Store Advertisements Research Articles

Utilizing gain and loss message framing for consumers: A Machiavellian perspective

ABSTRACT Marketers are looking to understand consumers better as they obtain more buying power. We examine the roles of message framing and its interaction with the Machiavellianism personality trait on attitudes toward the store advertisement and intention to recommend the store. Based on two studies, we find that gain-framed messages result in significantly higher attitude levels towards the store advertisement and intention to recommend. We also find a significant interaction effect of message framing and Machiavellianism on consumer attitudes toward the store advertisement and intention to recommend the store. Marketers can focus on message-framing strategies to improve attitudes toward store advertisements and intentions to recommend when achieving goals set by their organization. In our second study, we replicate the main effects, but the interaction effect reverses direction for Gen Z consumers, suggesting there may be times to use different message-framing strategies.

Buying behavior of Japanese second-hand furniture: Online channels; Facebook and Instagram

This research aims to study consumer behavior and factors related to the decision-making process of buying second-hand furniture from Japan through online channels, namely Facebook and Instagram. The research employed a survey with 384 participants, using descriptive statistics, frequency, percentages, averages, and Chi-Square testing to examine the relationship between two variables. The results showed that female participants were more prevalent than males, with the majority aged between 20 and 40 years old. Most of the participants had an income range of 30,001 - 50,000 baht, and the majority were self-employed. The most popular type of product purchased was sofas/chairs, bought primarily for personal use. Most customers discovered the products through store advertisements. The highest frequency of purchases occurred on weekdays (Monday-Friday) between the hours of 18:00-23:59. Most customers would inquire about additional information from the stores before deciding to make a purchase, with the majority making the purchasing decision by themselves. In terms of motivation, a high percentage (67.0%) of the participants had a strong intention to buy second-hand furniture from Japan. A significant proportion (57.6%) also expressed a high level of preference for second-hand Japanese furniture. In terms of brand value, 45.2% of participants found it highly influential in their decision to buy second-hand furniture from Japan, while 33.0% found it moderately influential. The perceived safety and trustworthiness of Facebook and Instagram were moderately influential in their purchase decision, with 42.9% of participants agreeing. The aesthetic appeal of product images displayed on the Facebook or Instagram platforms was found to be highly influential (60.4%) in their purchase decision. The convenience and service quality of stores on the Facebook or Instagram platforms were also found to be highly influential (59.1%) in their purchase decision. The current COVID-19 situation was found to significantly affect their decision to buy second-hand furniture from Japan, with 53.6% agreeing. Therefore, entrepreneurs can use the data from this study as guidelines to effectively improve their online second-hand furniture business.

ANALISIS WACANA KRITIS TEORI TEUN A. VAN DIJK PADA VIDEO IKLAN DI AKUN YOUTUBE RAMAYANA BERJUDUL “MARGA PELARI”

Before and during Ramadan Ramayana Department Store published one advertisement. The uniqueness in this ad is that it always shows things that are different from the others, even touching the hearts of the audience. Instead of this different case, the latest advertisement is able to attract the hearts of the audience so that 1.2 million times are played on the Youtube account of Gedung Serbaneka Ramayana with the ad headline "Marga Pelari (Series Ramadhan)" which is enough to attract the attention of users. One of the reasons the advertisement attracts the sympathy of the audience is the message conveyed that touches the feelings of the audience. This study aims to examine the Ramayana Department Store Youtube advertisement to explore the hidden intentions behind the Ramayana Department Store advertisement by using three elements, namely; macro structure, super structure, and micro structure. Teun A. van Dijk's approach model used in this study is a descriptive qualitative study. The dialog in the iklat will be the data used by the reviewer. The existence of macro structure, super structure, and macro supra is evidence of the results of the study.

