Strategic Union Research Articles

Mixing prisoner’s dilemma games on higher-order networks

The prisoner’s dilemma game is a paradigmatic example of a plight situation in which different individuals vie for maximal payoffs. And it has been shown that interaction networks that host such individuals have an immense impact on individual strategy choices. In this paper, we advance this subject by mixing the two-person prisoner’s dilemma and various multiplayer prisoner’s dilemma games and explore the role of 2-order simplicial complexes on the evolutionary dynamics. In the studied model, the fraction of multiplayer prisoner’s dilemma games on the network can be indirectly controlled by adjusting the ratio of 2-simplex complexes in the network. Through large-scale simulations, we show that by adjusting this ratio, the level of cooperation can be enhanced by a mechanism that is unique to higher-order networks. In particular, the strategic unity of the triangles in the network can foster the stability of cooperation and its spreading through enhanced network reciprocity. These results thus reveal benefits of higher-order interactions on cooperation that have thus far, on classical networks, been reserved only for games played in groups, such as the public goods game.

THE INFLUENCE OF US POLICY ON THE FORMATION OF A COMMON APPROACH BETWEEN IRAN AND RUSSIA TO RESOLVE THE SYRIAN CRISIS

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the US has always played the most important and influential role in the Iran-Russia relations. From the second half of the 1990s, one of the US foreign policy priorities has constantly been on the separation and divergence in the Iran-Russia relations, for which the US spared no efforts. Since the synergy of powers between the two countries and their anti-unipolar policies have always been a serious threat to the US hegemony at a global level, by the beginning of the Syria crisis in late 2010, following the Arab Spring, the US interests and goals were directly at odds with Iran’s and Russia’s political and security interests. The goals of Washington in the Syria crisis included: the decline of the Syrian government, the overthrow of Bashar al-Assad, and an effort to establish a pro-Western government to eliminate the sole ally of Russia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and also to prevent Iran’s regional penetration, particularly its proxy groups like Hezbollah. For achieving these goals, Washington has profited from its allied countries in the region, such as Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Turkey, as a front line. The US strategy in Syria not only exacerbated the crisis but also provided a situation in which Iran and Russia achieved their highest level of military and security cooperation in the past three decades. And it was precisely the same incident that the US considered a serious threat to its national interests and policies. Although Iran and Russia have pursued specific and sometimes contradictory interests, in the end, focusing on common goals and threats – arising from the Syrian crisis – they were able to cooperate effectively and take a new step in building a strategic unity.

Perspectives of the Strategic Alliance of Science and Theology and Non-Violent Resistance to Global Challenges, Antagonism and Human (In)Security

This study aims to analyze a synergy between Science and Religion within philosophical, socio-political, and human security approaches as the solution to the longing for a peaceful, secure, and just world. It indicates the perspectives of harmony and alliance of Religion and Science and examines the theoretical concepts of non-violent resistance related to numerous global challenges. The starting point of this paper is that Science and Religion, alongside social and political dynamics, have massive effects on global challenges such as conflicts (national, geopolitical, ideological, or religious), environmental matters, globalization and migrations, growing radicalism, nationalism, human security, or influence social justice. Historically, the relationship between Science and Religion has recently ranged from conflict to hostility. The normative action of mutual understanding and the interaction and cooperation between Science and Religion depends primarily on the participants (non-politized theologians and scientists) in constructive dialogue, particularly regarding global issues. Conflicting narratives between Science and Religion is an opportunity for joint learning and contribution to a better world and a compassionate culture. Therefore, the leading ideas of the discourse across borders are the promotion of synergy between sciences and religions and cooperation between nations in promoting a compassionate society – an empathetic civilization. Non-violent dissent to global challenges should be involved in changing the power imbalance as a source of structural violence. Nevertheless, liberation must focus on social justice, sociopolitical stability, and critical human security. In facing global challenges, Science and Religion must have diplomatic value by promoting mutual understanding and using a common language through collaboration. Religious traditions and Science, strengthened by global non-religious spiritualism as the valuable means of general spiritual growth, should assert a culture of peace and dialogue for transnational challenges. However, material science and theology are not explicitly formative to growing radical nationalism, racism, conflicts, hegemonism, destruction of the Earth, and socioeconomic inequality. The healthy strategic union between Science and Religion enforced by ethical and constructive politics can support and enhance the resolution of global issues and antagonistic practices. Such a normative-formative framework should ensure that knowledge is developed to advance human, social, economic, and environmental goals according to the moral principles of each Religion.

