Strategic Materials Research Articles

The power law of resource abundance and their corresponding extraction: Evidence to be accounted in the frame of the critical raw materials initiatives for the energy transition

Responsible sourcing of minerals and metals is critical for the transition to a low-carbon energy system. The increased demand for these materials requires a shift towards more efficient and environmentally friendly mining practices, as well as better recycling and reuse of these materials. Based on a transdisciplinary approach, in this work, the power law, normally used to model biological systems, is applied for the first time to model the relationship between the abundance of strategic elements and their extraction, at different times (in 1999 and 2023). An increase in the exponent of the power law when analyzing materials production data in 1999 and 2023 (the data can be fitted by two power laws with an exponent of 0.61 and 0.74, respectively) suggests changes in production dynamics, which could be driven by factors such as increased demand, improved efficiency, resource diversification, regulatory changes, market dynamics, or environmental considerations. Understanding these changes is crucial for assessing the sustainability and long-term viability of material production systems. Overall, the proposed power law offers a valuable framework for analyzing the dynamic relationship between material abundance and production over time, providing insights that can inform decision-making and support efforts toward sustainable resource management and economic development. This is particularly important with the recently established policies about the increase of mining activities in the EU countries.Based on these findings, this study suggests several priority actions, to achieve the objectives of the Critical Raw Materials Act, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of the proposed European plan to increase the availability of strategic materials. This involves diversifying resource inputs, promoting renewable and alternative materials, and adopting practices that prioritize conservation and responsible stewardship of natural resources.

Biotechnological Tool for Metal(loid)s as Cd, Cu, Ni, and P Management with Multiple Approaches: Bioremediation, Recovery of Raw Materials, and Food Safety

Contaminated soils are a challenge for implementing biotechnology in bioremediation, the recovery of Critical and Strategic Raw Materials (CRMs and SRMs), and food security. European Union (EU) Governments have established strict limits on As, Pb, Cd, and Hg in foods (Document 32023R0915) and requested the recovery of 34 CRMs within a circular economy (CE) (5th CRMs list). This study proposed a biotechnological tool for the decontamination of soil with heavy metal(loid)s by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM)-assisted phytoextraction and the subsequent recovery of CRMs or by phytostabilization to prevent their entry into the food chain. It consisted of placing Baccharis salicifolia plants, inoculated or non-inoculated with AM fungi, into bioreactors (BRs) containing mining soil with Cd, Ni, and Cu, according to the Argentinian Patent (AR090183B1). The bioextractive potential (BP) was also estimated at the highest Technological Readiness Level (TRL) using a vegetable depuration module (VDM, TRL 6). Inoculated plants showed significantly higher aerial bioaccumulation coefficients (Cd: 68.62; P: 2.99; Ni: 2.51; Cu: 0.18) in BRs, and the BP values reached 1.16 g, 9.75 g, 2.40 g, and 213.1 g for Ni, Cd, Cu, and P, respectively. Finally, these CRMs and SRMs could be recovered from biomass through hydrometallurgy within a CE framework.

Raw Material Management Strategy in The Production Process of Tos-Tos Tortilla Chips (Case Study at PT Dua Kelinci)

PT Dua Kelinci is a company based in Pati that operates in the food industry. The purpose of this study is to analyze the raw material management strategy in the production process within PT Dua Kelinci’s Tos-tos Tortilla Chips division. The focus of this study is the role of the production supervisor in managing raw materials and ensuring efficient processes. This study employed a qualitative descriptive method, utilizing primary data collected through interviews. The data was then analyzed through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings of the study indicate that PT Dua Kelinci implements its raw material management strategy by (1) following a production process in accordance with work guidelines that outline monthly food orders, (2) recording input and output materials for accurate tracking, and (3) sourcing materials based on the quantity and variety of food orders, ensuring timely procurement of required flavors. This approach ensures a smooth production process, helps maintain product quality, and fulfills customer demands. Efficient management of raw materials not only reduces the likelihood of production delays but also ensures operational stability and cost control. The study concludes that strategic raw material management is essential for sustaining production efficiency and product quality at PT Dua Kelinci.

System analysis with life cycle assessment for NiMH battery recycling.

