In the era of rapid globalization, digital transformation, and rising stakeholder expectations, the integration of ethics and sustainability into modern business strategy has become a critical determinant of long-term organizational resilience. This study provides a comprehensive literature review to examine how ethical principles and sustainability frameworks contribute to corporate performance, risk management, and stakeholder trust. Drawing upon recent academic sources, the study highlights the increasing relevance of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) indicators, the Triple Bottom Line approach, and ethical leadership in shaping responsible business practices. Findings show that organizations embedding ethical values—such as transparency, accountability, and social responsibility—tend to cultivate stronger employee engagement, enhance brand legitimacy, and achieve superior long-term profitability. Moreover, sustainability-driven innovation, including green technologies and circular economy practices, plays a crucial role in strengthening competitive advantage in a dynamic market environment. However, the literature also reveals persistent challenges, such as greenwashing behaviors, misalignment between ethical commitments and operational practices, and internal resistance to organizational change. These issues underscore the need for authentic leadership, measurable sustainability indicators, and governance systems grounded in integrity. The study concludes that integrating ethics and sustainability is not merely a voluntary initiative but a strategic necessity for businesses seeking to thrive in a complex and rapidly evolving global landscape. By aligning economic goals with societal and environmental responsibility, companies can build a more sustainable and ethically grounded future.

This paper analyzes the use of cloud computing in the business context, focusing on multi-cloud and hybrid strategies. The main objective is to analyze how this technology has transformed business models, increasing the efficiency of IT environments and promoting competitiveness and innovation in the market. The hypothesis proposes that multi-cloud and hybrid strategies offer the best balance between cost, performance, and security. A literature review of secondary sources was conducted for comparative analyses. The results indicate that cloud computing, especially when applied through hybrid and multi-cloud strategies, has proven efficient for companies of all sizes, providing greater flexibility, scalability, and resource optimization. The conclusion is that this technology is not just a technological trend, but a strategic necessity for organizations to excel in the digital age.

This article examines the transformative role of artificial intelligence in enterprise cybersecurity monitoring, addressing the fundamental challenges that traditional security operations centers face in managing the exponentially growing volume of security events across complex digital environments. The article explores how machine learning approaches for anomaly detection enable organizations to identify threats without explicit programming for each variant, while also addressing the critical problem of alert fatigue through intelligent prioritization and correlation mechanisms. The article analyzes emerging human-AI collaboration models that redefine security workflows and distribute cognitive load optimally between analysts and automated systems, emphasizing the importance of explainable AI for building appropriate trust. Finally, the article examines future directions toward autonomous security response, identifying current limitations and promising approaches for safe partial-automation while considering regulatory frameworks and adversarial adaptation. Throughout the analysis, the article demonstrates how AI integration represents not merely a technological evolution but a strategic necessity for maintaining viable security operations in an increasingly complex threat landscape.

Digital transformation requires visionary leadership to guide infrastructure modernization throughout organizations. The current technology landscape challenges executives to craft integrated approaches combining cloud systems, programmable networks, and advanced security frameworks. Effective transformation harmonizes technical progress with cultural evolution, establishing conditions where creative solutions coexist with reliable operations. Real-world results demonstrate how infrastructure choices strengthen business flexibility, endurance, and competitive standing. Forward-thinking leaders build lasting advantages through balanced governance structures, expanded organizational abilities, and heightened security consciousness. Companies mastering these transitions secure exceptional advantages, transforming the technology backbone from an expense item to a competitive weapon. Modernization builds platforms enabling business expansion while accelerating adaptation to market shifts, creating superior experiences for customers and returns for stakeholders. When executives prioritize business results above technical specifications, infrastructure renewal elevates from routine maintenance to strategic necessity, establishing firms for enduring prosperity within digital economies. Effective transformations reshape organizational capabilities, enabling rapid development, stronger adaptability during disruptions, and tailored customer services. Leading organizations recognize that infrastructure decisions determine product release timing, business adaptability, and information security—factors now essential for market leadership. Such advantages become more crucial as technology shifts competition patterns throughout economic sectors. Companies mastering infrastructure modernization seize emerging possibilities while rivals face technical constraints limiting available strategic choices. Modernized infrastructure provides strategic freedom to pursue innovative business models, enter adjacent markets, and respond decisively to disruptive forces. The technology foundation increasingly serves as either an accelerator or a barrier to business transformation initiatives across all functional areas.

