Story Drift Research Articles

Structure Behaviour Due To Soil-Structure Interaction On Buildings With Basement

Abstract Although regarding SSI has regulated in SNI 1726-2019 chapter 14 concerning “soil-structure interaction for seismic design” but until now this practice still in Indonesia relatively few and some case planning structure even no consider SSI effect. This study evaluate effect interaction between soil and structure (Soil-Structure Interaction, SSI) in multi-story building with basement use method analysis dynamic time history. The effects of SSI are reviewed from behavior structure to dynamic load that includes natural period structure, base shear, displacement structure and displacement between floor (story drift) is analyzed with compare models foundation rigid and foundation flexible. Research result show that the SSI model can extend natural period structure on the stiff soil and capable reduce base shear up to 28.01%. Models with two basement floor showing more reduction big compared to model with one basement floor, showing that stiffness addition from the basement more effective in reduce inertia force. Additionally, SSI lowers mark displacement and story drift are 12.87 mm and 1.16 mm respectively, this phenomenon give impact positive to integrity and performance structure This study emphasize importance consider SSI in design structure for produce more response accurate and optimal for earthquake load.

Uniform story drift optimization seismic design of steel frame structures

Uniform story drift optimization seismic design of steel frame structures

Evaluation of Lead Rubber Base Isolation in High Rise Structure

Seismic isolation also known as base isolation is one of the best earthquake resistant design concept in which a building is decoupled from the earthquake ground motion or seismic waves. In base isolation the base of the structure is isolated using isolators which help in decoupling. This study will therefore evaluate the performance of High-Rise structure with Lead Rubber Bearing as an Isolation System for different structures using seismic and wind analysis with focus on determining the effect of soft storeys within structures on variables such as storey displacement, storey drift, storey stiffness and time period. The objective of the research is to provide optimum position for isolation. However, there have only been a few studies on the impact of soft storeys at various levels in tall structures. This study will therefore investigate the impact of soft storey level variation in 25 storey building with and without LRB isolated structures.

Optimal design of frame structures equipped with viscous dampers using machine learning techniques

ABSTRACT It is widely accepted that the use of supplemental damping system is an effective measure to improve seismic performance of buildings. This study aims to develop an automated optimization design method for structures with damping systems to rapidly determine the optimal parameters and placement of viscous dampers in such structures. To achieve this, the proposed method involves the Machine Learning (ML) techniques of Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and a Dynamic Programming (DP) algorithm. To generate the dataset for the XGBoost model development, an automated modeling and simulation tool for damping structures was developed. The optimization performance of the framework was validated using three different structural examples (3-story, 6-story, and 8-story). The results demonstrate that the XGBoost is capable of predicting the story drift response of a building structure under any damper arrangement. The built models achieved an average R2 of 0.955 for the testing dataset, indicating a high level of predictive accuracy. Then, with the target of minimizing seismic responses of the structural system, the developed DP-based optimization algorithm effectively identifies the optimal damper arrangement for the considered three structure cases. With varying initial conditions and parameters, the algorithm consistently converges toward the optimal state, demonstrating substantial robustness. The findings validate the efficacy of the proposed methodology in optimizing the seismic design of structures with viscous dampers.

Unleashing the Power of Reinforced Concrete Frames A Comprehensive Study on Seismic Resistance with Masonry Infill Walls in High Risk Zones

Countries like India, the Reinforced concrete frames with masonry infill walls are common in practice, where the region is prone to seismic activity. Generally the masonry infill walls are treated as nonstructural element in structural analysis and only the contribution of its mass is considered and it’s structural properties like strength and stiffness is generally not considered. The structures in high seismic areas are greatly vulnerable to severe damages. Apart from the gravity load structure has to withstand to lateral load which may develop high stresses. Now day’s reinforced concrete frames are most common in building construction practice around the globe. The vertical gap in reinforced concrete frames i.e. created by the columns and beams are generally filled in by brick or masonry and it is referred as brick infill wall or panels. The main objective of this study is to study seismic resistance of RCC frames for G+8 story building with infill walls by using ETABS software in different seismic zones. The comparison was made between story drift, story shear, bending moment, building torsion between building with and without infill walls. Key words: infill walls, reinforced concrete frames, RCC frames, ETABS software.