The nickel metal hydride (NiMH) battery technology has been designed for use in electric vehicles, solar-powered applications and power tools. These batteries contain the critical and strategic raw materials cobalt, nickel and several rare earth elements (REE). When designing a battery recycling process, there are several choices to be made regarding end-products and process chemicals. The aim of this study is to investigate and compare the environmental and economic sustainability of different recycling options for NiMH batteries by taking projected market developments into consideration and by applying life cycle assessment and life cycle costing methods. The comparative study is limited to recovery of the REEs. Two hydrometallurgical processes for recovery of the REEs from the anode material are compared with extraction of REEs from primary sources in China. The processes compared are a high-temperature sulfation roasting process and a process based on hydrochloric acid leaching followed by precipitation of REE oxalates. By comparing the different recycling approaches, the hydrochloric acid process performs best. However, the use of oxalic acid has a large impact on the overall sustainability footprint. For the sulfation roasting process, the energy, sodium hydroxide and sulphuric acid consumption contribute most to the total environmental footprint. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Sustainable metals: science and systems'.

State policy on provision of strategic stocks of petroleum products in the structure of the state reserve

The object of research is the state policy on provision of strategic stocks of petroleum products in the structure of the state reserve. The article defines the importance of reserving for ensuring the strategic needs of the state in the state reserve system of Ukraine of such resources as oil, petroleum products, fuel and lubricants. There were established the factors of influence that require the transformation of approaches to the formatting the state reserve of strategic materials. It was proved the need to create a special model of state management of petroleum products, fuel and lubricant reserves in the structure of the state reserve. It was disclosed the peculiarity of the functioning of the oil transportation and storage market as an alternative to the state reserve system as for Ukraine. It was made an analysis of the Ukrainian legislation regarding the formation of the strategic reserve of oil and petroleum products. It was investigated the foreign experience of state policy in the field of reserving strategic reserves of oil and petroleum products. There were explored the ways of revealing the potential of legal adjusting of the processes of forming the strategic state reserve in Ukraine. There were developed the directions for improving the state policy in Ukraine regarding the formation of reserves of petroleum products based on the example of foreign countries. It was proved the expediency of expanding various forms of involvement of private sector entities in the processes of forming the state strategic reserve. There were determined the peculiarities of the model of interaction between the state and the private sector in this matter. There were prognosed further trends in the development of the global oil and oil products storage market. There were identified the potential opportunities for expanding Ukraine's participation in the global oil and oil products storage market. It was disclosed the mechanisms of state participation in the process of forming strategic reserves of oil and oil products in foreign countries. There were also determined the further need for the formation of the Ukrainian market for the storage of oil and oil products as an element of the state reserve system.

Dehydration Conditions and Ultrafast Rehydration of Prussian White: Phase Transition Dynamics and Implications for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Prussian White (PW) is a strategic cathode material for sodium-ion batteries, offering a high theoretical capacity and voltage. However, the crystalline structure and the electrochemical performance of PW strongly depend on the hydration level, which is difficult to control, leading to discrepancies in the results and interpretations presented in the literature. This work aims to provide a deeper insight into the dehydration process of PW materials and a better understanding of the impact of their fast rehydration, upon exposure to moisture, on their characterization. For this purpose, a Na1.87Mn[Fe(CN)6]0.99·1.99H2O sample was synthesized by a coprecipitation method and subsequently dehydrated to remove water. After thorough characterization, our findings show that drying parameters, such as temperature and pressure, strongly influence the post-drying result. Moreover, the dehydrated samples rehydrate within minutes of exposure to air, which may explain some discrepancies observed in the literature and highlights the necessity to work under fully air-tight conditions.

Construction of the “Mission poCELLble” -Cellular Structure and Function: A Strategic Intervention Material (SIM) for Grade 7 Biology

