Stored Position Research Articles

Market Positioning Using Cross-Reward Effects in a Coalition Loyalty Program

While single-brand reward programs encourage customers to remain loyal to that one brand, coalition programs encourage customers to be “promiscuous” by offering points redeemable across partner stores. Despite the benefits of this “open relationship” with customers, store managers face uncertainty as to how rewards offered by partners influence transactions at their own stores. We use a model of multi-store purchase incidence to show how the value of points shared among partner stores can explain patterns in customer-level purchases across them. The model is used to empirically test hypotheses on how reward spillovers among partners are driven by: (1) differences in policies on reward redemption, (2) the overlap in product categories between stores, and (3) geographic distance between stores within a city. In addition, we leverage variation generated by a natural experiment, i.e., a devaluation of the program's points, to demonstrate how the value of points influences the positioning of partner stores within the coalition and the purchasing patterns across them. We conclude by delineating some managerial implications for the design of a coalition's reward policies, including a simulation showing that customer-centric targeted rewards can be an effective strategy to compensate for the devaluation.

Competitive Retailer Strategies for New Market Research, Entry and Positioning Decisions

This paper investigates strategies for new market research and positioning of stores or products by competing retailers in a duopoly setting. We examine the scenario where the two retailers are considering entry into an uncertain new market that is an extension of their existing markets. The retailers must make decisions on whether or not to first conduct research about the new market's location relative to their existing markets and its size before deciding on their own positioning in it. We first study a sequential-move leader–follower setup to highlight the choice of an “innovate-or-imitate” strategy. We find when the potential new market is small, neither retailer is adequately incentivized to do research to acquire information about the new market. As the size of the new market increases, the follower is induced to do such research. When the new market is very sizable, the leader conducts research and knows the new market's location while the follower free-rides. We then examine a simultaneous-move setup, in which one retailer might decide against acquiring new market information even when the cost of doing so is low. We further observe that differentiation (e.g., in terms of products or store locations) is greater in the simultaneous-move setup than in the sequential setup.

Imaging of fast neutrons and gamma rays from 252Cf in a heavily shielded environment

A 75 MBq 252Cf neutron source stored inside a steel water tank was characterised using a compact fast-neutron and gamma-ray imaging system based on a passive slot modulation imaging technique. Radiation fields were imaged from a variety of positions with the source in the stored position (located in the center of the water tank: high shielding) and in the exposed position (located at the edge of the water tank: low shielding). It was possible to locate the 252Cf source in each image and gain additional information of the neutron and gamma-ray fields in the local environment including scatter contributions from the steel shield, floor and walls in proximity to the source. A long exposure image of the stored source, taken over thirty days, identified the location of the radiation source from the low dose (<1μSv/h) field penetrating through 46cm of water in the storage tank.

Aeroelastic simulations of stores in weapon bays using Detached-Eddy Simulation

Detached-Eddy Simulations of flows in weapon bays with a generic store at different positions in the cavity and with flexible fins are presented in this paper. Simulations were carried out to better understand the fluid–structure interactions of the unsteady, turbulent flow and the store. Mach and Reynolds numbers (based on the missile diameter) were 0.85 and 326.000 respectively. Spectral analysis showed few differences in the frequency content in the cavity between the store with rigid and flexible fins. However, a large effect of the store position was seen. When the store was placed inside the cavity, the noise reduction reached 7dB close to the cavity ceiling. The closer the store to the carriage position, the more coherent and quieter was the cavity. To perform a more realistic simulation, a gap of 0.3% of the store diameter was introduced between the fin root and the body of the store. Store loads showed little differences between the rigid and flexible fins when the store was inside and outside the cavity. With the store at the shear layer, the flexible fins were seen to have a reduction in loads with large fluctuations in position about a mean. Fin-tip displacements of the store inside the cavity were of the range of 0.2% of the store diameter, and in the range of 1–2% of store diameter when at the shear layer.

