Abstract In order to improve the safety of vehicle-mounted liquid hydrogen storage and transportation and reveal the leakage and diffusion characteristics of vehicle-mounted liquid hydrogen in open space, a numerical simulation model of liquid hydrogen leakage and diffusion was established. The leakage and diffusion behavior of liquid hydrogen during transportation was studied. The influence of wind speed, leakage rate, leakage time, wind temperature, ground temperature, and other factors on the diffusion behavior of hydrogen clouds was analyzed. The results show that the flammable hydrogen cloud formed after the leakage of liquid hydrogen diffuses from the near ground to the distant air, and the volume expands rapidly, resulting in a significant increase in the potential hazard area. The combustible hydrogen cloud has typical radial concentration gradient distribution characteristics, and the hydrogen concentration decreases from the center to the periphery. The spatial diffusion range and volume change are mainly affected by wind speed, leakage rate, and leakage duration, while the influence of wind temperature and ground temperature is relatively limited.

Development of a light-induced gas phase nitric oxide generator and its use in killing biofilm bacteria in vitro and ex vivo.

Integrated design and co-optimization of hybrid tank and salt cavern for green hydrogen storage in renewable-driven desalination plants

Evaporation prediction method for long-term storage of large liquid hydrogen tanks incorporating para- and ortho-hydrogen conversion heat effects

Numerical simulation analysis of large LNG storage tanks with novel seismic mitigation measures based on fluid-structure interaction

Non-equilibrium thermodynamic modeling and analysis of the self-pressurization mechanism in spherical liquid hydrogen storage tanks

Analytical and numerical analyses of fuel storage tanks subjected to internal deflagrations

Using genetic algorithm based methods for optimal thermal energy storage tank design

Explosive shock effects of type III hydrogen storage tank (70 MPa) with protective barriers: Full-scale explosion tests and fluid-solid coupling analysis

Performance evaluation of elevated liquid storage tanks equipped with isolation and clutch-enhanced inerter systems

Stress testing and numerical simulation of high-temperature molten salt storage tank under dynamic operating conditions

Water is an essential resource for human life; however, it is also a limited natural resource that requires proper management, particularly in daily household usage. One common problem encountered is the overflow of water storage tanks (toren) due to negligence, as their elevated placement often makes direct monitoring difficult. This study presents the design and development of an Internet of Things (IoT)-based water level monitoring system for household water tanks using an Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller and an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor. The system is designed to measure the water level in real time and display the results on a 16×2 LCD screen. Additionally, visual indicators in the form of red, yellow, and green LEDs are implemented to represent low, medium, and high water levels, providing an intuitive warning system for users. The proposed system aims to prevent water wastage caused by tank overfilling and to improve efficiency in water resource management. Experimental testing shows that the device operates reliably and responsively under various water level conditions. The measurement results indicate that the system is capable of detecting water level changes with an accuracy of approximately ±1 cm. Overall, this monitoring tool offers a simple, low-cost, and effective solution for automatic water level detection and household water conservation.

Multi-energy systems are one of the main solutions to facilitate the integration of renewable energy resources in the smart energy system. To this end, this paper presents a comprehensive structure for the energy system that integrates the electrical, hydrogen, and water sections for sustainable management of modern energy systems. The presented model offers cooperative scheduling for neighbor multi-energy systems that provides the opportunity of local energy trading among them. Also, it focuses on the water system and seeks to supply potable water for the energy systems by a water well, desalination unit, and water storage tank. Besides, compressed air energy storage is developed to utilize the surplus generation of renewable energy to provide an efficient operation for the system. To control the uncertain nature of renewable generation, the energy systems can take part in the electrical and thermal demand-side programs to manage their consumption in response to the signal prices. The proposed model is tested on a standard case study, and the numerical results show that the cooperation among energy systems reduces their operating cost and unserved energy by $ 23.91 and 64.317 kWh compared to autonomous operation.

Oil storage tanks face critical challenges of high-temperature-induced volatile loss and corrosionfailure, which restrict operational safety and economic efficiency. To address these issues, this studydevelops a water-based anticorrosive–radiative cooling integrated coating. The coating achievespassive cooling via solar heat reflection and radiative heat dissipation, while integrating anti-corrosionfunctionality to form a comprehensive protection system. Systematic optimization of key parameterswas conducted: barium sulfate (BaSO₄) and magnesium fluoride (MgF₂) were selected as compositereflective fillers for their complementary spectral reflectivity; the optimal formulation was determinedas a BaSO₄:MgF₂ volume ratio of 2:1, 70% pigment volume concentration (PVC), and a 150 μm coatingthickness. Experimental results show that the optimized coating exhibits a solar reflectivity of up to92.82% with stable infrared emissivity, effectively reducing tank temperature and minimizing “breathingloss” and volatile emissions. Electrochemical tests confirm that the double-layer system (epoxy–siliconeanticorrosive primer and radiative cooling topcoat) maintains low-frequency impedance above 2.0 × 10⁹Ω after 68 days of immersion, demonstrating superior long-term corrosion resistance. As a water-borne,energy-saving, and environmentally friendly solution, the coating aligns with the “Double Carbon”goals, extends tank service life, reduces maintenance costs, and provides a sustainable protectionstrategy for the aviation energy storage industry, with broad application prospects in green industrialinfrastructure.