This study aimed to address the persistent challenges of low student mastery in Grade 7 Biology by constructing and validating a Strategic Intervention Material (SIM) titled "Mission poCELLble" – Cellular Structure and Function. The development process was driven by the urgency to provide targeted support for students struggling with key concepts in cellular biology. A Strategic Intervention Material (SIM) for grade seven biology was the main objective of this study. The SIM was meticulously crafted based on the identified least mastered skills and the Department of Education's standard criteria for SIM construction. This research followed the input-process-output model of developing instructional material, utilizing two sets of questionnaires: one set for five identified experts and one for teacher and student users, each containing 19 statements tailored to their respective roles. Data analysis informed the construction of the SIMs, including identifying least mastered skills, assessing student-teacher agreement with the Kappa Measure, and measuring expert and readability levels with Cronbach's alpha and Flesh-Kincaid Reading Ease.The results revealed that the SIM content, pedagogical and technical aspects were “very evident” as rated by the experts. The internal consistency between responses are rated as “good”. These findings suggest the potential of the "Mission poCELLble" SIM as a valuable tool for intervention purposes in Grade 7 Biology classrooms. Further research is recommended to assess the SIM's effectiveness in improving student learning outcomes.

UNLOCKING ALGEBRA: DEVELOPING STRATEGIC INTERVENTION MATERIALS TO BOOST GRADE VII COMPETENCIES

This study aimed to develop a Strategic Intervention Material (SIM) addressing the Least Learned Competencies of Grade 7 students in a public secondary school in Agusan del Sur, specifically focused on solving problems involving algebraic expressions during the 2021-2022 academic year. The research employed an educational design approach to systematically design, develop, and evaluate the intervention. The study identified the most preferred activities by student evaluators across the six facets of understanding, which included "Concept Map," "Represent Me," "My Facemask," "Tiles," "You Are X Years Old," and "Synthesis Journal." Furthermore, teacher validators rated the instructional quality of the SIM in terms of content, format, presentation, organization, and accuracy as very satisfactory, with an overall weighted mean of 3.63. These results highlighted extension activity and implementation of the SIM to address student’s difficulties in the least learned areas, contributing valuable insights for enhancing instructional materials in Mathematics education. KEYWORDS: Strategic Intervention Material (SIM), Solving Problems, Algebraic Expression, 6 Facets of Understanding, Math Education.

Evaluating CO2 sequestration through Technosol constructed from coal mining waste

This paper proposes enhancing CO2 sequestration and recovering degraded areas using Technosols constructed with coal waste and strategic materials. The evaluation of carbon capture considered four methods: (i) plant dry mass produced by Megathyrsus Maximus cv. Mombasa (ii) carbon incorporation via biochar, (iii) microbial biomass carbon, and (iv) mineral sequestration by lime. Local soil from the mine site was used as a control. Results show soil fertility parameters of the Technosols according to Brazilian guidelines. Plant growth increased with biochar incorporation but was still lower than in control soil. The pH, chemical, and mineralogical composition data were combined with geochemical reactions, showing the interaction of coal waste compounds, mainly pyrite with lime. Regarding calculating the CO2 capture potential, biochar and mineral carbonation were the most relevant means for the designed system. The best performance obtained can capture approximately 65 t CO2eq ha−1, about four times greater than the systems traditionally used to recover waste disposal areas. The study demonstrates the feasibility of incorporating mining site recovery, waste disposal, and emissions mitigation in a closed system, providing sustainable options for the coal mining industry.

Electrochemical Characterization of Silver and Iron Ions in Choline Chloride-Ethylene Glycol DES Electrolyte

Solar energy is growing to be an important source of renewable energy in the world, and the need of recycling processes to recover the strategic materials used for this technology are necessary. Ag may be recovered from photovoltaic cells using a Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES), by selectively dissolving Ag from the waste to Ag(I) by use of an Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple before the recovery of Ag metal by electrowinning. Electrochemical characterization of Ag and Fe ions in ethaline DES showed that Ag, Ag(I), Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions are stable, and the standard potentials of the relevant reactions are sufficiently far from one another for the electrochemical recovery of Ag. Diffusion coefficient were estimated to be 1.77-4.16 ·10-7 cm2/s and 2.02-3.19 ·10-7 cm2/s for Ag(I) and Fe(II) ions, respectively. High quality Ag deposits were obtained with Fe ions in the solution, and with water content up to 10 wt% in the DES electrolyte.