Algorithms and Mathematics Education A Response and Review of Hannah Fry’s Hello World: Being Human in the Age of Algorithms

At the outset, Dr. Hannah Fry’s book Hello World: Being Human in the Age of Algorithms is an engaging survey of how algorithms are being used in modern life. The book is written for a general audience with a focus on concepts and principles. As such, the narrative does not dig deeply into the details of any particular topic but instead offers a snapshot of how algorithms reside within a variety of contexts in the modern world. Through relatable examples, Dr. Fry builds a narrative that explains how algorithms are used as tools to predict, influence, augment, and mimic human behavior. Woven throughout the narrative are stories that reveal the power and pitfalls of algorithms. We learn about algorithms used by advertisers, data brokers, judges, chess masters, and healthcare workers. Along the way, Dr. Fry reveals how algorithms are being used to identify cancerous cells, build driverless vehicles, influence an online behavior, and create art. After reading the book, I was left asking practical questions such as, did that recent grocery store advertisement arrive by chance or is it based on my previous shopping behavior? How is my online browsing influencing the advertisements I see on social media? At the same time, the book inspired broader questions such as, how are algorithms being used for sentencing within the local court system? In what ways is care at the nearby hospital influenced by algorithms? In what follows, I have sought to craft a response to the book from my own lens of mathematics education rather than a detailed analysis of the particular merits. For those seeking a recommendation on whether or not to read the book, my response is: Read it. It is inextricably connected to the work that you do.

Jordanian Women Following-up Online Stores’ Ads

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the reasons for Jordanian women's engagement with electronic store advertisements, explore the habits and usage patterns of Jordanian women regarding electronic store advertisements, investigate the motives behind Jordanian women's interest in electronic store advertisements, examine the types of electronic stores followed by Jordanian women (local, regional, international), determine the most significant goods and services that Jordanian women seek through electronic stores, analyze the factors that capture the attention of Jordanian women towards e-store advertisements, and understand the purchasing behavior of Jordanian women in relation to e-store ads.
 Methodology: This study falls within the scope of descriptive research and relies on the survey method. A questionnaire was used as a tool to collect data from a sample of (450) Jordanian women in the northern Jordanian region. The objective of the study was to gather information and answer the research objectives.
 Results: The study revealed several findings. Firstly, the highest percentage of Jordanian women indicated that they follow electronic store advertisements 1 to less than 5 times a day. Additionally, the study found that communication through social networking sites was the primary channel for electronic store ads. Specifically, Ali Baba store ads were the most followed by Jordanian women. The use of images and graphics in electronic advertisements emerged as the most influential factors in attracting attention, generating interest, and creating a desire among Jordanian women. Moreover, the study showed that the purchasing behavior of Jordanian women influenced by electronic advertisements was moderate. Furthermore, no statistically significant differences were found between the reasons for Jordanian women's follow-up to e-store advertisements and their purchasing behavior based on variables such as income level, age, and educational achievement.
 Conclusion: The purchasing behavior influenced by Jordanian women's follow-up to electronic advertisements was moderate.

Tokopedia X Blackpink Advertising Discourse Analysis

Advertising is an interesting discourse to attract public attention. Advertising itself has undergone changes where lately it has focused on the approach side to products, product symbols, personal, and market segments. Not a few online buying and selling sites use advertisements to promote trademarks, for example Tokopedia. Tokopedia provides a variety of products that are needed. Tokopedia Advertising Discourses are produced to attract consumers to use or buy the products offered. The emergence of popular artists in online store advertisements is a current trend. No need to be surprised if Indonesia uses Kpop artists in marketing their products. This study used a descriptive qualitative method. The data is taken from Tokopedia's e-commerce advertisement in collaboration with Korean girl group Blackpink. The object used in this research is an advertisement from the online shop Tokopedia collaborating with a Korean girl group, namely BLACKPINK with the theme Tokopedia x Blackpink by discussing the discourse structure of Teun A. Van Dijk in 3 aspects, namely superstructure, micro structure, and macro structure. Discourse analysis research on Tokopedia advertisements using Van Dijk Theory shows that the three parts has succesfully appear in Tokopedia advertisements. From the analysis that has been done, it shows that the material owned by Tokopedia ads is complete and the advertisement is able to describe the message that the advertiser wants to convey to the audience which are the benefits and special events.

Prevalence Of Cigarette Smoking Phenomenon In Iraqi University Students And Factors Affecting Its Cessation An Observational Epidemiologic Study

Smoking is one of the negative pests spread all over the world. The most valuable thing a person has is his health which is destroyed by smoking. Smoking results in many negative effects on society, so we must get rid of it so that we can live in a clean and vital environment. Programs designed to combat cigarette smoking should be targeted mainly to university students, males, heavy smokers and urban areas. More of cigarette smoking combating programs should be against manufactured cigarettes (for example, applying higher taxis). Efforts should be done to announce the problem of passive cigarette mainly in university community, among nonsmokers, females and urban areas. Enforcement of Anti-cigarette information came from health warnings on cigarette package followed by health care provider followed by the media (especially newspapers or magazines). Encouraging the smokers to consult the HCP should be considered. Attention should be paid to cigarette advertising sites specially advertisements in stores, Free samples Sale prices, noticed cigarette promotions, free gifts/discounts on other products, Clothing/item with brand name or logo, Coupons and Mail promoting cigarette. Encouraging the ways of high or moderate efficacy that help smoking cessation as the willpower, nicotine patch, changing habits, nicotine gum, cessation program, and exercise.