Austenitic stainless steels are renowned for their exceptional resistance to hydrogen embrittlement, making them promising candidates for fabricating liquid hydrogen storage tanks. However, their relatively low tensile strength limits their applicability in high-pressure hydrogen environments. This study investigates the effects of hot rolling treatment on 316L stainless steel, with solid solution treatment serving as the baseline control. The HE sensitivity of the steel was evaluated using in-situ hydrogen-charged uniaxial slow strain rate testing. The results indicate that the grain size of the solid-solution-treated 316L was 69 μm, while the hot-rolled specimens exhibited a refined grain size of 30 μm. Consequently, the tensile strength increased to 410.5 MPa, and HE sensitivity decreased by 11.2%. It clarifies the dual-beneficial effect of hot rolling – simultaneously enhancing strength and HE resistance. It uncovers the underlying mechanism: grain refinement increases grain boundary density to accommodate hydrogen, while the formation of more deformation twins under stress disperses dislocation-transported hydrogen at grain boundaries, thereby delaying crack initiation. This dual mechanism provides new insights into the synergistic regulation of strength and HE resistance, providing a high-performance material solution for high-pressure liquid hydrogen storage tanks, pipelines, and other critical components in hydrogen energy systems.

Abstract - The increasing demand for thermal comfort and potable cold water has resulted in higher electricity consumption, leading to environmental degradation and increased operational costs. This research presents the design, development, and performance evaluation of a solar water cooler cum room cooling system, which utilizes renewable solar energy to provide both chilled drinking water and indoor air cooling simultaneously. The system integrates a solar photovoltaic panel, DC water pump, evaporative cooling chamber, water storage tank, and air circulation fan. During operation, solar energy powers the pump to circulate water through cooling pads, thereby reducing room temperature while simultaneously cooling stored water through evaporative heat transfer. Experimental analysis shows that the system can reduce room temperature by 6–10°C and lower water temperature by 8–12°C under typical Indian climatic conditions. The proposed system is eco-friendly, cost-effective, and suitable for rural and semi-urban areas with limited electricity access. Key Words: Solar energy, evaporative cooling, water cooler, room cooling, renewable energy, energy conservation.

Petroleum is recognized as a crucial strategic material for national sustainable development, and its safe storage, transportation, and utilization have significant impacts on the human ecological environment. In order to conduct in-depth research on the safety characteristics of oil tank fires, this study primarily employed similarity criteria to design small-scale experiments and further validated the full-scale experiments using numerical simulations. The flame characteristics, thermal physical properties, and “safe distance-time” of large-scale storage tank fires were pointed out. The results showed that with the increase of wind speed, its impact on flame height became smaller and smaller. The suitable wind speed range for the experiment was found to be between 0.97 m/s and 6.64 m/s. The flame surface area and flame volume first decreased and then increased with increasing wind speed, and there was a linear relationship between flame volume and surface area. The flame temperature decreased first and then increased. The larger the flame volume, the higher the heat release rate, and there was a linear relationship between the two. The validation experiment results showed that the temperature error and heat release rate error range of the simulation experiment were less than 5%, indicating a high reliability of the similarity experiments. Additionally, research on the “safe distance-time” relationship of the tank fires indicated that the minimum safe distance for personnel under this engineering condition was 21 m.

Targeting low-carbon energy transition, this study proposes a stochastic optimization model for an integrated electricity-heat-gas-hydrogen system with high renewable penetration. The configuration couples four storage assets—battery, heat storage tank, gas storage tank and hydrogen storage tank—with three hydrogen devices: electrolyzers, fuel cells and methanation reactors. Operating and carbon-trading costs are both embedded. Numerical results indicate that enabling carbon trading mildly raises computational load yet increases operating cost while curbing renewable curtailment. Integrating hydrogen devices significantly heightens model complexity, further lowers curtailment and reduces overall cost, validating the practical value of the approach.

Correction to “Evaluation of damage characteristics of large <scp>LNG</scp> storage tanks under multiphase loading—An explosion occurs at high temperatures”

Water scarcity and inefficient water management have become pressing global issues in the 21st century, exacerbated by rapid urbanization, climate change, and aging infrastructure. In many communities, significant volumes of water are lost due to tank overflow and poor monitoring practices, contributing to unnecessary water consumption and increased utility costs. This study proposes the design and implementation of an Automated Water Level Control System that uses sensors, microcontrollers, and real-time monitoring to maintain optimal water levels in storage tanks. The system detects the water level in tanks and automatically controls the inflow to prevent overflow, thereby minimizing water wastage and reducing manual intervention. Field testing in residential and institutional settings showed a notable reduction in water overflow incidents and improved water use efficiency compared to traditional float valve systems. By integrating Internet of Things (IoT) features, stakeholders can remotely monitor water levels and receive alerts, making the system adaptive to diverse water management scenarios. The results highlight the potential of automation in enhancing sustainable water practices, which is essential given today’s challenges in water conservation, resource optimization, and environmental stewardship. This system offers a viable solution for municipalities, homeowners, and industries aiming to conserve water and mitigate the impacts of water scarcity.