Burning Stoves Research Articles

Field-based measurements of major air pollutant emissions from typical porcelain kiln in China

China has been famous for its porcelains for millennia, and the combustion processes of porcelain production emit substantial amounts of air pollutants, which have not been well understood. This study provided firsthand data of air pollutant emissions from biomass porcelain kilns. The emission factor of PM2.5 was 0.95 ± 1.23 g/kg during the entire combustion cycle, lower than that of biomass burning in residential stoves and coal burning in brick kilns, attributed to the removal effects of the long-distance transport in dragon kilns. The temporal trend of particle pollutants, including particulate matters (PMs) and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (low at ignition phase and high at the end) again indicated the removal effects of the special structure, while gaseous pollutants, such as gaseous PAHs, exhibited the opposite result. The GWC100 was estimated as 1.4 × 106 and 0.5 × 106 kg CO2e/yr for the scenarios in which 50% and 100% of the wood was renewable, respectively. The GWC100 of dragon kilns is nearly equal to that of 745 households using wood-fueled stoves. These results indicate the necessity of pollution controls for biomass porcelain kilns to estimate the emission inventory and climate change.

Numerical investigation of the effect of air supply on cook stove performance

Objectives: In a domestic biomass cook stove, the air supply plays a significant role in improving the overall combustion characteristics. The present research aims to numerically investigate the effect of air supply, division of air intake into primary and secondary air, and its optimization. > In a domestic biomass cook stove, the air supply plays a significant role in improving the overall combustion characteristics. The present research aims to numerically investigate the effect of air supply, division of air intake into primary and secondary air, and its optimization. Methods: The geometries of cook stove combustion chamber were prepared and simulated using species transport model with eddy-dissipation turbulent mixing. The stoichiometric amount of air was split into different ratios varying from 50:50 to 10:90 and simulations were carried out for each case. The computational model was validated and the concentration of CO2, H2O, O2, wood volatile and resultant temperature were compared and analyzed. Results: Species transport in the form of conservation of mass along with momentum conservation and energy conservation gave the spatial distribution of resultant species and spatial temperature distribution. The computational domain with feedstock inlet corresponding to the pyrolysis regime has yielded good results compared to that in the front. In this domain, the primary to secondary air ratio of 50:50 showed the best results due to the dominance of primary air utilization and, thus, less secondary air use even at higher elevations. With the maximum temperature near 1300 K, maximum relative CO2 production, and maximum feedstock utilization, the primary to secondary air ratio of 50:50 observed to be optimum. Conclusions: Due to the adequate intermixing of reactant species and uniform diffusion of product species along the combustion chamber's height, the computational domain with feedstock inlet corresponding to the pyrolysis regime has shown realistic conditions. The temperature profile and mole fraction of various species, thus obtained, can be used to design an efficient cook stove as the cross-section and dimensions of the combustion chamber and chimney relates to approach the desired division of air.

Study of Emissions from Domestic Solid-Fuel Stove Combustion in Ireland.

Solid-fuel stoves are at the heart of many homes not only in developing nations, but also in developed regions where there is significant deployment of such heating appliances. They are often operated inefficiently and in association with high emission fuels like wood. This leads to disproportionate air pollution contributions. Despite the proliferation of these appliances, an understanding of particulate matter (PM) emissions from these sources remains relatively low. Emissions from five solid fuels are quantified using a “conventional” and an Ecodesign stove. PM measurements are obtained using both “hot filter” sampling of the raw flue gas, and sampling of cooled, diluted flue gas using an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor and AE33 aethalometer. PM emissions factors (EF) derived from diluted flue gas incorporate light condensable organic compounds; hence they are generally higher than those obtained with “hot filter” sampling, which do not. Overall, the PM EFs ranged from 0.2 to 108.2 g GJ–1 for solid fuels. The PM EF determined for a solid fuel depends strongly on the measurement method employed and on user behavior, and less strongly on secondary air supply and stove type. Kerosene-based firelighters were found to make a disproportionately high contribution to PM emissions. Organic aerosol dominated PM composition for all fuels, constituting 50–65% of PM from bituminous and low-smoke ovoids, and 85–95% from torrefied olive stone (TOS) briquettes, sod peat, and wood logs. Torrefied biomass and low-smoke ovoids were found to yield the lowest PM emissions. Substituting these fuels for smoky coal, peat, and wood could reduce PM2.5 emissions by approximately 63%.