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Benzohydrazide Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterization, and Profound Antimicrobial Activity

A compelling series of innovative benzohydrazide derivatives has been successfully synthesized via a facile condensation reaction, involving the strategic union of benzohydrazide with diverse substituted formyl pyrazole derivatives under reflux conditions. The structural elucidation of the newly formed compounds was meticulously accomplished through a battery of spectroscopic techniques, including FT-IR, NMR (1H & 13C), and mass spectrometry, ensuring the confirmation of their molecular integrity. This synthetic approach not only provides a robust method for obtaining a versatile array of compounds but also holds promise for their biological activities. The incorporation of both pyrazole and benzohydrazide moieties renders these derivatives compelling candidates for extensive pharmacological investigations. The flexibility to introduce diverse substituents onto the phenyl rings of these compounds presents an exciting avenue for tailoring their properties to specific applications. Notably, compounds 6b, 6c, and 6d demonstrated remarkable antibacterial and antifungal activities against tested microorganisms, establishing their potential as potent antimicrobial agents. Beyond their antimicrobial efficacy, the structural diversity of these compounds positions them as valuable entities for medicinal chemistry research, offering avenues for the development of novel pharmaceutical agents. The present study underscores the significance of these benzohydrazide derivatives in the realm of medicinal chemistry, hinting at their potential to catalyze advancements in therapeutic agent development.

Determinants of union strategies towards the twin digital and green transitions in the German and Belgian automotive industry

This article examines union strategies towards the twin digital and green transitions, comparing the German and Belgian automotive industries. The drive towards net-zero and more digital economies is manifested through the move from fossil fuel-powered cars to electric cars, engendering a reorganisation of production, work and employment among car manufacturers. We identified two strategic union response patterns. While German unions are developing proactive strategies and proposals to influence and shape the ongoing transition of the automotive industry, Belgian unions are more passive, reacting primarily to management proposals and focusing narrowly on employment and working conditions without a broader strategy on how to influence the transformation of the automotive industry. We explain the observed cross-national differences by two factors: the importance of national institutions, i.e., the varying integration of labour into management decision-making, and the role of union knowledge regimes. The latter refers to internal union organisations and structures such as research departments, research institutes and foundations tasked with providing own research and funding external research on change topics from a union perspective, publishing studies and developing programmatic agendas, and disseminating the knowledge to union members through training, workshops and conferences.

One for All? State Violence and Insurgent Cohesion

AbstractWhat effect does state violence have on the cohesiveness and fragmentation of insurgent organizations? This article develops a theory of how state violence against civilians affects insurgent cohesion and fragmentation in civil war. It argues that the state-led collective targeting of an armed group's alleged civilian constituency increases the probability of insurgent fragmentation, defined as the process through which insurgent organizations split into distinct entities, each with its own social composition, goals, and leadership. This effect is driven by the interaction of several mechanisms at the individual, group, and organizational levels: state-led collective targeting enlarges the supply of fresh recruits, strengthens the bonds between immediate group members (interpersonal cohesion), and disrupts intra-organizational coordination, strategic unity, and institutional arrangements that underpin the commitment of individual fighters to the organization as a whole (ideological cohesion). The implications of this argument are empirically tested in an analysis of armed groups fighting against their governments between 1946 and 2008. The results suggest that campaigns of massive state violence directed against the civilian constituency of rebel groups increase the overall risk of insurgent fragmentation, a finding that has important implications for the duration and escalation of civil wars.