RESEARCH ACTIVITY ON PV WASTE RECYCLING IN ENEA

ENEA is dedicating significant efforts to the research activity concerning the treatment of End-of-Life (EoL) photovoltaic panels (PVs), which is a worldwide emergent issue to be urgently solved. With PVs typically having a lifespan of 25 years, the volume of PV waste is projected to increase rapidly by 2030. This issue is compounded by the composition of photovoltaics, which includes hazardous materials, necessitating the development of technological solutions to mitigate the environmental impact of commonly used recycling methods. Additionally, strategic materials present in PVs make the valorization of recovered materials highly advantageous. ENEA is actively involved in several research projects focused on EoL PVs recycling. This article will outline the main objectives of these projects and present the key findings achieved by ENEA's research team.

Advancing Hydrogen Gas Utilization in Industrial Boilers: Impacts on Critical Boiler Components, Mitigation Measures, and Future Perspectives

This review sets out to investigate the detrimental impacts of hydrogen gas (H2) on critical boiler components and provide appropriate state-of-the-art mitigation measures and future research directions to advance its use in industrial boiler operations. Specifically, the study focused on hydrogen embrittlement (HE) and high-temperature hydrogen attack (HTHA) and their effects on boiler components. The study provided a fundamental understanding of the evolution of these damage mechanisms in materials and their potential impact on critical boiler components in different operational contexts. Subsequently, the review highlighted general and specific mitigation measures, hydrogen-compatible materials (such as single-crystal PWA 1480E, Inconel 625, and Hastelloy X), and hydrogen barrier coatings (such as TiAlN) for mitigating potential hydrogen-induced damages in critical boiler components. This study also identified strategic material selection approaches and advanced approaches based on computational modeling (such as phase-field modeling) and data-driven machine learning models that could be leveraged to mitigate potential equipment failures due to HE and HTHA under elevated H2 conditions. Finally, future research directions were outlined to facilitate future implementation of mitigation measures, material selection studies, and advanced approaches to promote the extensive and sustainable use of H2 in industrial boiler operations.

Heavy Metal-Based Toxic Oxo-Pollutants Sequestration by Advanced Functional Porous Materials for Safe Drinking Water.

ConspectusWater scarcity as a consequence of either environmental or economic actions is the most compelling global concern of the 21st century, as ∼2 billion people (26% of the total population) struggle to access safe drinking water and ∼3.6 billion (46% of the total population) lack access to clean water sanitation. In this context, groundwater pollution by toxic heavy metals and/or their oxo-pollutants, such as CrO42-, Cr2O72-, AsO43-, SeO32-, SeO42-, TcO4-, UO22+, etc., have been becoming rapidly growing global concerns. The severe toxicity upon bioaccumulation of these oxo-anions has prompted the US Environment Protection Agency (EPA) to mark these persistent and hazardous substances as priority pollutants. Additionally, the heavy-metal-based pollutants are difficult to transform into eco-friendly substances, thus presenting serious challenges toward human health and environmental preservation. To this end, the emergence of advanced functional porous materials (AFPMs), including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), metal-organic polyhedrons (MOPs), porous organic polymers (POPs), etc., have presented extraordinary opportunities in material research and water treatment applications. The liberty in designing and structural tunability of AFPMs, facilitated by utilization of structure-encoded molecular building blocks, enables precise control over target-specificity and structure-property correlations. Bridging the gap between strategic material design and on-demand real-world application can facilitate the development of next-generation sorbents/ion-exchangers for efficient water treatment.In this Account, we summarize the recent advancements from our group toward the development of cutting-edge multifunctional ionic-porous sorbents, offering viable solutions toward providing clean and safe drinking water. Our vision allows us to comprehend this challenge through two strategic factors: efficient oxo-anion capture via ion-exchange and specific host-guest interactions via installation of modular functional groups. To provide an overview, we first highlight the different structural variants and coexistance of various toxic oxo-anions depending on the pH of the medium and their adverse effects. Next, we highlight the promising potential of water stable cationic MOFs toward selective remediation of toxic Cr(VI), Mn(VII), Tc(VI), Se(IV), Se(VI), U (VI), As(III), and As(V)-based toxic oxo-pollutants from water. In the subsequent sections, we summarize the target-specific design strategies and oxo-anion remediation performances of ionic porous organic polymers and hybrid functional porous materials. The key role of target-specific designability and/or structural fine-tuning of AFPMs toward preferential sorption of oxo-pollutants is systematically demonstrate. Particularly, the role of ion-exchange (anion-exchange) processes toward targeted oxo-pollutant capture by ionic AFPMs has been discussed in details. In several examples, the AFPMs were successful in reducing the toxic oxo-anion concentration levels lower than the permitted values for drinking water by the World Health Organizing Committee (WHO), showcasing their real-world applicability potency.Our contemporaneous endeavors in exploring ionic AFPMs for selective toxic oxo-anion sequestration may serve as a blueprint to researchers for future development of the next generation sorbent materials for energy-economically feasible water treatment methods.