Emissions of particulate PAHs from solid fuel combustion in indoor cookstoves

Residential solid fuel combustion is a major emission source of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in most developing countries, including China; however, accurate estimates of PAH emissions are often challenged by limited real-world emission factors (EFs) under field conditions, which can hardly be repeated in laboratory-controlled tests. In this study, a series of field measurements was conducted to determine the emissions of 28 PAHs from different fuel-stove combinations. A total of 14 fuel-stove combinations were studied. The total EFs of 28 PAHs (EFPAH28), on the basis of fuel mass, ranged from 20.7 to 535 mg/kg, with relatively lower EFs for coal than for biomass. Biomass burning in gasifier stoves had lower PAH EFs and fewer toxic PAH species than biomass burning in traditional brick stoves. Fuel type was a significant factor affecting PAH emissions, while stove difference had a relatively smaller influence. Much higher EFs were found from these field tests than from the idealized laboratory tests, which indicated significant underestimation in inventories based on the laboratory-based EFs. Biomass and coal had different profiles, with larger intra-fuel variations in coal than those in biomass. Highly variable values of some, though not all, commonly used isomer ratios indicated substantial biases in source apportionment relying on single or simple ratios without correction, and the MCE was found to be significantly corrected with some ratios.

Analysis of Air Pollutant Emission Differences and Emission Reductions of Coal-fired Stoves of Different Residents

In order to explore the differences in air pollutant emissions of different types of stoves, this study selected five common new types of residential coal-fired stoves (square coal stoves, baffle heat exchange stoves, kang heating and cooking integrated stoves, Gasification forward burning and gasification reverse burning stoves) Simulated combustion and atmospheric pollutant emission level monitoring in the laboratory to quantitatively evaluate the environmental effects of different stoves, identify the influencing factors and causes of differences in pollution emission levels, and propose furnaces Suggestions for improvement of pollution reduction such as R & D and design. The results show that: ① The emission of air pollutants differs greatly among different stoves, and the intensity of pollution emitted by the stoves with kang heating and cooking is the largest. The emission intensity of the three types of atmospheric pollutants (SO2, NOx and particulate matter) is 2.9 kg t-1 It is 1.6 times the average value; stoves using square coal technology have the lowest air pollutant emission intensity, which is 65% of the average value. ②The emission of gaseous pollutants in different furnaces at different combustion stages also showed obvious differences and characteristics. During the fire stage, the NOx emission concentration of the square coal stove is 0.49mg ⋅ m-3, which is 45% ∼ 72% lower than that of other types of stoves; the SO2 emission concentration of the gasification anti-burning stove is 1.38mg ⋅ m- 3. Compared with other types of stoves, the maximum reduction is 28%. ③The factors that affect the emission of atmospheric pollutants of the stove include the application technology and the type of combustion. The stoves with square coal and gasification anti-burning technology have better environmental benefits, but the economic costs of the two types of stoves are 20,000 yuan and 18,000 Yuan, significantly higher than other types of stoves. ④Considering the differences in pollution emissions from different stoves, it is recommended to adopt differentiated economic policies and strict emission and product standards, promote the use of energy-saving and environmentally friendly stoves, and reduce the emission of atmospheric pollutants from coal-fired stoves.

Theoretical equilibration time is supported by measurement study of residence time at dilution sampling on fine particulate matter emissions from household biofuel burning

Household biofuel burning contributes a large proportion of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), black carbon (BC), and organic carbon (OC) emissions in many parts of the world. Dilution sampling has been widely used to characterize PM2.5 emitted from biofuel burning. The residence time in the dilution chamber is a key parameter for accurate sampling. However, residence time has not yet been adequately characterized for biomass combustion. In this work, we investigated the effects of residence time of dilution sampling on PM2.5 emissions from a typical Chinese household stove burning typical biofuels including three major crop wastes and one type of wood. The filter based measurements indicated that the emission factors for PM2.5 and its main chemical components such as OC, EC, Cl−, and K+ did not vary with the residence time over the range of 1–80 s. Theoretical estimation of average time scale for achieving dynamic equilibrium (τs) between the gas and particle phase in the dilution sampling system was less than 1 s. Both the measurement study and theoretical simulations indicated that dilution sampling with a residence time of 1s can provide adequately reliable results for PM2.5 emissions from biofuel burning under the condition of these experiments. A simple way to estimate the equilibration time based on measured average PM2.5 concentration was proposed. Recommendations are provided for the residence time for dilution sampling of accurate measurements of PM2.5 emissions from biofuel burning.