Optimizing G+20 Multistorey Octagonal Building with Shear Wall and Floating Column

This paper examines a multistorey building with G+20 floors that is designed in a complicated octagonal shape. In contrast to normal structures, which usually consist of four-facing sides, the octagonal-shaped building has eight-facing sides and has the advantage of an open core in the center that allows for proper air circulation and natural light to be provided throughout the day. The G+20 storey building is complicated, with different kinds of irregularities at different levels in the floors. With floating columns that trigger the structure to have critical zones due to the discontinuity of the load transfer path leads to poor performance and boosted displacement in the building. This work focuses on the outcome compression of three models: model I is a straightforward, RC-framed building; Model II is a structure with floating columns; and Model III is a building with floating columns and a shear wall in the center. ETABS v2016 software has been utilized to perform response spectrum analysis to evaluate several characteristics including storey displacement and storey drifts. When comparing the models, model III has come up with a lesser storey displacement by 50% and more strength as compared to other models.

Parametric Study of Internal Curing of Concrete Using Brick Chips: A Review

Abstract: As urban landscapes evolve with taller skyscrapers, the design and safety of high-rise buildings under wind forces have become critical considerations. This study explores the impact of aspect ratios—height-to-width proportions—on the wind behavior of buildings. Tall, Shorter, wider structures are less vulnerable to wind-induced vibrations than slim buildings having high aspect ratios with low aspect ratios face challenges in stability and strength. The research examines how building shape and aspect ratios influence structural behavior under wind loads. Key parameters, including maximum displacements, story drift, shear forces, and bending moments, are analyzed to assess wind effects. The study also compares buildings of varying aspect ratios but equal floor areas to determine optimal designs. By identifying the most suitable aspect ratios for high-rise structures, this research aims to enhance safety, functionality, and aesthetic appeal while addressing the challenges posed by wind forces in urban environments.

Fragility functions for reinforced-concrete frames classified by joint strength margin: the case of interior beam–column joint

ABSTRACT Probabilistic approaches using fragility functions effectively assess building damage caused by major earthquakes and consequent repair costs. Existing fragility functions, however, are limited to reinforced concrete (RC) frames designed according to U.S. standards, making them unsuitable for frames designed according to other design standards. This study addresses this limitation by developing fragility functions for RC frames with interior beam – column joints classified based on joint strength margins. These margins were calculated using the joint ultimate strength relative to the ultimate strengths of beams and columns, enabling evaluations independent of design standards. Damage states (DSs) from DS1 to DS3 were defined to represent residual cracking, concrete damage, and ultimate state, respectively, with DS3 further subdivided into DS3–1 and DS3–2. Relationships between story drift ratios at damage states and joint strength margins were analyzed using Japanese experimental data. RC frames were ranked by joint strength margins, and a Bayesian approach was applied to evaluate fragility function parameters for each DS across these ranks.

Seismic Fragility Curves for Unreinforced Masonry Buildings in Korea Based on Component Damage

ABSTRACT Seismic fragility curves for unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings in Korea were developed using incremental dynamic analysis to estimate earthquake damage recovery needs. Eight representative URM building types were modeled considering wall openings explicitly. The building damage states were defined using the ratio of damaged components exceeding the performance-based acceptance criteria, with critical values identified at maximum increase rates, and corresponding story drift ratio. The influence of ground motion intensity on the collapse rate of damaged buildings was investigated. The seismic fragility curves were validated against the 2017 M5.4 Pohang earthquake damage and discussed for application consistent with Korean reconnaissance guidelines.