SU‐F‐T‐646: SBRT Lung: Moving Beyond the 3D Conformal Paradigm with An Elekta VersaHD Accelerator

Purpose:To develop a volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) planning and delivery methodology for lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) that addresses the unique geometric challenges presented when using an Elekta VersaHD linear accelerator.Methods:The Elekta VersaHD imaging panels are fixed at 160cm SID when deployed, limiting the ability to perform non‐coplanar treatments due to collisions with the treatment table. The panels can be folded in a stored position for non‐coplanar treatments, but in this configuration, longitudinal table travel is restricted by the space required for the folded panels. To overcome these design features, a non‐coplanar VMAT technique was designed and evaluated for 6 patients that uses a superiorly placed isocenter near the apex of the lung. A coplanar VMAT technique with isocenter placement within the target was also assessed for each patient. Non‐coplanar plans included three arcs, totalling 340° of arc angle, while coplanar plans included two arcs, totalling 280° of arc angle. Each technique avoided the contralateral lung and major overlap on patient skin. Corresponding 3DCRT plans were used as a baseline for each patient in evaluating VMAT plans.Results:Coplanar and noncoplanar VMAT plans yielded a high dose conformity index (CI) improvement of 6% and low dose CI improvements of 9% and 11%, respectively, over corresponding 3DCRT plans. While both VMAT techniques provided greater skin sparing compared to 3DCRT, the non‐coplanar technique offered an improvement of 20% over the coplanar approach. Treatment time with for VMAT was ∼2.5 minutes compared to ∼10 minutes for 3DCRT.Conclusion:Two VMAT techniques were developed for lung SBRT that account for machine design limitations and provide greater dose conformity and normal tissue sparing than 3DCRT plans. The non‐coplanar VMAT plans showed a marginal improvement over coplanar VMAT plans and may not warrant the additional complexity.

Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal symptoms among grocery workers

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) affect all sectors of the working population, and grocery workers have especially high rates. Although the incidence of WMSDs among any worker population can be estimated from workers' compensation claims, musculoskeletal symptom surveys can be used as a proxy estimate of WMSDs. The purposes of this cross-sectional study were to describe the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal symptoms in grocery store employees from many different departments, and to determine the association between exposure to physical risk factors and presence of symptoms. Study participants (N = 254) were grocery store workers from five different stores in a medium sized grocery chain. Participants completed a self-administered survey consisting of demographic information and job history; the modified Nordic Questionnaire (MNQ); and physical component (PCS) and mental component (MCS) summary measures of the SF-36v2®. Rodgers Muscle Fatigue Analysis (Rodgers) was used to assess exposure to physical risk factors in the most difficult tasks in certain store departments. Prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms was estimated for each body region and for various subgroups, and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of presence of musculoskeletal symptoms. Approximately 78% of grocery store workers reported work-related musculoskeletal symptoms in at least one body region, with most workers complaining of low back and feet symptoms. The high prevalence of foot symptoms has not been previously reported for this population. Approximately 11% of employees missed work because of symptoms and 25% sought medical care for symptoms. There were no differences among Rodgers rating groups for proportions reporting symptoms. SF-36v2® scores were inconsequential predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms. Gender and age were both significant predictors of symptoms, and age predicted healthcare utilization. These findings are relevant to the grocery industry in order to target WMSD preventive interventions to specific body regions for high-risk activities within a grocery store position.

On-Body Smartphone Localization with an Accelerometer

A user of a smartphone may feel convenient, happy, safe, etc., if his/her smartphone works smartly based on his/her context or the context of the device. In this article, we deal with the position of a smartphone on the body and carrying items like bags as the context of a device. The storing position of a smartphone impacts the performance of the notification to a user, as well as the measurement of embedded sensors, which plays an important role in a device’s functionality control, accurate activity recognition and reliable environmental sensing. In this article, nine storing positions, including four types of bags, are subject to recognition using an accelerometer on a smartphone. In total, 63 features are selected as a set of features among 182 systematically-defined features, which can characterize and discriminate the motion of a smartphone terminal during walking. As a result of leave-one-subject-out cross-validation, an accuracy of 0.801 for the nine-class classification is shown, while an accuracy of 0.859 is obtained against five classes, which merges the subclasses of trouser pockets and bags. We also show the basic performance evaluation to select the proper window size and classifier. Furthermore, the analysis of the contributive features is presented.

Experimental investigation of linear and nonlinear aeroelastic behavior of a cropped delta wing with store in low subsonic flow

The present paper aims to investigate flutter phenomenon for cropped delta wing with an external store using numerical and experimental methods in a subsonic and incompressible flight regime. Wing structure is modeled based on von Karman plate theory. The unsteady vortex lattice method is applied to wing aerodynamic model and a slender-body theory is used for store aerodynamic model. The experimental tests have been conducted in an incompressible subsonic wind tunnel. The comparison indicates a satisfactory agreement between the experimental results and the theoretical analyses. Moreover, the effects of different parameters such as wing thickness, wing aspect ratio, spanwise store position, store mass, the aerodynamics of the store, underwing clearance and store center of gravity on both flutter speed and instability boundary of the wing are studied both analytically and experimentally. Also, the system behaviors and the oscillation amplitude are examined experimentally for post-flutter where time history simulation and phase portrait are obtained for various velocities. The FFT analysis of time history measured data shows that beside the dominant harmonic frequency, both superharmonic and subharmonic frequencies are clearly identifiable. The results obtained from experimental bifurcation diagram indicate the presence of hysteresis loop regions corresponding to the stable LCOs.