Investigation on the Emission Difference of Air Pollutants from Common Residential Coal Stoves and Suggestions for Emission Reduction

To explore the difference in the emission of air pollutants from coal stoves, five new and common residential coal stoves (square briquette, baffled heat exchange, heating and cooking integrated gasification positive burning, and gasification reverse burning stove) were selected. The emission level of major air pollutants was determined using simulated combustion in the laboratory for quantitatively evaluating the environmental effects of different coal stoves. Moreover, the factors and reasons for the differences were identified, and suggestions for the reduction of emission were proposed. The results showed that: ① the emissions of air pollutants from different coal stoves were significantly different; the heating and cooking integrated stove had the largest emission intensity (2.9 kg ·t-1) of air pollutants (SO2, NOx, and TSP), which was 1.6 times of the average value, and the square briquette stove had the lowest emission level, which was 65% of the average value. ② The emissions of gaseous pollutants from the coal stoves in different combustion stages also showed evident differences. In the high-fire stage, the NOx emission concentration of the square briquette stove was 0.49 mg ·m-3, which was 45%-72% lower than that of the other stoves; the SO2 emission concentration of the gasification reverse burning stove was 1.38 mg ·m-3, which was 28% lower than that of the other stoves. ③ The application technology and combustion type were the main factors affecting the emission levels of the coal stoves. The stove with square briquette technology and gasification reverse burning technology could have great environmental benefit. However, the cost of the two stoves was 20 and 18 thousand yuan, respectively, which was clearly higher than that of the other types of stoves. ④ Considering the difference in the emission of air pollutants from the different stoves, it was suggested to adopt differentiated economic policy and strict emission and product standards, promoting the use of energy-saving and environment-friendly coal stoves to reduce the emission of air pollutants from coal-fired stoves.

RESTRICTIVE HUT LUNG: A CASE OF DOMESTICALLY-ACQUIRED PNEUMOCONIOSIS WITH A SEVERE RESTRICTIVE PATTERN

SESSION TITLE: Medical Student/Resident Occupational and Environmental Lung Disease SESSION TYPE: Med Student/Res Case Rep Postr PRESENTED ON: October 18-21, 2020 INTRODUCTION: Domestically acquired particulate lung disease (DAPLD) or “hut lung” is a mixed-dust pneumoconiosis that develops secondary to the inhalation of biomass fuels in poorly ventilated domestic settings (1). DAPLD has largely been considered to be an obstructive lung disease, with only a minority of cases reporting mild restrictive or mixed patterns of disease (1). To our knowledge, this is the first case report of DAPLD with a severe restrictive pattern. CASE PRESENTATION: A 76 year old Hispanic woman presented with worsening shortness of breath for one year, associated with reduced exercise tolerance, nonproductive cough, chest tightness, and wheezing. She spends majority of the year in Honduras, but travels to the United States for the summer months. She denied smoking tobacco and occupational exposures, but admitted to using a wood burning stove for cooking while living in Honduras for many years. CXR was notable for bilateral patchy infiltrates. HRCT showed large patchy and confluent areas of ground glass attenuation in association with linear and reticular opacities, and peripheral honeycombing with cystic changes. Small calcified bilateral hilar lymph nodes were also observed. Quantiferon testing was positive, but serial cultures were negative for tuberculosis. PFTs showed a restrictive pattern: FEV1 82%, FVC 59%, FEV1/FVC 95%, TLC 46%, DLCO 7%. Bronchoscopy showed multiple flat anthracotic plaques; transbronchial biopsy of these lesions demonstrated focal chronic inflammation. BAL cytology and cultures were unremarkable. DISCUSSION: Although the prevalence of DAPLD is unknown, inhalation of particulate residue of biomass fuels used for domestic energy is common in several parts of the world (2). Cooking with biomass fuels may be associated with fine particle carbon dispersion (2). Deposition of biomass fine particles along alveolar surfaces and macrophage activation initiates an inflammatory response (2). Discourse on biomass inhalation and tobacco smoking has focused on the development of COPD, however both of these exposures may also result in ILD (3). Type 2 alveolar epithelial stem cells, which may function as both type I and type II alveolar cells, have been proposed to play a central role in predisposing patients with tobacco and biomass exposure, to both COPD and ILD phenotypes (2,3). Tobacco and biomass have been proposed to induce cellular senescence, which allows for genetic remodeling and profibrotic cellular changes (2,3). Predisposition of these stem cells to senescence would make certain patients susceptible to COPD or ILD based on the chosen behavior of the stem cell (3). CONCLUSIONS: While the body of research on the hazards of exposure to biomass continues to grow, the restrictive phenotype of DAPLD remains a rare condition that requires further research. Reference #1: Dulku, G, Gupta, N, Perera, R, et al. 2017. Hut Lung Disease: A Radiological and Pathological Correlation. J Med Imaging Case Rep 1(1): 1-4. Reference #2: Kunal S, Pilaniya V, Shah A. 2016. Bronchial Anthracofibrosis with Interstitial Lung Disease: An Association Yet to be Highlighted. BMJ Case Rep bcr2015213940. Reference #3: Kumar, A, Cherian, SV, Vassallo, R, et al. 2018. Current Concepts in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management of Smoking-Related Interstitial Lung Diseases. Chest 154(2): 394-408. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Rose Flores, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Johnathan Kirupakaran, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Chioma Madu, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Alice Yau, source=Web Response