In the rapidly evolving digital payment ecosystem, optimizing merchant incentives has become a strategic necessity for increasing transaction volume, improving platform loyalty, and fostering sustainable customer engagement. Traditional incentive schemes often rely on heuristic or fixed-rate models that fail to account for the dynamic and heterogeneous nature of merchant behavior. To address these limitations, this study introduces a novel data-driven framework that employs graph-based representation learning to model and analyze complex transactional interdependencies among merchants and consumers. By capturing structural and behavioral similarities through graph neural networks (GNNs), the proposed approach enables precise prediction of each merchant’s sensitivity to diverse incentive strategies. The model integrates transaction frequency, geographical proximity, and customer overlap to generate interpretable embeddings that guide optimized budget distribution under financial constraints. Through an integrated optimization layer, incentives are allocated based on predicted responsiveness, ensuring that marketing expenditures are directed toward high-impact segments. Real-world experiments conducted on large-scale digital payment datasets validate the framework’s effectiveness, demonstrating substantial improvements in merchant participation rates, transaction growth, and cost efficiency compared to baseline regression and deep learning models. The findings highlight the potential of combining machine learning, network science, and marketing analytics to design more adaptive and data-intelligent promotional systems, thereby paving the way for scalable and targeted incentive management in next-generation digital financial platforms.

Understanding tropical forest change requires integrating satellite observations with insights from forest-dependent communities. In West Africa, where deforestation and degradation unfold within complex social-ecological systems, conventional monitoring often overlooks community insights. We combined Landsat-derived forest cover data (2000–2022) with household surveys from 2,621 respondents across nine forest patches, applying a convergence matrix to compare satellite trajectories with local knowledge of forest change. Two themes were analyzed: forest cover loss and forest regrowth. Sites were classified as full convergence, partial convergence, or dissonance based on directional agreement and the proportion of community responses. Full convergence occurred in four sites where > 65% of respondents reported forest loss consistent with satellite-detected declines (− 2.8% to − 13.9% cover). Partial convergence characterized the two sites with mixed local responses and modest net satellite-image changes (< 5%). Dissonance emerged in three sites where satellite-detected stability (< 2% net change, p ≥ 0.10) contrasted with > 65% of respondents reporting degradation. Across all sites, satellite-detected regrowth was minimal, though some communities described localized recovery. These findings show that convergence is strongest for deforestation, while divergences are concentrated around degradation, underscoring the diagnostic value of local knowledge and the limitations of medium-resolution imagery. Embedding such knowledge in monitoring frameworks is therefore both an ethical imperative and a strategic necessity for adaptive forest governance.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-23133-5.

Background Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has evolved from a peripheral philanthropic activity into a strategic necessity, particularly in recovering economies where social trust and consumer confidence are fragile. Generation Z, shaped by economic turbulence and heightened social awareness, increasingly demands transparency and ethical integrity from corporations. Yet, despite growing CSR awareness, little is known about how communication and trust translate that awareness into ethical consumer behavior in such contexts. Objective This study aimed to examine how CSR awareness, communication, and trust influence the ethical consumerism of Generation Z in a recovering economy, focusing on the mechanisms through which awareness transforms into loyalty and advocacy. Methods A quantitative research design was employed using a structured questionnaire administered to 322 Generation Z consumers in Greece. Descriptive and inferential analyses, including exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression models, were conducted to evaluate the relationships among CSR awareness, communication, trust, and ethical purchasing behavior. The study integrated the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Social Identity Theory (SIT) to interpret how attitudes, social norms, and identity alignment shape consumer choices. Results Findings reveal that while CSR awareness among Generation Z is moderate, participation in formal CSR education is low. Despite this limited depth of knowledge, respondents strongly perceive CSR as beneficial to society and the. Regression analyses demonstrate that CSR awareness significantly predicts consumer, while communication positively influences trust and transparency reinforced through NGO partnerships enhances credibility. Simplified CSR messaging also contributes to ethical consumerism by improving comprehension.