Mixed Methods Exploration towards a Proposed Strategic Union Management Framework for 4IR Union Effectiveness

In global contexts, labour unions play a crucial role in enhancing the employment relationship (ER) between employers and employees by negotiating and protecting employee rights and interests. Effective union strategies use the fourth industrial revolution (4IR) to advance employee development; contribute to the business; and grow themselves and economies. This article presents the results of an in-depth mixed methods research exploration of the South African information and communications technology (ICT) union-management strategy towards finding and proposing a strategic management framework for 4IR union effectiveness. There is scarce literature on the relationship between union leadership, effectiveness, limitations, strategies and 4IR integration with people, productivity and planetary advancement. In the ICT sector, which is fundamental to advancing the 4IR and growing the economy, effective labour-management strategies must defend employee interests. This empirical study adopted a three-phased sequential mixed methods research design. Phase 1 included quantitative findings (N = 314), Phase 2 qualitative findings (N = 12), while Phase 3 triangulated the findings from phases 1 and 2. Factor analysis was employed for the quantitative phase and thematic analysis for the qualitative phase. All aspects regarding ethical considerations adhered to research ethics. The Phase 3 findings revealed several common quantitative factors which were correlated with the qualitative themes. To advance in the 4IR workplace, union leaders must comply with International Labour Organisation (ILO) and national legislation; collaborate and network on effective strategies; and develop themselves, employees and societies. Theoretically, the study adds to the body of knowledge in union-management strategy in the 4IR, ICT and South Africa.

Key Challenges Facing AMISOM in Military Diplomacy in the Horn of Africa

The world over, military diplomacy has not been always successful. This stems out of the fact that it could be faced by a plethora of challenges. This paper sets out to explore the key challenges facing AMISOM in military diplomacy in the Horn of Africa. The study adopted an exploratory and mixed methods research design. Data was obtained from a sample of 100 persons sampled from a population of 22,315 AMISOM Staff and Civilian contingent. The study employed a breadth of both primary and secondary sources for data collection. Primary data was being collected from study respondents by means of a research questionnaire and an interview schedule. The data analysis process involved both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Content analysis was mainly used to analyze the qualitative data and which would be reported normatively. Quantitative research findings were analyzed and reported using descriptive statistics, tables, graphs, charts and inferential statistics in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v23). Moreover, the data analysis was structured objectively to address each of the study research questions. The findings show that while competing interests may have clouded the scene at regional level, partly alluded to lack of a common approach to deal with the Somalia issue among the various countries, military diplomatic engagements by AMISOM are the most agreeable way to address regional peace and security. The study highlights the greater need for revised strategies in military diplomacy efforts and novel approaches to address competing interests among troop contributing countries that comprise AMISOM. Based on the study findings, the following recommendations were made. Arguably, the most important dimension of its success is hinged on the strategic unity and partnership of the different troops. At present however, the inconsistency in unity and strategic alliance among these countries continue to challenge the seamless command and probably influence the implementation of different military diplomacy strategies based on competing interests. Further, while assets remain a critical component of military diplomacy, the success of such multidimensional peace operations is equally anchored on a civilian component and the need for civilian capabilities. The realization of effective peacemaking and peacekeeping calls for efficient management structures at the field and in Addis for strategic and support of mission teams. AMISOM currently experiences an insufficient institutional capacity and human resources required to effectively handle complex peace operations and peacemaking initiatives. Recent assessment reveals the institution bureaucratic processes are still weak.

The Lonely Strategist: Who but the High Representative and the EEAS Cares About the EU Global Strategy?

EU Member States have agreed on a grand strategy, the 2016 Global Strategy (EUGS). However, the Foreign Affairs Council (FAC), where Member States define the EU’s foreign, security and defence policies, has failed to fully implement it. In fact, neither the Member States nor the European Commission feel ownership of the EUGS. However, the need to leverage the internal competences of the Commission in order to maintain the EU’s position in the competition between the great powers, may forge more grand strategic unity. Nevertheless, introducing majority decision-making remains imperative – but unlikely. What the EU could and ought to do immediately, however, is to introduce a regular strategic review. Strategy, CFSP, CSDP, High Representative, EEAS

Word Embodied: The Jeweled Pagoda Mandalas in Japanese Buddhist Art by Halle O'Neal