Direct Economic Loss‐Based Seismic Design Using Genetic Algorithm

ABSTRACTEarthquake‐induced economic losses in buildings are likely to escalate as urbanization accelerates. Traditional seismic optimization methods, such as consistent ductility‐based design, aim to achieve uniform story drift along the building height but do not directly address reduction in economic losses. This study presents an innovative method called direct loss‐based design (DLBD) using a genetic algorithm to minimize the expected annual loss (EAL) in RC frame structures conditioned on constant structural stiffness and construction cost. Two optimization frameworks for minimizing the expected losses (EL) are examined: intensity‐based and risk‐based. Intensity‐based optimization focuses on a specific intensity level, whereas risk‐based optimization considers the EAL across three seismic hazard levels. Additionally, the collapse probability (CP) of structures optimized via the DLBD method is evaluated. Results show that intensity‐based optimization significantly reduces EL at the target intensity level but is ineffective at other seismic intensities due to extremely increased seismic demands at some floors. Conversely, the risk‐based optimization substantially reduces both EAL and CP across all intensity levels assessed, with a maximum reduction of 31% and an average reduction of over 20% for EAL, as well as an average decrease of 62% for CP. This approach effectively decreases seismic demands while simultaneously distributing the story drifts evenly across the building height. The proposed risk‐based design framework not only offers a practical algorithm for seismic optimization targeting EL but also provides new avenues to explore resilience‐based seismic design approaches.

The Influence of Site Class and Code Evolution on the Seismic Performance of a Four-Story Building

The safety, performance, and sustainability of buildings are crucial, especially in seismically active regions. This study evaluates the seismic performance of a four-story office building designed under Indonesian seismic codes from 2002, 2012, and 2019. Using finite element modeling, the analysis incorporates variations in site classes to assess the structural and seismic response systematically. The results demonstrate significant differences in structural response across the three seismic codes and site classes. Buildings designed under the 2002 code exhibit higher seismic vulnerability than those designed using the 2012 and 2019 codes, particularly regarding story drift and base reactions. These findings highlight the progressive improvement in seismic safety achieved through code updates and the critical role of site-specific considerations in structural performance. Furthermore, the study underscores the importance of adopting modern seismic standards in supporting sustainable infrastructure development. By reducing reconstruction needs, optimizing material use, and improving long-term resilience, these standards contribute to safer and more sustainable urban environments. This research offers valuable insights for engineers and policymakers, emphasizing the importance of seismic code evolution in ensuring resilience and sustainability in earthquake-prone regions.

Study on Design Formulae of Response Story Drift Considering the Property of Total Energy Input Conservation

Study on Design Formulae of Response Story Drift Considering the Property of Total Energy Input Conservation

Moderating the Soft Storey Impact in Multi-Storey Buildings: A Comparative Seismic Investigation

A storey with lateral stiffness less than 70% of the storey above or less than 80% of the average stiffness of the three storeys above is considered a soft storey. Ground-floor open-air buildings are frequently used for parking, particularly in metropolitan settings with considerable space limits. Soft-story buildings with irregular stiffness tend to collapse more than conventional buildings. The study's main goal was to understand better the soft storey effect in multi-storey structures and how to mitigate it using strategies such as adding shear walls, bracings, viscous dampers, and stiffer columns. A G+14 storey building finite element model (FEM) has been established via ETABS software and performed Response Spectrum Analysis at three seismic zones-III, IV and V. To determine the best method for reducing the soft storey effect in buildings, an analysis is conducted taking into account many parameters, including storey shear, stiffness, storey drift, and storey displacement for the entire structure, as well as the responses at the soft storey level for different configurations. According to the findings, adding a shear wall to a soft-storey building increases storey shear while reducing maximum displacement and storey drift. The first floor of the structure (soft storey) exhibits the most significant reduction in displacement (79.29%) and storey drift (79.3%) when shear walls are incorporated at the corners. There is also a 33.11% increase in base shear at the first story level, and the structure's stiffness increases by 6.5 times compared to a soft storey building. Adding a shear wall reduces the soft storey building's maximum displacement and storey drift by 25.27% and 59.28%, respectively. The soft storey building's maximum storey shear rises by 33.38%. Regarding seismic performance, a soft-storey building with a shear wall performs better than other soft-storey mitigation techniques.