The Juxtapose of Placement in Retail Outlet-Impact Over Instore Behavior

Marketing strategies have evolved to affect the buying behavior. The location of a shelf in a supermarket is important. The probability of a consumer to choose the product over similar ones that aren't at the eye level to the product at the eyelevel on the shelves is more. Brands pay slotting fees to limit shelf space for their competitors. It is a tempting technique to put products in the path of customers. The location where a product is found such as the middle shelf or at the end of the aisle (end cap) can prompt purchases. This study was conducted among shoppers in all age groups, students, working professionals, homemakers, etc. 103 questionnaires were collected. The objectives were, to know the shopping preference of customer, whether any unplanned product is bought and reasons the customer chooses a product and the impact of eyelevel placement on purchase. It was observed that customers prefer both online and retail stores. Customers buy products because of brand loyalty, sales promotion, and in store advertisements. It was also observed that Placement of products does impact the selection of products over otherwise placed products. Customers search for their favorite product, and are drawn to promotions such as offers, discounts etc. even though they come with a planned list. Eyelevel marketing makes them buy unplanned products. This study revealed the impact of promotion, branding, and eye level marketing among retail customers, across the selected responses.

Marguerita Mergentime: American Textiles, Modern Ideas by Virginia Bayer et al.

Reviewed by: Marguerita Mergentime: American Textiles, Modern Ideas by Virginia Bayer et al. Douglas Schaller Marguerita Mergentime: American Textiles, Modern Ideas. By Virginia Bayer, Linda Florio, and Donna Ghelerter. (New York: West Madison Press, 2017. Illustrations, chronology. $39.95.) As evident in the 2019–20 Jewish Museum exhibition on Edith Halpert's legacy and her astute promotion of Pennsylvania German designs and folk art more broadly, our changing understanding of this material's early proponents recalibrates contemporary perspectives on the work. This recent monograph on the 1920s and '30s designer Marguerita Mergentime (1894–1941) belatedly recognizes the foresight in broadening the mass appeal for Americana. Like Halpert, Mergentime grasped the inherent design appeal of eighteenth and early nineteenth-century fraktur and painted furniture but boldly reimagined their adaptation into everyday living and modern fabrics. As documented by the sales tallied in department store advertisements with her name prominently featured alongside the designs, she successfully reached middle-class urbanites. A member of the American Union of Decorative Artists and Craftsmen, Mergentime's signature style achieved prominence rapidly enough to be name-branded in ads and to produce a linen collection, titled "100 Years of American Design," for Lord & Taylor in 1936. The volume's forward, by the scholar Madelyn Shaw, notes that "good design" as defined by frequent Metropolitan Museum of Art and Museum of Modern Art exhibits of the 1920s and '30s united forces among manufacturing, design, and curatorial spheres to challenge domestic production to raise both its profile and allure. It was an opportune time for a forward-thinking and historically inclined designer, such as Mergentime, to launch domestic furnishings that would affirm tasteful, modern, yet homegrown idioms. Although antiquing in rural Pennsylvania was by the 1920s a popular pursuit for fashionable and affluent women, Mergentime eyed these handworks not solely with the intention of collecting but more shrewdly as design inspiration. In her essay, Donna Ghelerter cites Mergentime's loan of items from her collection of Pennsylvania German folk art to the 1939 Popular Art in America exhibit at the Brooklyn Museum and her unorthodox pairing of these finds with her family's penthouse duplex in the Beresford in New York City, designed by Frederick Kiesler. The collectors Abby Aldrich Rockefeller and Electra Havemayer Webb, advised and shaped by Halpert, significantly altered American [End Page 92] museums' approaches to and connoisseurship of folk art. Mergentime viewed the same objects as both central to American identity and a vernacular tradition for modernism to draw upon, though she took a more business-centric approach. Indicative of how fluidly Mergentime could pivot in her design idioms and inspirations, she drew from Gertrude Stein's Four Saints in Three Acts for her first printed tablecloths and napkins, naming the patterns after phrases ("Once in a While" and "Have to Have") from Stein's libretto. That fluidity is perhaps the strongest argument to be made for Mergentime's visionary strategy for injecting "good design" Americana into the modern American interior (one cut short by her death from cancer). Further evidence of her democratic and progressive stance is Mergentime's ten-foot Americana tapestry (1939, created for the Golden Gate International Exposition), which combines colloloquialisms, personalities, products, and pastimes in such a flattened typographic manner that regionalisms collapse. Prescient in its utilitarian and box stenciled typefaces, it projects unity and a pseudo-folk identity decades before the 1960s, when the aesthetic became more popular. Just as Mergentime's business strategies and forecasting skills anticipated those of the better-known Halpert, she also foreshadowed another 1960s tastemaker, the textile designer Vera Neumann. This provocative volume accompanied an installation of Mergentime's designs at the Cooper Hewitt; each essay succinctly frames the exceptional craft and historicism that characterize Mergentime's work. With this invigorating light shed on Mergentime's legacy, it is time to delve more deeply into her career and its influences. [End Page 93] Douglas Schaller Temple University Copyright © 2021 Historical Society of Pennsylvania