Reviewed by: Word Embodied: The Jeweled Pagoda Mandalas in Japanese Buddhist Art by Halle O'Neal Cynthea J. Bogel Word Embodied: The Jeweled Pagoda Mandalas in Japanese Buddhist Art. By Halle O'Neal. Harvard University Asia Center, 2018. 310 pages. Hardcover, $75.00/ £60.95/ €67.50. Word Embodied: The Jeweled Pagoda Mandalas in Japanese Buddhist Art is a lively, provocative, and ambitious study of a type of medieval Japanese icon that may, in general terms, be classified as "sutra art." Yet author Halle O'Neal does not rely on ready categories, nor does she build upon the methodologies of previous scholarship—studies she readily acknowledges and appropriately cites but characterizes as primarily concerned with formal and iconographic analyses. Hers is a broad exploration of the very nature of representation posited by icons that embody text and the transcription process, icons that demonstrate "word embodied." O'Neal aims to disabuse readers of the belief that paintings and what they signify possess no agency. The works in question are hanging scroll paintings produced in sets and referenced in Japanese as kinji hōtō mandara (literally, "gold-character jeweled pagoda [End Page 333] mandala[s]"). Only three complete sets are extant: a set of eight paintings from Ryūhonji in Kyoto, ten from Chūsonji in Hiraizumi, and ten from Tanzan Jinja in Nara, plus three additional lone paintings. All are attributed to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries based on style, technique, and documentation; on average they measure 111 cm × 58 cm. At the center of each painting, and at the theoretical core of O'Neal's expansive narrative, towers a pagoda formed without outline or shading and instead by the tentative but strategic unity of thousands of Chinese characters brushed in gold pigment. The architectural elements of the pagoda are represented in rows, swoops, and curves so as to depict a nine- or ten-storied structure replete with differing renditions of doors and a base with a staircase. The pagoda form on each painting represents and is represented by the transcription of one fascicle of a sutra, either the Lotus Sutra or, in the sole case of the set at Chūsonji, the Sutra of Golden Light. Each building is a complex structure of "word embodied": transcribed characters stacked as walls, laid on their sides to form the outline of hipped rooflines, fashioned into 3D rings that encircle the spire, and suspended from the rafters as dangling chimes in motion. Yet the graphs are neither faithful in all cases to the source text nor legible or predictably organized, even if the final effect is of a radiant organic whole. O'Neal's book explores all of this in rich detail. Word Embodied is copiously illustrated, beginning with figure 1.1 on the verso of the first page, which immediately places the reader close enough to the large paintings to grasp both their production technology and their intermedia reflexivity. At the same time, one of the author's key interpretive frameworks, "embodied performativity" as it refers to the transcriber and the viewer alike, cannot be conveyed by illustrations of the paintings or even the paintings themselves. O'Neal has bridged this gap between finished painting and process, between perception and action, by making available her exceptionally useful "Jeweled Pagoda Mandala Digital Project" (referenced in the book on page 247, note 5, and available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wtYVZRQdVqk&t=2s). The brief video will greatly aid the reader of this review and the book. It shows from start to finish the astounding, gradual assembly of characters—albeit each wholly formed, not brushed stroke by stroke as each original character would be formed—to fashion one pagoda of one painting in the famous Ryūhonji set. O'Neal highlights her comparatively holistic reading of the mandalas and makes clear that she proceeds both from the context of the works and from "what the mandalas tell us that is all their own by analyzing the paintings as a salvific matrix of text and body" (p. 13; italics in original). This interpretive framework is at the core of her project, and the phrase in italics appears repeatedly in the book. The author...

ПРИНЦИПЫ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ СОХРАНЕНИЯ КУЛЬТУРНОГО НАСЛЕДИЯ

The paper sets a scientific problem of updating the theoretical foundations for digitalization of the cultural heritage preservation. It carries out an analysis of modern risks that determine the need to modernize approaches to the preservation of cultural heritage and presents the levels, approaches, and tools for preserving cultural heritage in the context of digital transformation of cultural development and cultural practices. The tasks and key areas of applied informatics in culture related to the digitalization of cultural heritage preservation are specified. Principles of digitalization for the cultural heritage preservation are presented in four groups: technological principles, organizational principles, specialized principles of sectoral digitalization, principles of the digitalization projects effectiveness. The group of technological principles includes the compliance with standards, scalability of the applied methods and solutions, and the dialectics principle of universal and professionally oriented IT solutions. The group of organizational principles includes the unity principle for the digital space of culture, the coordination principle for the digitalization of cultural heritage preservation, and the principle of strategic unity. Specialized principles of sectoral digitalization are highlighted due to the nature of economic and digital development in the cultural sphere. The effectiveness principles for the digitalization projects determine the feasibility of investing to digitalization for the cultural heritage preservation. Digitalization of cultural heritage is a combination of new IT solutions, new design of the cultural information space, new relationships in the professional and social environment, and new economic models.