Curating Value in Changing Markets

In this article, I ask how firms negotiate dissonance between industry trends and day-to-day market realities. By utilizing the independent record store as a case of an intermediary firm negotiating rapid industry change, I analyze their contributions to those understandings that reinforce their relevance within the market. Through an analysis of industry and news media, I compare the symbolic work of these firms before and after drastic technological innovation and document changes in the way they discuss their field. I find surviving firms offer new interpretations of their social position that both preserve many traditional aesthetics while selectively presenting new perspectives on contemporary music culture. I introduce the concept of curating value to embrace this multidimensional effect of symbolic work and extend economic sociology research on the intersection of cultural meaning and market change. I argue that the successful market positioning of independent record stores hinges upon dynamic use of symbolic criteria that, in turn, can produce new material value within a new market composition.

Typology and Effects of Co-opetition in Buyer-Supplier Relationships: Evidence from the Chinese Home Appliance Industry. 供应链关系中竞合分类及其影响：来自中国家电业的实证研究

Building on the co-opetition perspective, this study takes a unified approach to examine relationship benefits and transaction costs in buyer–supplier relationships. We argue that buyer–supplier vertical dyads fall into one of four distinct co-opetition types based on their respective degrees of cooperation and competition. Each co-opetition situation then corresponds to unique levels of relationship benefits and transaction costs. A sample of 225 supplier–buyer dyads from the Chinese home appliance industry confirms that competition has a positive effect on transaction costs and a negative effect on relationship benefits, while cooperation stimulates greater relationship benefits but affects transaction costs mainly at low competition levels. The results advance prior research on buyer–supplier relationships and co-opetition and offer valuable avenues for future research. 摘要 基于竞合的观点，本文采用了一个整合的模型对供应链关系中的关系收益和交易成本进行了研究。本文认为，依据双方合作和竞争程度的不同，买卖双方间的交易关系可以划分为四种不同的竞合关系类型，且每种竞合类型分别对应不同的关系收益和交易成本水平。利用来自中国家电行业225对买卖双方的配对样本，本文发现，买卖双方间的竞争对交易成本有正向作用，对关系收益有负面影响；而双方间的合作会促进关系收益的提高，但只在竞争水平较低时，合作才会对交易成本产生影响。本文研究发展了以往关于买卖双方关系和竞合的相关文献，并指明了有价值的未来研究发展方向。

시간대별 유동인구가 업종별 점포 입지에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 - 수원시 소매업 및 음식업 점포를 중심으로 -

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of pedestrian volume by the time period on the positioning of retail stores. To understand the relationship between pedestrian volume and store location, we conducted three analyses: consumer's expenditure patterns analysis, consumer groups' travel time analysis, store density analysis of Suwon City. The analysis on the expenditure patterns by consumer groups showed that there are different kinds of expenditure patterns by the characteristics of each consumer group classified by genders and age groups. Also, the major expenditure items of each consumer group were identified by using the analysis. The analysis on the time period of trip of each consumer group was conducted to comprehend the traveling patterns decided by the living patterns of each consumer group and their time period of trip. The result of the store density analysis showed that the pedestrian volume of certain time period which has a high component ratio of the business' major consumer groups had a decisive effect on the store location rather than the pedestrian volume of other time period. The findings of this study suggest that retailers should take account of the pedestrian volume by time period to secure customers when they make decisions on choosing the kind of business and its location.

Reduced Prefrontal Efficiency for Visuospatial Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Visuospatial working memory impairments have been implicated in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, most ADHD research has focused on the neural correlates of nonspatial mnemonic processes. This study examined brain activation and functional connectivity for visuospatial working memory in youth with and without ADHD. Twenty-four youth with ADHD and 21 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing an N-back test of working memory for spatial position. Block-design analyses contrasted activation and functional connectivity separately for high (2-back) and low (1-back) working memory load conditions versus the control condition (0-back). The effect of working memory load was modeled with linear contrasts. The 2 groups performed comparably on the task and demonstrated similar patterns of frontoparietal activation, with no differences in linear gains in activation as working memory load increased. However, youth with ADHD showed greater activation in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and left posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), greater functional connectivity between the left DLPFC and left intraparietal sulcus, and reduced left DLPFC connectivity with left midcingulate cortex and PCC for the high load contrast compared to controls (p < .01; k > 100 voxels). Reanalysis using a more conservative statistical approach (p < .001; k > 100 voxels) yielded group differences in PCC activation and DLPFC-midcingulate connectivity. Youth with ADHD show decreased efficiency of DLPFC for high-load visuospatial working memory and greater reliance on posterior spatial attention circuits to store and update spatial position than healthy control youth. Findings should be replicated in larger samples.