COMBING IMAGING TO DIFFERENTIATE CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE-ASSOCIATED INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE FROM IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS

SESSION TITLE: Medical Student/Resident Pulmonary Manifestations of Systemic Disease Posters SESSION TYPE: Med Student/Res Case Rep Postr PRESENTED ON: October 18-21, 2020 Introduction: Parenchymal lung involvement in Sjogren's syndrome has generally been associated with a nonspecific interstitial pneumonia pattern (NSIP)1,2. We present a patient with chest CT findings compatible with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern including exuberant honeycombing, straight edge sign, and the upper lobe sign. After thorough evaluation, the patient was diagnosed with Sjogren's syndrome with exuberant honeycombing, a rare finding in this specific connective tissue disease. Case Presentation: A 36-year-old non-Spanish speaking Guatemalan female presented with progressive chest pain, subacute on chronic dyspnea, and a dry cough. On admission, she had hypoxemic respiratory failure which responded to supplemental oxygen. CT angiogram was negative for pulmonary emboli but showed extensive bibasilar “exuberant” honeycombing. She immigrated to the US 2 years before and had no significant past medical conditions or medication use - prescription or herbal. Exposure history was notable for exposure to indoor smoke from firewood burning stove 10 years ago and she is currently employed on a food production line. Otherwise, infectious and social histories were negative. On examination, she had poor dentition with several capped teeth, cracked lips, and dry Velcro crackles on lung auscultation. Autoimmune serology was significant for positive SSA/SSB and ANA. Her QuantiFERON gold test was likewise positive. Echocardiogram and right heart catheterization showed severe pulmonary hypertension with normal PCWP with a positive vasodilator response. In the context of the UIP pattern on CT chest, examination, and autoimmune serology, she was diagnosed with Sjogren's related interstitial lung disease (ILD). She gradually improved in the hospital with conservative management including supplemental oxygen. A twelve-week course of isoniazid and rifapentine was initiated for LTBI. Sjogren's related ILD therapy is planned after completion of LTBI treatment. She is undergoing evaluation in the Pulmonary Hypertension Clinic and the Transplant Clinic. Discussion: Although mild basilar and reticular honeycombing is a well-described pattern in Sjogren's related ILD, extensive honeycombing is extremely rare1,2. Connective Tissue Disease-related-UIP (CTD-UIP) is differentiated from Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis-associated-UIP (IPF-UIP) in this patient by the presence of the anterior upper lobe sign, straight-edge sign, and exuberant honeycombing sign. (See figure 1) Individually, these signs have low sensitivity (<25%) albeit high specificity (87-94%) for CTD-IPF3. When present together, the sensitivity increases to 95.5% with a likelihood ratio LR(+) of 5.28 for CTD-UIP3. Conclusions: We report an unusual case with extensive “exuberant” honeycombing due to Sjogren's disease. When present, these radiographic signs are valuable aids in differentiating CTD-related-UIP from IPF UIP. Reference #1: Kim, E. J., Collard, H. R. & King, T. E. Rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: the relevance of histopathologic and radiographic pattern. Chest 136, 1397 -1405 (2009). Reference #2: Mueller-Mang, C., Grosse, C., Schmid, K., Stiebellehner, L. & Bankier, A. A. What Every Radiologist Should Know about Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias. RadioGraphics 27, 595 -615 (2007) Reference #3: Chung, J. H. et al. CT Features of the Usual Interstitial Pneumonia Pattern: Differentiating Connective Tissue Disease -Associated Interstitial Lung Disease From Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am. J. Roentgenol. 210, 307 -313 (2017) Disclosures: No relevant relationships by Timothy Dempsey, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Samuel Falde, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Kaiser Lim, source=Web Response