PERANAN BRIGADIR JENDERAL SOEHARTO DALAM MEMBANGUN KOMANDO CADANGAN STRATEGIS ANGKATAN DARAT (KOSTRAD) TAHUN 1961 – 1965

This research reviews about the role of a character in the formation and development of the Indonesian Republic military organization on the 1961 – 1965. The background why researcher taking this issue due to the interest in the condition of the development of the Indonesia military organization in the early period of independence. Which is in an all-round hazard and the need for a reliable unit, has forced TNI officer AD to engender a single entity, later called the army General Reserve or CADUAD that no other forerunner of strategic unity and also mobile that right now known as KOSTRAD. The method that used in this research is historical research by doing a four-step research, there are: heuristics, critique, interpretation, and historiography. The results showed that CADUAD is the military organization which was formed and prepared to carry out the operations for the liberation of West Irian that has been delayed since a long time. The establishment of KOSTRAD as one unity of Indonesia’s elite military nowadays that is inseparable from the Research Staff Letter filed by Soeharto who is at that time had risen to become a major general. In the years 1961 – 1965, KOSTRAD has managed to carry out major operations, including Trikora Operation, Dwikora Operation, and operation Completion Problem G 30 S.

To be or not to be unionized? A social dilemma perspective on worker decisions to support union organizing

A worker's decision whether or not to support union organizing remains a critical and timely issue for American workers. We draw on the union organizing, organizational psychology, and social dilemma literatures to offer new insight into a worker's decision whether or not to support union organizing efforts. In particular, we highlight three specific conditions – social uncertainty, environmental uncertainty, and exposure – that make the decision whether or not to support union organizing a social dilemma, and describe how these should be expected to vary by union organizing stage. We also examine the effects of key contingencies: management opposition that exacerbates, and strategic union efforts that counteract, the effects of social dilemmas. Finally, we discuss the theoretical and practical implications of viewing union organizing from a social dilemma perspective.

Turkey and the OIC: Greater Economic Cooperation, Opportunities and Challenges

This paper aims to analyze potential future areas of greater cooperation between Turkey and the other OIC member economies. It then provides some specific policy recommendations. In particular, the paper aims to contribute to economic policy-making efforts in terms of the potential future areas of increased cooperation. Broadly speaking, the Muslim world has immense savings-holding accumulated over the past few decades. Human and physical capital potentials are extremely high. Yet, there are also huge economic disparities and extremely diverse demographic dynamics. This paper is built on the idea that a crucial strategy to boost economic development and social prosperity is an intense economic, financial and strategic integration of the OIC members. In particular, countries with common historical, cultural and even religious backgrounds have much to gain from such specific collaboration efforts. In that line, this paper deals with opportunities and challenges regarding the strategic position of Turkey. It focuses on sectors in which Turkey has a comparative advantage within the OIC league. It further analyzes the reasons Turkey and the other OIC economies must cooperate and build stronger economic ties. The paper suggests that such a modern economic cooperation or a strategic union that is strengthened by historical, social and cultural roots is both inevitable and to the benefit of all parties.

The Communist Drama of Individuation in Lev Vygotsky

The article addresses the concept of individuation in the work of Soviet psychologist Lev Vygotsky. It argues that the concept reveals the Soviet epistemological constructions based on a strategic union between Spinoza and Hegel. Although Vygotsky did make an original contribution to materialist philosophy and this contribution cannot be isolated from the Soviet context, he is better known as a practitioner, whose Marxism is often suppressed as an unimportant holdover from the past. It is suggested that individuation links a Hegelian dialectical logic of mediation with a Spinozist understanding of activity through a Marxian epistemology explicit to Das Kapital. Vygotsky overcomes both mechanistic and teleological conceptions of the individual and class, the social and the collective, in order to be able to sketch a political theory of communization that is an “adequate form” of individuation. This brings us to another, interrelated, observation concerning debates on individuation, developed by Gilbert Simondon, Etienne Balibar, and Paolo Virno. It is concluded that Vygotsky’s theory may help overcome the Hegel/Spinoza divide in a contemporary radical thought.