Seismic Evaluation of RC Asymmetric Building Consisting of Floating Column and Passive Device

The abrupt slip on a fault that causes earthquakes causes the ground to tremble. Earthquakes have been happening frequently all around the planet over the past several decades. Nearly all earthquakes cause direct damage to the buildings, which results in the destruction of life and property. Due to lack of following structural guidelines which lead to collapse, so carried out modern seismic reduction techniques base isolation, shear wall, dampers, which helps in earthquake resistant structures for better performance during seismic events. The energy dissipation devices are easy to installed in existing or new building with low construction cost.So past studied has been done on fluid viscous damper, Tune mass damper, viscous damper with multi storied regular building. In present study comparing with fluid viscous damper in RC Asymmetric layout C & H shape having G+12storey building with consisting Floating column at alternative floor. Time-History analysis has been done by using two different earthquakes taken from PEER ground motion having high and low Pga value. To learn the analytical effects like change in Axial force, Bending moment of Floating column with fluid viscous damper at different location. Also, Optimization of Damper position has been carried out using parameters like storey displacement, storey drift, storey stiffness

Pushover Analysis of a Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) Structure Incorporating Fibre-Reinforced Polymers to Address Vertical Irregularities

India has had four of the world's most destructive earthquakes in the past ten years, and our country is often rocked by earthquakes of low to moderate intensity. Since many buildings were severely damaged or collapsed, it has sparked debate whether framed constructions are sufficiently sturdy to withstand significant vibrations. As a result, the strength or ability of existing reinforced concrete structures to withstand seismic loads can be evaluated. The performance level of earthquake-prone buildings is evaluated using a performance-based design. One seismic technique for assessing a building's performance level is push-over analysis. It is possible to determine whether damage occurs at the member or structure level using pushover analysis. The study employs pushover analysis by Applied Technology Council (ATC) – 4), a seismic assessment technique, to evaluate the ability of 20-story buildings in seismic Zone III (with hard soil characteristics) to resist earthquake-induced forces. The primary objective was to assess the performance of structures reinforced with different fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials, including aramid, glass, and carbon fibers, known for their high flexibility and strength in seismically active regions. To determine the best fiber-reinforced polymer configuration, the study considers the following parameters: pushover curve, target displacement, story shear, time period, maximum story displacement, and story drift based on pushover analysis independently. Through the pushover analysis method, the research discovers that FRP wrapping can significantly improve the seismic performance of reinforced concrete buildings. The findings aim to improve building design practices by recommending fiber-reinforced polymer configurations for better earthquake resistance, ensuring that future constructions are better equipped to handle seismic activity.

Comparative Study on Seismic Analysis of 15-Storey Building for Different Positions of Shear Wall by Using BNBC 2020

Due to the geological formation of Bangladesh, it is showing the threat of earthquakes. As the number of high-rise buildings is increasing daily, there is an urgent need to design structures considering seismic loading. During earthquakes, structures are subjected to lateral displacement. Most reinforced concrete structures are designed to resist gravity loads, but they neglect the effect of lateral forces arising due to earthquakes. Shear walls are added to the building's interior as well as exterior to provide more strength and stiffness to the building. The studies have been carried out using CSI ETABS (v 16.2.1) software, and the model was developed using Finite Element Method (FEM), the model analysis was done by using Equivalent Static Analysis (ESA). The building under analysis consists of 15 floors. The building is located in Bangladesh's seismic zone – III (Bogura). After the study, various parameters like maximum lateral displacement, storey drift, storey shear, and storey stiffness were compared to find the suitable position of the shear wall.