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the legal, organizational, and financial-legal foundations for English-language training of law enforcement personnel in Ukraine, within the framework of the Law of Ukraine “On the Use of the English Language in Ukraine.” In the context of active European integration, the expansion of Ukraine’s participation in international security initiatives, the transformation of the public service, and the growing significance of English as a dominant means of global intergovernmental and professional communication, the development of personnel capable of functioning effectively in a foreign-language environment is not only a relevant task but a strategic necessity. The study reviews the regulatory framework establishing English proficiency as a formal qualification requirement for certain public service positions in the field of national security and law enforcement. Resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine defining positions with mandatory English language requirements are examined, with particular attention paid to the lack of clearly defined levels of language proficiency, which hinders the standardization and consistent enforcement of such requirements across sectors. The article emphasizes that the implementation of these language standards should be guided by principles of reasonableness, proportionality, and practical necessity. It explores organizational models of professional language training, including the integration of ESP (English for Specific Purposes) courses, blended and distance learning formats, on-duty intensive programs, and the modular inclusion of language components within broader professional education. Financial and legal mechanisms are analyzed in detail, such as funding from the state and local budgets, international technical assistance, educational grants, and opportunities for public-private partnerships. The author advocates for the institutionalization of targeted funding, the introduction of language skill-based salary incentives, and the establishment of a national digital platform for training, testing, and continuous certification of English proficiency among law enforcement personnel.

The ESG reporting has a widespread influence on management accounting. The strategic necessity for organizations is the seamless incorporation of ESG approaches into their management accounting systems to improve business performance and sustain competitive edge. This research aims to enhance the use of ESG standards within organizations to improve corporate performance, including planning, controlling, and decision-making, through the use of management accounting tools. Findings indicate a significantly positive link between ESG reporting and MAIS in producing more comprehensive analyses, thereby providing corporate profitability enhanced assessments. Furthermore, organizations can effectively use ESG-related elements to enhance the application of management accounting in above areas. A quantitative research paradigm using an online survey with Likert-scale was employed to collect data from a sample of 98 individuals and statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software. The measurement instrument's reliability and internal consistency were thoroughly evaluated utilizing Cronbach's Alpha, EFA, and One-Sample t-tests. This study aims to enhance the effective management of accounting by strategic use of ESG reporting, hence optimizing business performance in the evolving modern market.

Nowadays, art has a special place in global economies and the important role of artists in the economic and social development of societies is fully accepted. Accordingly, the existence of supporting structures in the field of art seems necessary. One of these supporting structures is art incubators. Dynamic marketing capabilities provide startups with a platform and market knowledge that allows them to achieve their goals and contribute to the Competition to survive. In the present study, focusing on art incubators, the effect of dynamic marketing capabilities on startup performance has been investigated. This quantitative study uses a questionnaire to request responses from respondents who use the services of commercial incubators. A total of 100 entrepreneurs from the Art Incubator at the University of Isfahan participated in the online survey. The research model was analyzed based on the structural equation modeling approach using Smart PLS software version 3. The results show that startup performance is significantly influenced by dynamic marketing capabilities (β=0.937, P&gt;0.00). Regarding uptake capacity, both dimensions showed a significant effect on startup performance: potential uptake capacity (β = 0.251, t = 7.932, P &gt;0.00) and realized uptake capacity (β = 0.177, t = 5.409, 0.00&gt;P). For knowledge management, all three dimensions (knowledge acquisition, knowledge dissemination, and knowledge responsiveness) showed a significant impact on startup performance, the role of dynamic capabilities is a strategic necessity to guide, support, and manage resources in order to create a sustainable competitive advantage and achieve superior performance, and it creates a key insight for managers to strengthen their position in the market by abandoning traditional approaches, focusing on core competencies Art incubators should pave the way for the future of the country.