Effectiveness Of Feedback, Reframe, Assess, Model, And Enhance (FRAME) in the Enhancing of Learners’ Performance of 9 Grader Students in Mathematics

Despite great efforts by the Department of Education, the Philippines during the 2022–2023 period exhibits one of the narrowest disparities in arithmetic performance between students in the highest and lowest quartiles of the economic, social, and cultural status index. This insight motivates the current study’s goal of developing material that will help enhance the student's performance in mathematics. This study developed Strategic Intervention Material (SIM) to enhance the learners’ performance in mathematics among 9th graders of Don Jose Integrated High School in the City of Santa Rosa, Laguna. The SIM was designed to help the selected 62 participants learn geometry competency. A quasi-experimental research method was employed in this study to determine whether intervention materials improved mathematics learners’ performance. The analysis of pretest, formative test, and post-test performances in both the experimental and comparison groups provides a comprehensive look at the impact of educational interventions. Hence, there is a statistically significant difference between the pretest, formative, and post-test scores in enhancing learners’ mathematics performance with the use of strategic intervention material. The use of Strategic Intervention Material promotes active learning and engagement among learners; thus, it can be used to help students with mathematics anxiety. Results showed that SIM effectively enhances learners’ mathematics performance based on the mean, standard deviation, independent sample t-test, and Cohen’s d. Moreover, the subjects demonstrated positive behavior toward the intervention. This entails cutting down on improper behavior, spending more time on instruction, and assisting instructors in teaching, modeling, and meeting students’ needs.

Constructing a medium-entropy and A-site deficient perovskite oxide for efficient electrocatalytic oxygen evolution

Electrochemical water splitting has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional fossil fuels, providing an efficient and eco-friendly pathway to generate clean hydrogen energy. While the development of high-entropy oxides (HEOs) has introduced a paradigm of integrating multiple metal elements, medium-entropy oxides (MEOs) have been recognized as a more advantageous option partly due to the more controlled entropy levels in MEOs, allowing for a finely-tuned balance between compositional complexity and functional optimization. Building on this concept, this study introduces a medium-entropy perovskite oxide (Ba0.9La0.1)0.9Co0.6Fe0.2Ni0.2O3-δ (BLCFN-0.9), with A-site deficiency for optimizing oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Comprehensive analysis reveals that BLCFN-0.9 demonstrates superior OER activity with an impressively low overpotential of 294 mV to deliver a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in an alkaline electrolyte, outperforming other state-of-the-art perovskite oxide electrocatalysts. Notably, the BLCFN-0.9 electrocatalyst achieves the robust performance stability, maintaining a consistently low potential over 30 h. This study sheds light on the potential of medium-entropy perovskite oxides for advancing OER efficiency, opening a new avenue to the evolution of electrocatalysis through strategic material design.

Exploring the Implementation of Strategic Intervention Materials: Basis for Policy Development

Exploring the Implementation of Strategic Intervention Materials: Basis for Policy Development

Comparative criticality assessment of a hypothetical fuel element with 316 stainless steel-clad rods doped with niobium through computational simulation

Several applications were explored, including fuel rod coatings, structural alloys, and cooling materials in nuclear reactors, with a focus on performance, safety, and durability improvements. The results revealed that niobium doping provided a range of benefits, such as increased corrosion resistance, greater stability in high-temperature and radiation environments, and contributed to reducing criticality in nuclear fuel elements. These findings underscore the potential of niobium as a strategic material in the nuclear industry, offering promising solutions to the challenges faced in the safe and efficient operation of nuclear reactors, including small modular reactors (SMRs).

