Storage Of Petroleum Products Research Articles

Evaluation and Determination of the Physical Properties of Gasoline and the Presence of Fine Particles in the Ten Districts of the City of N'djamena

The context, which allowed to write this article is the fact that we have noticed an increase in the environmental impact caused by the poor management of car parks and fuel sellers as well as the proliferation of service stations that do not respect any standards. The illegal storage and marketing of petroleum products, especially gasoline, in the city of N'Djamena is the main factor of vulnerability and criticality of air pollutants, thus demonstrating the growing environmental impact in the city of N'Djamena. The presence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) as well as that of fine particles which are part of the Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and characterize by their toxicities, their persistence in the environment, their bioaccumulation in living tissues, and their long-distance transport. Thus, the main objective of this work is to determine and evaluate the physical properties of gasoline and the presence of fine particles in the ten districts of the city of N'Djamena. These are the species sold on the street and presenting a danger to users. The main idea would be to look for gas stations and points of sale that comply with the regulations in force and those that do not. Then physical analyses were carried out on different types of gasoline consumed and then the air quality was measured with a Purple Air sensor. In conclusion, a complete structure of the ten districts with their degrees of pollution as well as the number of gas stations and fuel sellers on the street will be listed.

Devising technology for extinguishing oil tanks using compressed foam by sub-layer technique

Tank facilities storing various combustible substances are a potential source of danger for the environment and human life. Fires in tanks can occur for various reasons: technical malfunctions, human factors, military operations, natural phenomena. One of the effective methods for extinguishing such fires is "sublayer" extinguishing with the help of foam of low multiplicity. The possibility of "sub-layer" extinguishing with the help of compression foam, which has unique properties, has been considered. The object of this study is the processes of stopping combustion during fire extinguishing in steel tanks for the storage of petroleum products with the use of foaming agents of increased stability, which ensure the generation of compression foam in a "sub-layer" way. A mathematical model of the movement of a submerged non-free jet of foam in the medium of motor fuel is given, which adequately describes the real physical processes that occur during "sublayer" quenching of vertical steel tanks. According to the research, it was established that the use of foam with a multiplicity of 10 (K10) is 1.56 times more effective in serving time than the use of foam with a multiplicity of 5 (K5). From an economic point of view, K10 foam also has greater advantages as the costs of the foaming agent during its generation are 3.1 times lower than when using K5 foam. The simulations demonstrated that the foaming agent consumption of the K10 foam is lower than the foaming agent consumption of the K5 foam and results in a different amount of foam coming to the surface. The simulations also showed that the volume of K5 foam increases proportionally with the feeding time, while the volume of K10 foam increases disproportionally and starts to decrease after half the time. The results from the implementation of the mathematical model were fully consistent with the results from experimental studies on extinguishing a model fire of class B

ОЦЕНКА ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ЭСКАЛАЦИИ ПОЖАРА ПРИ ХРАНЕНИИ МОТОРНЫХ ТОПЛИВ В ПОЛИМЕРНЫХ ЭЛАСТИЧНЫХ РЕЗЕРВУАРАХ

Due to the increase in oil production and production of petroleum products, as well as their transportation and storage, the range and sizes of reservoirs are increasing. For this purpose, polymer tanks are widely used at Russian enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, including mobile tank farmsand oil depots for the operational storage of oil and petroleum products. However, the polymer materials from which the tanks are made are flammable, which increases their fire hazard level. An assessment of the possibility of fire escalation has been carried out using the example of an oil depot model for storing motor fuels in polymer elastic tanks. The results 
 of calculating the dangerous factors of a spill fire during depressurization of polymer elastic tanks with gasoline and diesel fuel, as well as a graph of the dependence of the intensity of thermal radiation during the ignition of these tanks, are presented in tabular form, and an event tree is constructed. The parameters characterizing the possible escalation of a fire at a motor fuel storage site under quasi-stationary conditions have been determined.
 A methodology is proposed that allows assessing the possibility of realizing the escalating nature of a fire at facilities for storing and handling motor fuels in polymer elastic tanks, and recommendations are also given to prevent the progressive nature of the development of negative events and reduce damage in case of fire.

Моделирование оценки риска пожара на резервуаре хранения нефтепродуктов

The purpose of the study is to assess the consequences of emergency situations in real danger, it is necessary to carry out studies to determine the degree of risk of accidents in the form of fires and explosions on technological equipment for processing and storage of petroleum products. When operating oil tanks, it is recommended to use the «fault tree» method to predict failures or failures’. This method is a logical-probabilistic model of the causal relationship of a tank fire with defects in its elements and other events. This will allow you to use the modeling method to determine the probability of an event using an analytical or statistical distribution function of a random variable representing a real event. Using the «fault tree», you can calculate the probability of a «failure» event and uptime. In the article, a reliability model is constructed, which is a logical-probabilistic model of cause-and-effect relationships of a tank fire with malfunctions of its elements and other events.

A comprehensive study on applications of nanomaterials in petroleum upstream and downstream industry.

Nanotechnology has emerged as a revolutionary technology that has been applied in the oil and gas industry for over a decade, spanning the upstream, midstream, and downstream sectors. Nanotechnology has made significant contributions to the exploration of crude oil and natural gas, both in underground and deep-water environments. It has also played a crucial role in improving the drilling process, enabling the extraction of oil and gas resources from beneath the Earth's surface. Nanoparticles, with their unique physical and chemical properties, such as high specific surface area, high pore volume, and small size, have demonstrated considerable potential in the oil industry. Extensive research has been conducted to explore various types of nanoparticles for advanced applications, including oil exploration, drilling, production, and enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Moreover, nanomaterials have found applications in downstream and intermediate sectors, such as crude oil refining, natural gas processing, and transportation and storage of petroleum products. Ongoing advancements in nanomaterial synthesis methods, the exploration of new nanomaterial uses, and understanding the remarkable properties of nanomaterials will continue to make them increasingly valuable in the oil and gas sector. The oil and gas industry recognises the potential of nanotechnology and nanoparticles and is investing significantly in research and development in this area. This comprehensive review aims to summarise successful applications of nanotechnology while addressing associated challenges. It serves as a valuable resource for future research and application endeavours in the field, highlighting the potential of nanotechnology in the oil and gas industry.