This article discusses the role of global multilateralism in combating transnational terrorism. Modern terrorism has evolved beyond physical violence to include transnational networks that utilize technology, social media, and global ideology. In the face of this complexity, a multilateral approach is a crucial strategy because it enables cooperation between countries in the exchange of intelligence information, harmonization of legal policies, and collective action through international institutions such as the UN, INTERPOL, and the FATF. Using a qualitative-descriptive approach, this article examines the effectiveness of multilateralism through case studies of ISIS and Al-Qaeda. The results show that multilateralism has significantly contributed to limiting the scope for terrorist groups to operate, although challenges such as political inequality and limited coordination remain obstacles. This article emphasizes that multilateralism is not just a diplomatic tool, but a strategic necessity in building a sustainable global system for countering terrorism.

In the era of rapid digital transformation, Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are required to adapt to new business models to remain competitive and sustainable. The increasing use of digital technology has transformed how businesses operate, interact with customers, and deliver value. This study aims to analyze the effect of business strategies on enhancing the competitive advantage of MSMEs in the digital era. A quantitative research approach was employed by distributing questionnaires to MSME owners and managers who have adopted digital strategies in their business operations. The data collected were analyzed using simple linear regression to examine the relationship between business strategies—namely innovation, differentiation, and market orientation—and competitive advantage. The results indicate that business strategies have a significant positive influence on MSMEs’ competitive advantage, particularly through product innovation and the utilization of digital technology. These findings highlight that adaptation to digital transformation is not merely an option but a strategic necessity for survival and growth. The study recommends that MSMEs develop adaptive and innovative strategic planning to strengthen their competitiveness in an increasingly dynamic and technology-driven market environment,

ABSTRACTThis perspective article addresses the grand challenge of reducing inequalities—aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 10 (SDG10; Reduced Inequalities)—in the context of multinational corporations (MNCs), positioning it as a critical research agenda for sustainable human resource management (S‐HRM) in international business (IB). Adopting a perspective‐based research design, it integrates a narrative integrative review, conceptual mapping, and problem‐focused and theory‐informed reasoning across a century‐long timeframe (1925–2024) to interrogate the underexplored S‐HRM–inequality nexus in IB. The analysis highlights that—despite growing global attention to inequality from governments, regulatory bodies, and business communities—this issue remains largely overlooked in the S‐HRM and IB literature, where it is often subsumed under the generic concept of “social sustainability,” thereby limiting both conceptual clarity and practical impact. If S‐HRM research is to remain at the forefront of global business scholarship, it cannot disregard the pressing challenge of inequality reduction. This article makes three contributions: (1) it identifies the conceptual boundaries of inequality within S‐HRM in IB, distinguishing it from traditional CSR and exposing overlooked theoretical and empirical blind spots; (2) it delineates major theoretical, empirical and methodological gaps; and (3) it advances a structured, forward‐looking research agenda that spans diverse institutional contexts, types of inequality, and theoretical lenses. By linking early legal and normative commitments to inequality eradication with contemporary organizational practices, the article builds a comprehensive foundation for advancing S‐HRM scholarship capable of addressing SDG 10 as both a moral imperative and a strategic necessity in global business. It calls on policymakers and international regulatory bodies to encourage MNCs to embed inequality‐reduction objectives into S‐HRM strategies, making SDG 10 a core element of corporate accountability frameworks to promote equitable socio‐economic outcomes in both host and home countries. Ultimately, this article extends the S‐HRM literature in IB, outlines practical and theoretical pathways for addressing the grand challenge of inequality, and establishes common ground between S‐HRM and inequality research by presenting a robust research agenda to advance knowledge in both domains.

