deep space exploration, such as a heavy launch vehicle, communication and energy infrastructure, and human habitats, and has learned that it is not sustainable. Korea expressed its willingness to join humanity’s epic exploration journey by signing the Artemis Accords in 2021 and launching Danuri lunar orbiter in 2022. The beginning of space exploration means that Korea’s space activities have expanded beyond the stage of focusing only on technology development to set norms necessary to accompany other countries and cooperate diplomatically to solve exposed problems. This paper analyzed European space policy and space exploration, which are most actively participating in the Artemis Program and exerting diplomatic power in the space field, from the perspective of science and technology diplomacy. The suggestions for Korea’s space exploration strategy from the perspective of science and technology diplomacy were drawn by examining the international cooperation strategies in Europe’s space activities ranging from space policy, space strategy, and space exploration program to project units.

Commentary - empty promises: why declarations and international cooperation on sustainable development often fail to deliver

ABSTRACT Over the past decades, many declarations on sustainable development (SD) have been produced, various of which led to no real changes or improvements. This article discusses the role of declarations and international cooperation on SD, outlining their evolution. It also highlights the reasons why instruments and international cooperation have failed to meet their targets and specifies measures that may be deployed so that they may yield the SD’s expected benefits. To this end, it is recommended that more significant efforts be made to operationalise the commitments established in the declarations and international cooperation. Also, it is important to develop and implement SD follow-up strategies, once these have been agreed upon. The implications of this article to society and other studies are two-fold. Firstly, it shows the need for greater care when writing declarations on SD, since they are not always followed up and do not fulfill their purposes. Secondly, it is important to mobilise the relevant actors so that the actions the SD declarations expected to trigger, through international cooperation, are implemented. Moreover, future declarations and commitments should ideally have institutions and infrastructures in place to implement the SD actions called upon. The evidence gathered in this article also points out the need to intensify investment in education, science, technology, and innovation, while encouraging the expansion of international cooperation strategies aimed at supporting the declarations and promoting SD.

Analysis of the Strategic Management of the Chinese Government in the R&D and Use of COVID-19 Vaccines

After the outbreak of COVID-19, the Chinese government quickly decided to develop vaccines. In terms of vaccine research and development, China has carried out strategic planning and management, including route selection, scientific research resource organization and mobilization, diversified research and development, and team research, and has introduced international cooperation to achieve results in the development of multiple vaccine varieties. China has accelerated construction and management optimization in the vaccine production industry chain, and formed a huge production capacity. With various technical means,the Chinese government helps promote universal vaccination, and rapidly completes the construction of an immune barrier. The Chinese government’s “going out” strategy for international cooperation in vaccines has played a role in the global fight against COVID-19.

“UNIVERSIDADES PARA O MUNDO”: ANÁLISE DOS RELATÓRIOS DO BRITISH COUNCIL NO BRASIL

ABSTRACT: This article aims to understand conceptions, challenges, and strategies for the internationalization of higher education in Brazil according to the “Universities for the World” reports issued in the years 2018 and 2019 by the British Council. The international and national theoretical references used are students of the internationalization of higher education. The methodological and data analysis procedures are based on the precepts of documentary analysis by Cellard (2012). The data indicate that multilateral and private organizations acquire and conquer an increasing space as executors of educational policies, guided by coherent conceptions and consonant with discussions of inclusive aspects, but it is necessary to analyze in detail how these processes develop. The topics highlighted in the reports are events for discussions on advances in internationalization processes; development of language policies; internal, interinstitutional, and international cooperation strategies; quality parameters, such as inclusion and diversity. Generally, point to the challenges of progression through internationalization at home.

Импортозависимость российской гражданской авиационной промышленности

Sanctions and restrictions by “unfriendly countries” in February-March 2022 affected many areas of the Russian economy. The article discusses the possible consequences of sanctions for Russian aviation and the aviation industry in terms of the problem of overcoming dependency on imports and the potential for transition to long-term development based on an import substitution strategy. Data on the structure of the aircraft fleet of the largest Russian companies are presented, and a conclusion is made about the critical dependency of most of them on import supplies and services. The historical development of the domestic aviation industry in the post-Soviet period is shown, the conclusion is made about the choice of a strategy for international cooperation, including in connection with the use of the advantages of “catch-up development” on the basis of the strategy of “market fundamentalism”, within the framework of the “Ideologeme of Philippe Aghion”. The predominance of foreign-made liners in the flight fleet of Russian companies is explained by the significant opportunities for the acquisition of new airliners through leasing schemes by Russian air carriers, the lack of a strategy for independence from imports of domestic aviation companies in the period up to 2014, and an emphasis on the priority renewal of the aircraft fleet by Russian airlines. The history of the development of two models of domestic aircrafts -Sukhoi Superjet 100 and MS-21, and the difficulties associated with the orientation of companies towards the production of military aircrafts, especially in the light of sectoral sanctions, are discussed. Based on an analysis of the development of the aviation industry in Russia in 2014-2022, the difficulty of abandoning international cooperation in the production of civil aircraft is stated. Despite the adoption of the Sectoral Plan of Measures for Import Substitution in the Civil Aircraft Industry of the Russian Federation, in fact, the goal of reducing import dependency was not achieved. The prospects for the proposed measures in the field of import substitution in the new conditions are discussed, in particular in relation to the production of Russian aircraft engines. Despite partial success, the work on certification of domestic PD-8 and PD-14 engines is still far from industrial development. The complexity of implementing the autarchy strategy for the development of a competitive Russian aviation industry in the medium term is shown. It is noted that in the medium term, in the conditions of a tough version of the current sanctions, the civil aircraft industry is waiting for a difficult path with “self-reliance”.