The Impact of Competitors’ Store Flyer Advertisements on EDLP/High-Low Chain Performance in a Highly Competitive Retail Market: GPS Information and POS Data Approach in Japan

The Japanese retail market has a high degree of competition among many small stores that use promotional (high-low) pricing strategies. Because store advertisement flyers are effective tools for such retailers, they play a very important role in Japan. However, despite the large impact made by flyers of competitive retail chains in various trade areas, the effects of advertising flyers has not been investigated in Japan, nor has this advertising strategy been investigated in Western countries. In this study, we obtained store traffic information using global positioning system (GPS) data from shoppers’ smartphones, with flyer information from 80 retail chain stores located in different trading areas. We found that while own-store flyers had a positive effect on that store’s performance, competitors’ flyers had negative effects on performance; indeed, these negative effects were of a magnitude that should not be ignored. Store-specific factors and trading area demographics also affect the effectiveness of store flyers. Furthermore, we found that high-low shoppers are more sensitive to competitors’ flyers than are customers who purchase at everyday low prices (EDLP). The results can help EDLP chains stop the practice of designating a loss leader brand.

Influence of Advertisement on Customers Based on AIDA Model

The paper is based on information which is a combination of store advertisement and consumers' path inside the store along with product information. With this information , the authors find how advertisement affects the behavior of consumers when making the decision. The findings suggest that advertisement has a small impact on customers inside the stores. Null effect is determined, and one standard deviation in advertising has an impact on store traffic by 1.2%. But the impact at a lower end of the model is observed. One standard deviation in advertisement has impacted the store sales by 8.4%. Based on further data mining, the research has found that there is no significant improvement in the number of customers, but the increase in sales is because of the higher quantity of purchases by the existing consumers. However, the effect of advertisement on products placed in the same or nearby shelf is not found, the impact on product varieties in the same segment is also not found. Based on these research findings, the authors find the right approach towards advertisement. The research is limited to consumers of retail industry in a Tier 3 Indian city of a developing geographic segment only. Mithun S. Ullal (India), Iqbal Thonse Hawaldar (Bahrain).

Influence of advertisement on customers based on AIDA model

The paper is based on information which is a combination of store advertisement and consumers’ path inside the store along with product information. With this information, the authors find how advertisement affects the behavior of consumers when making the decision. The findings suggest that advertisement has a small impact on customers inside the stores. Null effect is determined, and one standard deviation in advertising has an impact on store traffic by 1.2%. But the impact at a lower end of the model is observed. One standard deviation in advertisement has impacted the store sales by 8.4%. Based on further data mining, the research has found that there is no significant improvement in the number of customers, but the increase in sales is because of the higher quantity of purchases by the existing consumers. However, the effect of advertisement on products placed in the same or nearby shelf is not found, the impact on product varieties in the same segment is also not found. Based on these research findings, the authors find the right approach towards advertisement.The research is limited to consumers of retail industry in a Tier 3 Indian city of a developing geographic segment only.