In today's business world, where digitalization has become a strategic necessity, the impact of leadership styles on innovation capacity is becoming increasingly important. In particular, in the aviation industry, a sector characterized by low error tolerance and high information intensity, digital leaders must not only possess the ability to implement technology but also the competence to steer organizational innovation processes and manage employees' stress levels. In this context, the primary objective of this study is to empirically investigate how digital leadership influences open innovation capability and to examine the potential mediating role of occupational stress experienced by employees in this relationship. The study sample, which employs quantitative research methods, consists of 407 participants working in the aviation sector in Türkiye. The data obtained through the survey method were analyzed using structural equation modeling with the Smart-PLS 4.1.1 program. The findings indicate that digital leadership has a direct positive effect on open innovation capability and that occupational stress plays a partial mediating role in this relationship. These findings indicate that digital transformation processes should focus not only on technology but also on human resource strategies. The study presents a unique conceptual framework within the triangle of digital leadership, open innovation, and occupational stress, highlighting the impact of leadership on innovative and psychological outcomes in high-risk sectors such as aviation.

Purpose This study aims to explore the complex interplay between Nigeria’s rapidly aging population and family caregiving, with a specific focus on the gender dynamics inherent in caregiving roles. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a multidisciplinary approach, integrating insights from demographics, sociology, gender studies and health policy, drawing from a wide array of scholarly sources to analyze the implications and gender disparities in caregiving. Findings The findings emphasize Nigeria’s aging population’s substantial impact on family caregiving, particularly the disproportionate burden on women due to traditional gender roles and cultural norms. Despite societal and economic challenges, women predominantly shoulder caregiving responsibilities, sacrificing their well-being and economic prospects. This study explores international policies supporting family caregivers, stressing tailored interventions for gender equity and easing caregiving burdens. Practical implications The recommendations advocate for policymakers, health-care providers and communities to prioritize gender equity in caregiving through caregiver-friendly policies and support systems. Education, social support and infrastructure investments are crucial for addressing the caregiver crisis, particularly impacting women. Continued research is vital for evidence-based policy development and sustainable caregiver support initiatives. Embracing gender equity is both a fairness issue and a strategic necessity for Nigeria’s evolving social landscape and sustainable development. Originality/value This paper enriches existing literature by examining Nigeria’s caregiver crisis through a gender lens. It blends prior research and policy suggestions, offering fresh perspectives on aging demographics, gender roles and caregiving duties. The focus on gender equity in caregiving introduces a progressive strategy for tackling emerging issues, advocating for inclusive support systems and challenging conventional norms.

Purpose This paper aims to outline the crucial role of “fit” in the development and maintenance of human capital pipelines. It presents the argument that “fit” is not a static concept but rather a dynamic, co-evolutionary process, where the effectiveness of the pipeline is determined by the continuous and reciprocal alignment of the evolving aspirations of both individuals and organizations. Design/methodology/approach This perspective synthesizes concepts from three key areas: Person–Environment fit theory, the Resource-Based View of the firm and organizational aspiration theory. This paper offers a refined framework that highlights the strategic necessity of managing “fit” as a continuous, dynamic process rather than a one-time, static event. This approach provides a more nuanced understanding of how organizations and individuals can achieve sustained alignment. Findings This paper elaborates on how the pursuit of performance aspirations and competitive tiering drives organizational aspirations, which in turn shapes talent acquisition strategies. It also details how individual aspirations, such as career aspirations and a desire for value alignment, guide a job seeker’s behavior. The dynamic interplay between these two sets of aspirations is shown to be the primary driver of a sustainable fit. This paper also discusses the consequences of aspiration congruence and misalignment, including the central paradox of organizational cohesion versus the need for innovation. Originality/value To date, very little conceptual work has integrated the concepts of fit and aspirations in the context of human capital pipelines. This paper offers a multidimensional framework that provides a novel understanding of these complex relationships, serving as a valuable theoretical and practical guide for researchers and practitioners alike.