An Energy-Aware Adaptive Probabilistic Tracking Mechanism Based on Quantization for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) enable applications where target state estimation is essential. To deal with the energy source and communication bandwidth constraints, an energy-aware adaptive probabilistic tracking mechanism based on quantization was proposed. According to the relationship between the sensing radius and node properties which include stored information and position, a part of redundant nodes were removed under the condition on accuracy. An energy optimization model was established using the quantitative observations and an adaptive sampling interval strategy to reduce traffic for communication between sensor nodes. After that, a probabilistic sensor selection algorithm based on the sensing model of the node is creatively proposed to further reduce energy. In order to show the ascendant functions of the proposed mechanism, numerical simulation results including two scenarios, the single target and multiple Targets, showed that the algorithm can achieve the required tracking accuracy, effectively reduce energy consumption, and distinctly improve the performance of WSNs.

An Application of Xyz Analysis in Company Stock Management

Keeping inventory is often a prerequisite for the functioning of the production and commercial companies as well as multiple service providers. The level of inventories, as well as charges depends on sales – but the charges are the result of sales (charges are the result of sales, while sales volume is also dependent on debt management strategies), and the stocks precede the sales; they are one of the conditions . The stocks should be adjusted to the expected sales. In the article there have been presented the ABC and XYZ analyses in the application of inventory management exemplified by an office stationery company. The ABC analysis for inventory shows that a relatively small number of items and the storage unit are the most important or predominant part in all of their value. The classification system allows to include the stored position into three groups according to the relative importance or value of the items making up the group. The XYZ analysis shows the differences between the goods in stocks and the used ones. The Z elements are used in a very irregular way and therefore, the size of the supply is unpredictable. For those parts there should be chosen a good supplier where the delivery time is short, so as to be able to rely on small batches of fast deliveries just in time.

Mesures de similarité de trajectoires basées sur l’utilisation de patrons spatio-temporels

Mobile objects are now equipped with sensors allowing real time monitoring of their movements. Nowadays, the data produced by these sensors can be stored in spatio-temporal databases. Data mining on these stored positions allows to infer the behaviour of these mobile objects (spatio-temporal patterns) and to analyze positions and trajectories of mobile objects. Using these patterns, unusual situations can be detected. Two kinds of unusual situations are distinguished: unusual positions and unusual trajectories. This article defines similarity index based on spatial and temporal measures using fuzzy logic.

Multiattribute perceptual mapping with idiosyncratic brand and attribute sets

This article proposes an extremely flexible procedure for perceptual mapping based on multiattribute ratings, such that the respondent freely generates sets of both brands and attributes. Therefore, the brands and attributes are known and relevant to each participant. Collecting and analyzing such idiosyncratic datasets can be challenging. Therefore, this study proposes a modification of generalized canonical correlation analysis to support the analysis of the complex data structure. The model results in a common perceptual map with subject-specific and overall fit measures. An experimental study compares the proposed procedure with alternative approaches using predetermined sets of brands and/or attributes. In the proposed procedure, brands are better known, attributes appear more relevant, and the respondent’s burden is lower. The positions of brands in the new perceptual map differ from those obtained when using fixed brand sets. Moreover, the new procedure typically yields positioning information on more brands. An empirical study on positioning of shoe stores illustrates our procedure and resulting insights. Finally, the authors discuss limitations, potential application areas, and directions for research.

Are Consumer Perceptions Of Retailers Aligned With Retail Store Positioning?

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"&gt;This empirical study extends previous store image research by using consumer perceptions of store image to determine whether these perceptions are aligned with retailers&amp;rsquo; intended positioning.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

The Effect of Sales Promotions on the Size and Composition of the Shopping Basket: Regulatory Compatibility from Framing and Temporal Restrictions

Most literature on sales promotions focuses on responses to the promoted brand. Across two experimental studies and one field study, the authors examine how sales promotions may affect the size and composition of the overall shopping basket. The authors show that the framing of the savings message on sales promotions (e.g., “Save $x” versus “Get $x Off”), the expiration date restriction cue (immediate versus future expiration), and the familiarity of brands (well-known versus less familiar) are independent primes of regulatory focus. Furthermore, such cues, when compatible with one another or with a prior regulatory focus, lead to more unrelated purchases in the store. The authors discuss the findings in the context of theory on regulatory relevance and mind-sets, and they posit managerial implications for the design of sales promotions and store positioning.