Snack food advertising in stores around public schools in Guatemala

Obesity in school-age children is emerging as a public health concern. Food marketing influences preferences and increases children’s requests for food. This study sought to describe the type of snack foods advertised to children in stores in and around public schools and assess if there is an association between child-oriented snack food advertising and proximity to schools. All food stores located inside and within a 200 square meter radius from two preschools and two primary schools were surveyed. We assessed store type, number, and type of snack food advertisements including those child-oriented inside and outside stores. We surveyed 55 stores and found 321 snack food advertisements. Most were on sweetened beverages (37%) and soft drinks (30%). Ninety-two (29%) were child-oriented. Atoles (100.0%), cereals (94.1%), and ice cream and frozen desserts (71.4%) had the greatest proportion of child-oriented advertising. We found more child-oriented advertisements in stores that were closer (<170 m) to schools compared with those farther away. In conclusion, the food industry is flooding the market, taking advantage of the lack of strict regulation in Guatemala. Child-oriented advertisements are available in almost all stores within a short walking distance from schools, exposing children to an obesogenic environment.

Do Advertising Tools Create Awareness, Provide Information, and Enhance Knowledge? An Exploratory Study

The paper intends to construct an array of advertising tools and tests the influence of the same in creating awareness, providing information, and enhancing knowledge of female consumers. The constructs focus on testing the impact on the aforesaid aspects. The results revealed that advertising tools exert impact in creating awareness, providing information, and enhancing knowledge of the target respondents. However, the advertising tools found to be more effective in providing information and enhancing knowledge. The results also revealed that (1) outdoor advertisements found to have more impact in creating awareness and (2) store advertisements found to elicit more influence in providing information and enhancing knowledge.

Community food environment and early childhood BMI: baseline findings from the Hawaii Children’s Healthy Living Program (390.5)

Community food environment (CFE) is an important determinant of health, especially obesity. Factors of the CFE (including availability and quality of fruits/vegetables [F/V], store advertisement, community readiness for change [CR], and store walkability) were assessed in 4 communities in Hawai‛i participating in the Children’s Healthy Living Program community randomized trial to describe CFE variables in association with early childhood (2‐8 y) body mass index (BMI). Anthropometric measurements were collected in all communities (n=598); BMI percentiles and z scores were calculated using CDC 2000 growth curves. CFE factors, except CR, were measured in 29 stores. CR was measured by survey of 29 community members knowledgeable of the CFE. Spearman correlations were calculated for mean BMI‐z score and CFE variables. Mean BMI z‐score = 0.59 (SD=0.20) while means of CR = 5.25 (SD=0.4), FV availability = 4.9 (SD=2.8), FV quality = 5.2 (SD=2.6) and store walkability = 11.1 (SD 9.3). BMI z‐score and CR (r=‐0.98, p&lt;0.001) were negatively correlated in addition to mean BMI z‐score and store walkability (r=‐0.45, p=0.04). Positive correlations were found between BMI z‐score and store exterior healthy ads (r=0.40, p=0.03); FV availability (r=0.59, p&lt;0.001); and FV quality (r=0.62, p&lt;0.001). Further study, including more Pacific communities and the examination of additional factors, may influence these associations.Grant Funding Source: Supported by the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Grant no. 2011‐68001‐30335 from the USDA

Pro-Tobacco Influences and Susceptibility to Smoking Cigarettes Among Middle and High School Students—United States, 2011

Smoking is a leading cause of cancer, and most smokers begin during adolescence. We examined the proportion of adolescents exposed to pro-tobacco advertising and assessed the association between this exposure and susceptibility to smoking. Data from the 2011 National Youth Tobacco Survey were used to calculate the proportion of susceptible middle school (MS) and high school (HS) students exposed to pro-tobacco advertisements through stores, magazines, and the Internet. Following previous work, susceptibility to smoking cigarettes was defined as "never smoked but open to trying cigarettes." In 2011, 81.5% of MS students and 86.9% of HS students were exposed to tobacco advertisements in stores; 48.2% of MS students and 54.0% of HS students were exposed to such advertising in magazines. Exposure to tobacco advertisements on the Internet was similar for MS (40.8%) and HS students (40.2%). Of those surveyed, 22.5% of MS students and 24.2% of HS students were susceptible to trying cigarettes. Exposure to magazine advertising declined from 71.8% in 2000 to 46.1% in 2009 among susceptible MS students; however, exposure increased to 55.4% in 2011. Tobacco advertising seen through the Internet among susceptible HS students increased from 25.9% in 2000 to 44.7% in 2011. Adolescents continue to be exposed to pro-tobacco advertisements. Adolescents susceptible to smoking are more likely to report exposure to pro-tobacco advertisements. In addition to continued monitoring, more effective interventions to eliminate youth exposure to pro-tobacco marketing are needed.