Analysis of SCWB Ratio on Collapse Probability of SRPMK Concrete Structures

The Bank Indonesia Medan Office, built in 1907, is an example of an old building requiring seismic resilience evaluation. This article investigates the impact of the Strong Column-Weak Beam (SCWB) ratio on the collapse probability of SRPMK concrete structures using spectrum response and linear time history analyses. Ground motions from Niigata (Mw 6.63), Tohoku (Mw 9.12), and Miyagi (Mw 7.15) earthquakes were utilized. Findings indicate that the existing structure does not meet seismic resilience standards per SNI 1726:2019 and SNI 2847:2019. Structural modifications are necessary with an SCWB ratio of 1.2 to ensure adequate seismic resistance. The analysis reveals that the largest inter storey drift and displacement occur during the Niigata earthquake, while the maximum base shear is recorded in spectrum response analysis. Performance evaluation of the structure shows that the collapse probability remains within the Immediate Occupancy (IO) level. This article underscores the critical role of the SCWB ratio in determining collapse probability and provides recommendations for structural design improvements.

Analysis of Roof Displacement in Steel Structures with and without Panel Zone

The purpose of this study is to determine how panel zones influence the seismic behavior of steel structures in Medan City, utilizing the Indonesian earthquake zone standards SNI 1726:2019 and focused on seismic design category D. The structures are designed with the special moment-resisting frame (SMRF) system, which has a seismic significance factor of 4 and soft soils. The study examines the roof displacement and story drift ratio of a 7-story steel structure with and without panel zones subjected to seismic loads. The results show that the building with panel zones has a roof displacement that is approximately 9.23% higher in the X direction and 10.41% higher in the Y direction than the structure without panel zones. Similarly, the story drift ratio for the structure with panel zones is 9.21% greater in the X direction and 11.55% greater in the Y direction than the structure without panel zones. These findings indicate that incorporating panel zones changes a rigid structure into a semi-rigid one, allowing more rotational movement at the beam-column joints, thereby improving the building's flexibility and overall earthquake resistance.

Influence of Mass Irregularities on the Seismic Behavior of Multi-Storied Using STAAD.Pro Connect Edition

The seismic behavior of multi-story buildings is greatly influenced by their structural configuration. Irregularities in plan or elevation, particularly mass irregularities, are critical factors contributing to structural failure during earthquakes. Proper identification and management of such irregularities are essential to optimize a building's functionality and aesthetics. This study examines the seismic response of a G+14 reinforced concrete (RC) frame structure with and without mass irregularity. The analysis focuses on storey drift, storey displacement, lateral loads, maximum bending moments, and shear forces. A swimming pool placed on the 7th floor introduces a heavy mass, creating mass irregularity as per IS 1893 (Part 1):2016, where a floor’s seismic weight exceeds 150% of the floors above and below. Using STAAD.Pro Connect Edition software, the structures are analysed through dynamic response spectrum analysis. The residential building, with dimensions of 35.45 m × 30.56 m, is subjected to seismic loads according to IS code standards. Results indicate that the inclusion of mass irregularity significantly impacts the seismic response, leading to notable variations in drift, displacement, and internal force distribution. This study highlights the importance of addressing mass irregularities in seismic design to ensure structural safety and performance in earthquake-prone areas. Keywords: Mass irregularity, seismic response, RC frame, STAAD.Pro, storey drift, response spectrum, IS 1893:2016, dynamic analysis.

IMPACT OF SEISMIC ZONES ON THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF HIGHRISE BUILDINGS FOR RECTANGULAR AND C-SECTION

Earthquakes induce vibrations in structures, causing motion in horizontal and vertical directions, with horizontal shaking being predominant. Proper consideration of lateral loads due to earthquakes is essential for designing earthquake-resistant reinforced concrete (RC) structures, especially high-rise buildings. This study analysesthe behaviour of a G+15 multi-storied RC building with a consistent story height of 3 meters, subjected to earthquake loads, using response spectrum analysis as per IS 1893 (Part-1): 2016. The seismic performance is evaluated for four seismic zones (II, III, IV, and V) using the ETABS software. Key parameters analysed include bending moment, shear force, lateral displacement, story shear, and story drift. Comparative results highlight the effects of varying seismic zone factors. The findings contribute to understanding structural behaviour under seismic conditions and optimizing designs for enhanced safety and performance in earthquake-prone regions. Keywords: Earthquake-resistant design, Seismic analysis, Response spectrum analysis, Reinforced concrete (RC) buildings, Seismic zones, ETABS, IS 1893 (Part-1): 2016.