Light absorption properties and absorption emission factors for indoor biomass burning

The optical properties of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols have caused increasing concerns due to their significant impacts on local and regional climates. In this study, particles from biomass burning in home stoves were collected and evaluated for their optical properties. The absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) values ranged from 1.17 to 2.92 and negatively correlated with the modified combustion efficiency, indicatinging more brown carbon in combustion emissions with relatively low combustion efficiencies. The average contribution of brown carbon to the total aerosol absorption at 370 nm was equally as important as that of black carbon (BC), with the average relative contribution fraction of 50% varying from 10% to 84% for different biomasses. The average value of the mass absorption efficiency (MAE) of BC (MAEBC) at 880 nm was positively correlated with the ratio of organic carbon to elemental carbon, indicating the significant coating effects of organic aerosols. The MAE values of BrC at 370 nm were in the range of 1.1–11.3 m2/g, with an average of 5.1 ± 2.2 m2/g. The estimated absorption emission factors at 370 nm and 880 nm were 3.75 ± 3.45 and 0.84 ± 0.78 m2/kg, respectively. Optical property information of particles emitted from real-world biomass burning are imperative in future modeling studies of biomass burning impacts on climate. The limitation of the relatively small sample size for each subgroup fuel calls for more field- and lab-based emission characterization research.

PAHs emissions from residential biomass burning in real-world cooking stoves in rural China

Indoor biomass burning is a major contributor to the emission of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in China. To date, estimates of PAH emissions from the burning of biomass have involved considerable uncertainty, mostly from the lack of real-world measurements of emission factors. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation on PAH emissions from biomass burning in real-world cooking stoves in three Chinese provinces. PAH emission factors, in both particle- and gas-phase, from 11 fuel-stove combinations were measured and the provincial emissions were estimated based on the measured emission factors and fuel consumption. The measured PAH28 emission factors (including 16 US EPA priority PAHs and 12 non-priority PAHs) ranged from 42 mg/kg to 370 mg/kg, with an order of magnitude difference, which was mostly affected by fuel type. The emission factors measured in this study were generally higher than those reported in laboratory studies and were comparable with field studies. The gas-particle distribution indicated that the absorption of PAHs by organic carbon in particulate matter (PM) was the dominant sorption mechanism in gas-particle distribution. The composition profile was different from previous studies, especially for non-priority PAHs, which are highly toxic and should be given more attention. Following the disparities in composition profiles, our study suggests that source apportionment based on single- or multi-diagnostic ratios may lead to large bias and uncertainties. It appears that the toxicity potential of PAHs in northern China emitted from combustion of crop residues is greater than that in southern China where PAHs are mainly emitted from wood combustion.

Emission of fine particles from residential combustion of wood: Comparison of automatic boiler, manual log feed stove and thermo-gravimetric analysis

The emission of fine particles (FP) generated by biomass combustion poses a substantial health risk. The immediate emissions from biomass boilers are mainly influenced by the operating parameters. The authors of this article present the results of an experimental identification of the real FP emissions from small biomass boilers and residential stoves in Central Europe. A single method was used in the study to measure the FP emissions from an automatic boiler burning spruce pellets and from a manual stove burning beech logs. The measurement is extended by a thermo-gravimetric analysis of samples of the fuels used, supplemented with an analysis of the emitted particles. The boilers were tested in an operating cycle that included the phases of fuel ignition, steady combustion, and afterburning. The paper presents the concentrations and size distributions observed of the emitted FP ranging from 17 to 544 nm in size. Operating cycles including a “cold start” and “warm start” are compared. The results achieved are summarized by the expression of the nominal FP emission presenting the number and mass emission corresponding to burning 1 kg of fuel. The tested automatic boiler fed by spruce pellets produced a nominal FP emission of 173 mg kg−1 in the size range of 17–544 nm during the testing operation cycle. The tested manual stove, fed by beech logs, produced a nominal emission of 1043 mg kg−1 in the same size range of particles during the similar testing cycle.