A Computer Program for Training Eccentric Reading in Persons with Central Scotoma

Macular lesions result in vision loss in the central visual field, disabling the performance of activities that require good acuity, such as reading, while leaving intact the performance of activities that depend more on peripheral vision, such as mobility. Some macular dystrophies affect younger individuals, but the term generally refers to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in older people (Park, 1999). Several studies have shown that many of these persons developed a preferred retinal locus for seeing, located outside the lesion (see, for example, Crossland, Culham, & Rubin, 2004; Frennesson, Jakobsson, & Nilsson, 1995). Some persons have several such retinal loci which are sometimes used under different lighting conditions (Lei & Schuchard, 1997; Schuchard, 2005). Usually this extrafoveal seeing is helpful for orientation in daily living, but only some persons are able to read (Cummings, Whittaker, Watson, & Budd, 1985). Therefore, Nilsson and Nilsson (1986; see also Nilsson, Frennesson, & Nilsson, 2003) developed a technique for eccentric reading training (EVT). A practical method was developed by Oertel-Verweyen; this method requires a considerable number of sessions with a therapist. For home training, we developed a computer program--Xcentric viewing--to optimize this method. In our small study, we investigated whether this program increases the reading capacities of individuals with macular degeneration. Instead of a control group, we compared the data with the results of Schreckenbach's (2006) study, which used the same scientific design of EVT with 21 persons without using a computer. METHODS The computer-based training program Xcentric viewing was programmed by the first author. It contains the following parts: search of a prime position, training, home exercises, and the move-the-text technique. Search of prime positions Usually the eye with better visual acuity is selected to choose the prime viewing position. The person is asked to fixate the gaze of their better eye at a red fixation mark or a crosshair on the screen; a chin support helps to hold the person's head stable. The fixation is controlled by observing the person's eyes during training. The therapist can present letters or words in different sizes on the screen with the arrow keys on the keyboard. The person tells the therapist when he or she is able to read the letters or words. In most cases, several positions are found, and the program allows the locations to be stored. Five hot keys enable the therapist to compare these positions. The same letter or word can be shown in a short sequence in these stored positions, and the person decides which one is the best. Finally, in interaction with the person, the therapist recommends a prime viewing position for home training (see Figures 1 and 2). Training During training, an optimal stimulation is performed with marquees; the words run from the right to the left side through the area of the prime position. It is crucial for the person to hold his or her head and eyes in a firm position by looking stably at the crosshair and to try to read the marquee letter by letter. Later, the size of the letters is reduced, and the lengths of the words are extended. Home exercises Xcentric-viewing can store the individual adjusted level of difficulty on a memory stick. For home training, a simplified version of the program is available. In the study, the therapist explained the usage of the program to the participants (or relatives), which usually took about 1 hour, and gave them a copy of the software. In addition, the participants received magnifying lenses (reading microscopes); the optical power was adapted to their needs, but was almost stable in most participants (average magnification: 11.6 diopters before and 10.8 after the training). The program was designed to load the current data from the USB stick and automatically adjust the program for the particular level of difficulty required. …

Adolescents' clothing motives and store selection criteria

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to compare South Korean (SK) and United States (US) adolescents' clothing motives and their store selection criteria, examine whether adolescents with different primary clothing motives would have similar or different store selection criteria, and examine an interaction effect of country of residency and clothing motives on store selection criteria.Design/methodology/approachA total of 307 US students and 297 SK students participated in the study. The convenience sampling method was used to recruit teachers who volunteered to help with the study and administer the survey.FindingsResults showed that clothing motives and store selection criteria differed significantly between SK and US participants. Participants with different primary clothing motives had significantly different store selection criteria. SK and US participants with the same primary clothing motive did not have significantly different store selection criteria.Research limitations/implicationsParticipants were recruited using a convenience sampling method and, therefore, they could not represent adolescents generally in either country.Practical implicationsBased on the findings, suggestions for store positioning, service management and international marketing strategies for apparel companies that target adolescents were provided.Originality/valueLimited studies have examined adolescents' motives behind the clothes they purchase and wear, and their store selection criteria.