The growing practice of physicians selling health products and services through social media has raised serious concerns regarding ethics, law, and professionalism, particularly in maintaining public trust and ensuring patient safety. This study use a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), reviewing 20 Scopus-indexed articles (Q1–Q3) published between 2020 and 2025 that are relevant to the theme of physicians selling on social media. The selection process followed four stages (identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion) resulting in a final set of articles analyzed qualitatively through narrative synthesis. Bibliometric analysis revealed that dominant issues in the literature include conflicts of interest, insufficient disclosure in sponsored content, blurred boundaries between education and advertising, and the erosion of professionalism leading to diminished public trust. Network and overlay visualizations further indicate a shift in scholarly focus from the benefits of social media toward critiques of commercialization practices, while density visualization highlights that ethical and professionalism issues remain more prominent than legal regulation. These findings affirm that prohibiting physicians from selling products on social media is not merely a normative issue, but a strategic necessity to safeguard clinical objectivity, professional integrity, and consumer protection, while underscoring the urgency of revising medical codes of ethics and strengthening digital health literacy and regulatory frameworks.

The recent avalanche of digitalization of the financial industry in the United States has increased the complexity of cyber-enabled money laundering as well as its prevalence, which is a significant level of threat to national security and regulatory stability. More than 300 million dollars of money laundered can be detected only after the fact whereas traditional Anti-Money Laundering (AML) systems, in many cases, are based on the static rule-based framework, which fails to be responsive to threats in real-time. The paper outlines an AI-based system that will promote the resilience of cybersecurity, regulatory standards, and real-time adversarial detection in the American financial system. The framework is based on machine learning, natural language processing (NLP), and predictive analytics to combine anomaly detection, behavioral modeling, and automated compliance reporting to minimize false positives and enhance detect accuracy. The mixed-method design, which involves the use of expert interviews, institutional surveys, and a simulation, based on which the study is conducted, assesses the effectiveness of AI-enhanced AML systems in the context of major indicators of accuracy in detection, speed of response, and efficiency in compliance. Results indicate that AI-based AML systems enhance early-warning systems significantly, enhance inter-institutional intelligence disclosure, and create consistency with regulatory requirements such as the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) and FinCEN regulations. Moreover, the AI-based approach improves national security by reducing the risks of illegal finance and online terrorism. The study highlights the strategic necessity of incorporating AI governance and transparency systems to guarantee accountability, minimize the bias of the algorithms, and maintain the trust of the population. In the end, it is a framework that can be used by policymakers, regulators, and financial institutions to strike a balance between innovation and compliance in the dynamic environment of digital finance.

Cyberspace has evolved into a new warfare domain, on par with land, sea, air, and space. The rapid development of digital technology has expanded the attack surface, making cyberspace an arena rife with vulnerabilities. The primary objective of this article is to analyze the urgency of cyber leadership as a strategic factor in building a resilient Indonesian defense in the digital era. The research methodology in this article uses a literature review approach by examining academic literature, policy documents, and official reports relevant to the issue of cyber leadership and digital defense. Cyber ​​leadership in the digital era is a strategic necessity for Indonesia in facing increasingly complex cyber threats, whether in the form of technical attacks, digital espionage, disinformation, or threats to critical infrastructure. Effective cyber leadership must emphasize adaptive and transformational leadership, capable of responding to threat dynamics while providing a long-term vision for the development of Indonesia's digital sovereignty.

This study examines the role of amanah (trustworthiness) and reputation in enhancing the organizational performance of Islamic private universities in Central Java. Drawing on resource-based theory (RBT) and the concept of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB), the research investigates how amanah reputation ethic, amanah reputation work environment, and amanah reputation social responsibility influence OCB and, subsequently, organizational performance. This paper uses a literature review from textbooks and articles with conceptual and empirical findings sourced from Scopus, WoS, ScienceDirect, Emerald, MDPI, and Google Scholar, examining organizational performance at individual, team, and organizational levels. Findings reveal that ethical reputation actively drives organizational success by embedding ethics into corporate identity, fostering trust, and sustaining growth. A supportive work environment enhances reputation, performance, and resilience in evolving markets. Social responsibility is a strategic necessity, strengthening reputation and long-term success. Organizational Citizenship Behavior fosters innovation, excellence, and stakeholder value, driving sustainable growth.