(Invited) Solvometallurgy as a Sustainable Approach for Lithium-Ion Batteries Recycling

Lithium-Ion Batteries, LIBs, are the core devices that made possible the diffusion of portable consumer electronics and, more recently, the booming of the electric vehicle market. [1] Their ubiquitous use and diffusion led to the well-known and urgent problem of spent LIBs management. Indeed, spent LIBs represent a complex and hazardous kind of waste for which specific regulation, disposal, and recycling routes are still missing. At the same time the continuous and growing production of LIBs involves the mandatory use of specific elements such as Li, Co, Ni, Cu, Al that are considered strategic or critical raw materials due to their limited availability, high costs, monopoly, and geological distribution. [2] The development of efficient and sustainable procedures for recycling of spent LIBs is the answer to these two main challenges as in enable to properly manage the LIBs waste and allow for the recovery of critical raw materials. While at industrial scale the high temperature pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy are the methods in use today, in the very last years, many approaches have been explored at research level, among them low temperature pyrometallurgy, soft hydrometallurgy, solvometallurgy, bioleaching. [3] Among them, the solvometallurgical approach exploiting Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) as leaching agents is particularly appealing thank to some specific features such as the low volatility, low flammability, low costs, ease of preparation combined with high leaching efficiencies.DESs are mixture of based on the presence of a hydrogen bond donors and acceptors forming a eutectic mixture at ambient temperature; although their first conceptualization is recent, several compositions have been already appeared in literature for this specific application. [4] At the same time, a rationalization of the role of the mixture components and a specific design of the composition, tailored for the application in LIBs recycling is still missing. We here present the results of our work on the development of new DESs compositions enabling the close-loop recycling of different spent cathodes. The DES compositions have been designed considering the overall recycling process, the effect of the DES compositions in terms of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors has been evaluated and rationalized through a preliminary chemical-physical characterization through thermal, NMR, FTIR, viscosity analysis. The leaching of the most common cathode has been optimized against the dominant parameters (temperature, treatment duration, cathode-to-DES ratio) opening the ways for two possibilities: the recovery of critical raw materials and the direct resynthesis of new cathodes. All the steps and products have been fully characterized with a multi-technique approach including structural and chemical investigation through the electrochemical testing of the re-synthetized materials. Finally, these two options have been assessed through LCA analysis, being able to provide an overview of the global sustainability of the proposed processes.[1] Ji et al., Chem Soc. Rev. (2023) doi 10.1039/d3cs00254c[2] Global Supply Chains of EV Batteries report, International Energy Agency[3] Yasa et al. J. En. Stor. 73 (2023) 109073[4] Padwal et al. Adv. En. Sus. Res. 3 (2022) 2100133

Sustainable Production of Hydrogen through High-Temperature Molten Salt Electrolysis

The green and cost-effective production of strategic materials, including steel on a large scale is pivotal for fostering sustainable industrial development. Hydrogen emerges as a key component for clean steel production, but its sustainable and economical generation remains a barrier to widespread utilization in iron and steelmaking, as well as other applications. Conventional water electrolysis, a common method for carbon-free hydrogen production, faces economic challenges, equipment corrosion, and the use of expensive catalysts with high over-potentials, limiting its viability. Additionally, the transportation of hydrogen from the electrolyzer to utilization units poses cost and safety concerns. Addressing these challenges, this presentation discusses the electro-generation of hydrogen in high-temperature molten salts. The generated hydrogen can then be utilized in situ for the production of metals, alloys, and other commercially valuable materials. Leveraging high temperatures improves the thermodynamic potential and efficiency of the water-splitting process. Remarkably, electrolytic hydrogen produced in molten salts, operating at a potential of around 1 V, has the capacity to facilitate the production of a diverse range of materials such as Fe, Mo, W, Ni, and Co-based alloys. References K. Xie, A.R. Kamali*, Energy Convers. Manag. 251 (2022) 114980D. Qiao, K. Xie, A.R. Kamali*, Mater. Adv. 1 (2020) 2225K. Xie, A.R. Kamali*, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 44 (2019) 2 4353A.R. Kamali*, RSC Advances 10 (2020) 36020A.R. Kamali, US2021009415 (2023)K. Xie, A.R. Kamali*, Green Chem.21 (2019)198

Queering ESL teaching: Co‐constructing student identities through strategic materials selection

Queering <scp>ESL</scp> teaching: Co‐constructing student identities through strategic materials selection