La dimensione etica e il problema della specificità del terzo settore

After the glorious 20s at the end of the last century, the social sciences have arguably lost their trust in the possibility of defining a theory concerning the existence of the third sector. Having lost its political innocence (Kendall) the concept of the third sector seems to have become a strategic unity (Alcock), used firstly by policy makers to privatize social services and secondly by third sector entrepreneurs to gain room in the quasi-markets of social policies. It therefore seems impossible to define a specific field of social action for the sector (Macmillan), and much less to find an ethical specificity of the sector. The author, by analyzing the recent literature, discusses three different perspective on the third sector. A first perspective denies any possibility of existence of a separate sector of society characterized by ethical aims. The second perspective reduces the ethical attitude of the third sector to a narrative used to conceal material interests. While the third perspective attributes to the social relationships sustained by this sector the possibility to generate ethical attitudes.

Impact of Increasing Strategic Transparency: The Case of Employees vs. Bank B

Based on a case study of an open strategy communication process during a recent bank merger, this paper extends open strategy research by examining the impact of increased transparency on the organisations involved. Using a case study of a town hall announcement that resulted in a court case being filed by the employees, I find that increasing transparency about strategic decisions acts via mechanisms of assurance, legitimization and unification. It increases organizational trust, allows organizational members to freely discuss previously taboo subjects, form a communal perception based on these discussions and then pull together to take action. Via these mechanisms, increased transparency builds employee commitment, increases strategic unity of frames and decreases the ability of management to exercise strategic ambiguity. These effects are moderated by announcement timing, their content, existing organizational trust and reciprocity.

The Strategic Unity of Heidegger's The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics

AbstractThis paper unifies the disparate analyses in Heidegger's lecture course, The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics: World, Finitude, Solitude, in a single therapeutic and philosophical project. By taking seriously the text's claim to lead us towards authenticity, I show how Heidegger's analysis of boredom works together with his comparative analysis of man and animal to diagnose and lead us out of our contemporary complacency about being. This reading puts both analyses in a new light, reveals the hidden strategic unity of the lecture course, and brings out the therapeutic dimension of Heidegger's phenomenology.

‘Distinction’ in the third sector

Claims for the distinctiveness of third sector organisations are a relatively widespread and familiar feature of third sector commentary and analysis. This paper reviews relevant theoretical and empirical research to examine the idea of distinctiveness, arguing that such claims remain inconclusive. Informed by a view of the third sector as a contested ‘field’, and drawing on Bourdieu's notion of ‘distinction’, the paper suggests that research attention should focus additionally on the strategic purpose of claims for distinctiveness, rather than simply continue what might be a ‘holy grail’ search for its existence. The paper uses this argument to complicate and extend the idea of the third sector as a ‘strategic unity’, and concludes by suggesting some further lines of enquiry for third sector research.

Getting international labour rights right at a foreign controlled company in Malaysia: A Global Labour Network perspective

The article addresses international campaigning for labour rights and global labour networking against illegitimate labour practices of global corporations. Theoretically, the article offers an analytical framework to explain and strategise labour empowerment and disempowerment in Global Production Networks. The problem is approached by reviewing how the issue of labour agency is addressed in literature about Global Value Chains, Global Production Networks and Labour Geography. Given the limited progress in theorising cross-border labour agency, two new approaches within the industrial relations research tradition – Strategic Union Corporate Analysis and Strategic Choice Framework – are linked to economic geography perspectives, with a view to offering a more integrated Global Labour Network (GLN) approach. The framework is then applied to analyse and explain the outcome and impact of a Danish–Malaysian campaign in support of a worker collective in a Danish controlled joint venture in Malaysia struggling for union recognition and collective bargaining agreement. The article concludes that the GLN approach integrates the achievements of the labour agency literatures by focusing on explaining changes in strategic labour power from the dynamic interface of strategic opportunities and labour capacity. Moreover, it is argued that semi-comprehensive international campaigns of labour NGOs may add critical but insufficient support to labour agency in developing countries with highly legalistic and politically infused industrial relations systems. Finally, international labour NGO networks will not be sustainable if they are not integrated with and supported by national and global union networks that match the power of global corporate networks.