Co-pyrolysis and synergistic effect analysis of biomass sawdust and polystyrene mixtures for production of high-quality bio-oils

Usage of traditional biomass raises serious concerns regarding its sustainability due to the inefficient combustion in household stoves and potential over-usage if the intention is to replace fossil fuels in power plants. Co-pyrolysis of biomass feedstock with different waste materials, especially plastics, might be a promising alternative for sustainable usage of enhanced biofuels. Even more, co-pyrolysis can help to integrate waste management schemes into the power production sector. Plastics materials have properties similar to those of fossil fuels in terms of heating value and the absence of oxygenated compounds; therefore, they could significantly improve the properties of biomass products, especially bio-oils. Especially interesting for this method is polystyrene (PS) since it yields a high share of liquid fraction, which is the most valuable pyrolytic product. In this work, co-pyrolysis was performed for a mixture of waste biomass sawdust (oak, poplar and fir wood) and waste polystyrene from dairy product packaging. Pyrolysis was carried out for sawdust and polystyrene alone, and their respective fuel blends (PS/SD 25−75%, PS/SD 50−50%, PS/SD 75−25%) from room temperature to 600°C with a retention time of half an hour. The highest yield of liquid fraction was noticed for mixtures with 75 % of PS, while the lowest one was for blends with 25 % of PS, with a yield of 83.86 % and 62.33 %, respectively. Additionally, the mass spectrometric analysis was carried out to determine the chemical composition of the obtained oil.

A Cloud-Connected NO2 and Ozone Sensor System for Personalized Pediatric Asthma Research and Management

This paper presents a cloud-connected indoor air quality sensor system that can be deployed to patients' homes to study personal microenvironmental exposure for asthma research and management. The system consists of multiple compact sensor units that can measure residential NO2, ozone, humidity, and temperature at one-minute resolution and a cloud-based informatic system that acquires, stores, and visualizes the microenvironmental data in real-time. The sensor hardware can measure NO2 as low as 10 ppb and ozone at 15 ppb. The cloud informatic system is implemented using open-source software on Amazon Web Service for easy deployment and scalability. This system was successfully deployed to pediatric asthma patients' homes in a pilot study. In this study, we discovered that some families had short-term NO2 exposure higher than EPA's one-hour exposure limit (100 ppb), and NO2 micro-pollution episodes often arise from natural gas appliance usage such as gas stove burning during cooking. By combining the personalized air pollutant exposure measurements with the physiological responses from monitoring devices, patient diaries, or medical records, this system can potentially enable novel asthma research and personalized asthma management.

The effect of particle size on the pollution reduction potential of a South African coal-derived low-smoke fuel

The coal combustion in cast-iron stoves leads to health hazards and air pollution. In this study the CO, SO2, NOx, PM and VOC emission concentrations were measured whilst combusting four fuel particle sizes (15, 20, 30, and 40 mm) as well as a composite of the sizes (all pre-devolatilized at a temperature of 550 °C) in a cast-iron stove. The results were compared to their raw coal analogues to evaluate the emission performance of each fuel type. Emission factors for NOx and SO2 were found to depend on the fuel nitrogen and sulphur contents in the coal and the combustion conditions used during pyrolysis. The PM, SO2 and VOC emissions show a strong dependence on the ash percentage and volatile matter yields, which both increased with increasing particle size. In addition, the PM, SO2 and VOC missions were found to only depend on particle size on a mechanistic level. The VOCs and PM emission factors are inversely correlated with particle size. The results from this study offer insight into the combustion environment in the Falkirk Union No 7 cast-iron stove as well as how this environment applies to low smoke fuels. The work contributes to the emission and performance inventories from South African domestic coal combustion in this stove used in informal settlements.

Influence of wood species on toxicity of log-wood stove combustion aerosols: a parallel animal and air-liquid interface cell exposure study on spruce and pine smoke

BackgroundWood combustion emissions have been studied previously either by in vitro or in vivo models using collected particles, yet most studies have neglected gaseous compounds. Furthermore, a more accurate and holistic view of the toxicity of aerosols can be gained with parallel in vitro and in vivo studies using direct exposure methods. Moreover, modern exposure techniques such as air-liquid interface (ALI) exposures enable better assessment of the toxicity of the applied aerosols than, for example, the previous state-of-the-art submerged cell exposure techniques.MethodsWe used three different ALI exposure systems in parallel to study the toxicological effects of spruce and pine combustion emissions in human alveolar epithelial (A549) and murine macrophage (RAW264.7) cell lines. A whole-body mouse inhalation system was also used to expose C57BL/6 J mice to aerosol emissions. Moreover, gaseous and particulate fractions were studied separately in one of the cell exposure systems. After exposure, the cells and animals were measured for various parameters of cytotoxicity, inflammation, genotoxicity, transcriptome and proteome.ResultsWe found that diluted (1:15) exposure pine combustion emissions (PM1 mass 7.7 ± 6.5 mg m− 3, 41 mg MJ− 1) contained, on average, more PM and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) than spruce (PM1 mass 4.3 ± 5.1 mg m− 3, 26 mg MJ− 1) emissions, which instead showed a higher concentration of inorganic metals in the emission aerosol. Both A549 cells and mice exposed to these emissions showed low levels of inflammation but significantly increased genotoxicity. Gaseous emission compounds produced similar genotoxicity and a higher inflammatory response than the corresponding complete combustion emission in A549 cells. Systems biology approaches supported the findings, but we detected differing responses between in vivo and in vitro experiments.ConclusionsComprehensive in vitro and in vivo exposure studies with emission characterization and systems biology approaches revealed further information on the effects of combustion aerosol toxicity than could be achieved with either method alone. Interestingly, in vitro and in vivo exposures showed the opposite order of the highest DNA damage. In vitro measurements also indicated that the gaseous fraction of emission aerosols may be more important in causing adverse toxicological effects. Combustion aerosols of different wood species result in mild but aerosol specific in vitro and in vivo effects.