Circulation and representation: Jews, department stores and cosmopolitan consumption in Germany, c.1880s–1930s

This essay looks at the problem of Jews and cosmopolitanism from the perspective of consumer culture in modern Germany. It focuses on German department stores, the great majority of which were owned by Jews, and which were stationary sites for the convergence of goods, styles, people and capital from all over the world. The essay then traces discourses on and representations of circulation across a variety of media and genres, including department store advertisements, economic writings, anti-department store propaganda and fiction, showing how department store owners and their harshest critics drew on a common set of terms and symbols to represent modern mass consumption. While department stores used cosmopolitanism to promote their goods and create enticing product displays and consumer spectacles, their critics charged that these stores, because of their cosmopolitanism, were insufficiently rooted in German traditions and mores and represented a threat from the Jewish East.

Longitudinal effects of pro‐tobacco and anti‐tobacco messages on adolescent smoking susceptibility

We examined the longitudinal impact of self-reported exposure to pro- and anti-tobacco media on adolescents' susceptibility to smoking, using in-school surveys from a culturally diverse sample. Ethnicity and acculturation also were examined as potential moderators. Middle-school students (N = 2,292) completed self-report questionnaires during the 6th, 7th, and 8th grades. Chi-square analyses were conducted to determine whether reported exposure to pro- and anti-tobacco media varied according to ethnicity, acculturation, and immigration status. Logistic regression models were used to examine whether pro- and anti-tobacco media exposure in 6th grade was associated with susceptibility to smoking by later grades. Recall of people smoking in television programs and pro-tobacco advertisements in stores was associated with adolescent smoking susceptibility. Exposure to anti-tobacco advertisements on television protected against susceptibility. No significant interaction effects between pro- and anti-tobacco media exposure on smoking susceptibility were found. Ethnicity and acculturation did not moderate these associations. Our longitudinal study provides evidence that pro-tobacco media and advertising increases susceptibility to smoking over time. More important, anti-tobacco advertisements are not sufficient to reduce the harmful effects of adolescent exposure to pro-tobacco media. Policy-level interventions such as restrictions in tobacco advertising may be necessary to prevent adolescent smoking.

Exposure to Pro-Tobacco Messages: Results from the National Youth Tobacco Survey

Objective: To test whether race/ethnicity, gender, and grade influence self-reported exposure to pro-tobacco messages among youth. Design: Multinomial logistic regression analyses of archival survey data (1999, 2000, and 2002 National Youth Tobacco Surveys). In separate analyses, demographic characteristics of the sample (race/ethnicity, gender, and grade) were regressed on responses to two questions regarding frequency of exposure to pro-tobacco messages. Analyses controlled for respondents' smoking status. Main outcome measures: Reported frequency of seeing tobacco point of sales (POS) advertisements in stores and self-reported frequency of seeing actors smoking. Results: Respondents reported generally high frequencies of seeing pro-tobacco messages either in the movies or as POS ads in stores. In comparison to Caucasian youth, African-American and Hispanic youth reported higher frequencies of seeing actors smoking. Surprisingly, non-Caucasian youth reported lower frequencies of seeing POS ads. Results by gender were mixed, but the magnitude of differences between genders was generally small. Youth in grades 6–10 were more likely to report seeing actors smoking and less likely to report seeing POS advertisements. Conclusions: This research demonstrates that students' demographics are related to exposure to pro-tobacco messages. Given the high prevalence of smoking in movies and television, and POS advertisements, future studies should investigate the extent to which environmental exposure or psychosocial factors predict higher self-reported exposure among demographic groups.

State variation in retail promotions and advertising for Marlboro cigarettes

BACKGROUNDThere is some evidence that tobacco companies marketing efforts undermine the effects of comprehensive tobacco control programmes.OBJECTIVETo determine whether point-of-purchase advertising and promotions are more pervasive in states where comprehensive...