Mutagenicity- and pollutant-emission factors of pellet-fueled gasifier cookstoves: Comparison with other combustion sources

Emissions from solid-fuel burning cookstoves are associated with 3 to 4 million premature deaths annually and contribute significantly to impacts on climate. Pellet-fueled gasifier stoves have some emission factors (EFs) approaching those of gas-fuel (liquid petroleum gas) stoves; however, their emissions have not been evaluated for biological effects. Here we used a new International Organization for Standardization (ISO) testing protocol to determine pollutant- and mutagenicity-EFs for a stove designed for pellet fuel, the Mimi Moto, and for two other forced-draft stoves, Xunda and Philips HD4012, burning pellets of hardwood or peanut hulls. The Salmonella assay-based mutagenicity-EFs (revertants/megajouledelivered) spanned three orders of magnitude and correlated highly (r = 0.99; n = 5) with EFs of the sum of 32 particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The Mimi Moto/hardwood pellet combination had total-PAH- and mutagenicity-EFs 99.2 and 96.6% lower, respectively, compared to data published previously for the Philips stove burning non-pelletized hardwood, and 100 and 99.8% lower, respectively, compared to those of a wood-fueled three-stone fire. The Xunda burning peanut hull pellets had the highest fuel energy-based mutagenicity-EF (revertants/megajoulethermal) of the pellet stove/fuel combinations tested, which was between that of diesel exhaust, a known human carcinogen, and a natural-draft wood stove. Although the Mimi Moto burning hardwood pellets had the lowest fuel energy-based mutagenicity-EF, this value was between that of utility coal and utility wood boilers. This advanced stove/fuel combination has the potential to greatly reduce emissions in contrast to a traditional stove, but adequate ventilation is required to approach acceptable levels of indoor air quality.

Implementation Internet of Things (IoTs) to Monitoring Temperature Oven Tobacco System Towards 4.0 Industry

Tobacco is planted by the farmers in dry season through some process such as seeding, planting and drying. In drying process, the farmers use traditional technology named oven. When checking the temperature conditions of the tobacco, the farmers still use an estimation to measure the heat temperature of combustion stove. Base on those problems, the farmer need innovation technology which is used to make them easier to keep the stability of the temperature in the oven area in order to protect the quality of tobacco. “Internet of things” (IOTs) is provided to answer the farmers’ problem. By utilizing the internet of things (IOTs) in a Smartphone, this application will make the farmers easier to check the temperature conditions automatically to the temperature rises excessively without standing by in the oven or burning location. The application of IOTS with the data accuracy rate of ± 96%,%, can be said that it works well, although there are still shortcomings in the targets planned but the development program will be added. Hopefully, this application will help the farmer to be more ready to face 4.0 industry in the field of agriculture.

Field-based measurements of natural gas burning in domestic wall-mounted gas stove and estimates of climate, health and economic benefits in rural Baoding and Langfang regions of Northern China

Abstract The implementation of coal-to-gas shift in rural households for meeting people's heating and cooking demands can reduce pollutant emissions, improve indoor air quality and increase climate, health and economic co-benefits. In rural Baoding and Langfang regions of Hebei Province, China, approximately 1.25 million households have shifted from coal to natural gas combustion. Field-based emission factors, modified combustion efficiency, and thermal efficiency of typical gas stoves were measured to evaluate the contribution of this shift to local air pollution control. Natural gas burning in stoves produced much lower air pollution than coal or other popular fuel/stove combinations due to its good fuel properties and high combustion efficiency. All tested gas stoves were rated at excellent tiers according to Chinese national standards. Through the adoption of coal-to-gas shift during a complete winter heating season, the total emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitric oxide (NO), methane (CH4), particles with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) and ≤10 μm (PM10) were reduced by 98%, 56%, 33%, 80%, 82%, 99% and 99% in rural Baoding region, and by 99%, 37%, 25%, 83%, 71%, 99% and 99% in rural Langfang region, respectively. Correspondingly, GWC100 values decreased from 11 396 to 4 554 and from 13 408 to 7 881 ktCO2e·heat season−1·city−1 for the two cities, respectively. The estimated 7 083, 1 142, 8 834, 3 422, and 2 464 all-cause mortality cases resulting from the intakes of CO, NO, SO2, PM2.5 and PM10 were avoided in rural Baoding region, and 5 771, 467, 7 432, 2 762 and 1 987 cases were avoided in rural Langfang region, among which cardiopulmonary death was the primary reduced mortality. The average economic benefits were 10.40 and 9.98 billion CNY (Chinese Yuan), which was equivalent to 3.19% and 3.22% of the local GDPs.

Ambient air quality in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, during the pre-monsoon: concentrations and sources of particulate matter and trace gases

Abstract. The Kathmandu Valley in Nepal is a bowl-shaped urban basin that experiences severe air pollution that poses health risks to its 3.5 million inhabitants. As part of the Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE), ambient air quality in the Kathmandu Valley was investigated from 11 to 24 April 2015, during the pre-monsoon season. Ambient concentrations of fine and coarse particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10, respectively), online PM1, inorganic trace gases (NH3, HNO3, SO2, and HCl), and carbon-containing gases (CO2, CO, CH4, and 93 non-methane volatile organic compounds; NMVOCs) were quantified at a semi-urban location near the center of the valley. Concentrations and ratios of NMVOC indicated origins primarily from poorly maintained vehicle emissions, biomass burning, and solvent/gasoline evaporation. During those 2 weeks, daily average PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 30 to 207 µg m−3, which exceeded the World Health Organization 24 h guideline by factors of 1.2 to 8.3. On average, the non-water mass of PM2.5 was composed of organic matter (48 %), elemental carbon (13 %), sulfate (16 %), nitrate (4 %), ammonium (9 %), chloride (2 %), calcium (1 %), magnesium (0.05 %), and potassium (1 %). Large diurnal variability in temperature and relative humidity drove corresponding variability in aerosol liquid water content, the gas–aerosol phase partitioning of NH3, HNO3, and HCl, and aerosol solution pH. The observed levels of gas-phase halogens suggest that multiphase halogen-radical chemistry involving both Cl and Br impacted regional air quality. To gain insight into the origins of organic carbon (OC), molecular markers for primary and secondary sources were quantified. Levoglucosan (averaging 1230±1154 ng m−3), 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene (0.8±0.6 ng m−3), cholesterol (2.9±6.6 ng m−3), stigmastanol (1.0 ±0.8 ng m−3), and cis-pinonic acid (4.5±1.9 ng m−3) indicate contributions from biomass burning, garbage burning, food cooking, cow dung burning, and monoterpene secondary organic aerosol, respectively. Drawing on source profiles developed in NAMaSTE, chemical mass balance (CMB) source apportionment modeling was used to estimate contributions to OC from major primary sources including garbage burning (18±5 %), biomass burning (17±10 %) inclusive of open burning and biomass-fueled cooking stoves, and internal-combustion (gasoline and diesel) engines (18±9 %). Model sensitivity tests with newly developed source profiles indicated contributions from biomass burning within a factor of 2 of previous estimates but greater contributions from garbage burning (up to three times), indicating large potential impacts of garbage burning on regional air quality and the need for further evaluation of this source. Contributions of secondary organic carbon (SOC) to PM2.5 OC included those originating from anthropogenic precursors such as naphthalene (10±4 %) and methylnaphthalene (0.3±0.1 %) and biogenic precursors for monoterpenes (0.13±0.07 %) and sesquiterpenes (5±2 %). An average of 25 % of the PM2.5 OC was unapportioned, indicating the presence of additional sources (e.g., evaporative and/or industrial emissions such as brick kilns, food cooking, and other types of SOC) and/or underestimation of the contributions from the identified source types. The source apportionment results indicate that anthropogenic combustion sources (including biomass burning, garbage burning, and fossil fuel combustion) were the greatest contributors to PM2.5 and, as such, should be considered primary targets for controlling ambient PM pollution.