Состав и строение нефтяных дисперсных систем

Physico-chemical properties and behavior in the processes of extraction, transportation, processing, storage and use of petroleum products depend on the chemical, component and dispersed composition of oils, gas conden-sates, oil-like systems. For qualified management of these processes, it is necessary to understand the role of the composition and structure of oil dispersed systems (VAT). The classical descriptions of the structural elements of VAT are considered, their main varieties and types are given. It is shown how the size of a dispersed phase or a complex structural unit can change when external conditions change. Models of the structure of asphaltenes and resins, their composition and structure are given. A variety of approaches to the description of their structure and interaction with each other is shown, ranging from classical Ian-Mullins concepts to modern interpretations based on data from spectral analyses of nuclear magnetic and electron paramagnetic resonances (NMR and EPR) micrographs of a scanning electron microscope, computational computer programs. A hypothetical model of a complex structural unit formed by various groups of organic compounds from the standpoint of paired exchange interactions based on the paramagnetism of resinous-asphaltene molecules and compounds with a high carbon/hydrogen ratio is considered. Examples of the structure of complex polyheterophase oil dispersed systems containing particles of mechanical impurities, globules of water, bubbles of dissolved gases, demonstrating the multilevel structure of VAT, are given. Oil dispersed systems are, due to the extreme variety of compounds and impurities included in them, very complex objects, the study of the composition and structure of which is necessary for the qualified management of the processes of extraction, processing, transportation and storage of oil and petroleum products. Knowledge of the composition and structure of VAT, its dependence on external influences, on changes in conditions affecting it, the possibility of intensification of technological processes. The polyheterogenic composition and multilevel structure of VAT must be taken into account when determining the optimal effects on VAT in the processes of extraction, transportation, processing, storage of oil and the use of petroleum products. The chemical and component composition of VAT can be analyzed by known methods, including column chromatography, and the dispersed composition of dark petroleum products is determined by spectrophotometric method.

Degradation of oil and oil products by microorganisms isolated from the Azerbaijani coast of the Caspian Sea at low temperatures

The object of the study is microorganisms isolated from the Azerbaijani territory of the Caspian Sea, capable of decomposing oil and oil products at low temperatures of 4–6 °C. The purpose of this work was to study bacteria and fungi capable of actively assimilating oil, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel at a temperature of 4–6 °C in order to solve the problem of environmental pollution in this region. The studied most effective biodestructors are combined into associations that can be used to create an active biological product based on native microorganisms with its further use for water bioremediation, as well as treatment of tanks and other containers used for long-term storage of petroleum products at a temperature of 4–6 °C. The process of degradation of samples of used oils at the molecular level of the selected compounds was studied by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. As a result of chromatographic and spectroscopic studies, it was found that almost all microorganisms decompose the tested oil products. Only weak peaks remained on the chromatogram, which is a clear indicator of the deep biodegradation carried out by these microorganisms. Thanks to the chromatographic and spectral analysis of oil and products of its decomposition, an oxidation sequence has been established, indicating the decomposition of the last aromatic fraction. As a result, a general picture was obtained on the amount of degradation products containing carboxyl, keto-, hydroxyl groups, which is not enough to determine the processes of transformation of initial products into final ones. All this testifies to the multidirectionality of biodegradation processes

Use of interpolation methods for modeling the stress-strain state of operated oil storage tanks

The aim of the research is the comparison of two approaches for computer modeling of the stress-strain state of thin-walled shells of engineering structures, considering the imperfections of the geometric shapes arising due to their operation. The object of the study is the operated steel vertical cylindrical reservoir with imperfections of the geometric shape intended for storage of petroleum products. The first, so-called classical, approach provides geometric modeling of the surface of the tank's shell with the subsequent import of the geometric model into one of the systems of finite element analysis to calculate the stress-strain state of the structure and determine its technical condition, and the possibility of further operation. The geometric modeling of the shell surface with imperfections was performed using a two-dimensional interpolation method based on the 1st order smoothness outlines implemented in the point calculus. The calculation of the stress-strain state of the shell was carried out in the SCAD Office computer complex, taking into account geometric and structural non-linearity on the basis of the octahedral tangential stress theory. The second approach assumes modeling of an array of functions of vertical deflection of the tank wall by means of interpolation, solution of an array of differential equations of the elastic cylindrical shell under axisymmetric loading, improved by introduction of vertical deflection functions of the wall, followed by two-dimensional interpolation and analysis of the deformed state of the shell based on displacements arising in the tank wall from the hydrostatic load. As a result of the effective use of two-dimensional interpolation in the process of implementing the second approach, it was possible to achieve a significant increase in the speed of the numerical solution while maintaining sufficient accuracy for engineering calculations.

Improving the standardisation of oil product losses

The effectiveness of standardisation as a form of regulation of processes and results of activity in all spheres of production-technical, commercial-economic, social and other relations is confirmed at the international and regional levels, in the scope of standardisation work in countries with a developed market economy. World and domestic experience has revealed a wide range of problems and tasks that can be solved with the involvement, and sometimes exclusively, by means of standardisation, as well as various forms and methods of solving these problems, which are determined by the state and trends of economic development, conditions and factors of its functioning. The level of scientific and technical progress in many sectors of the world economy, the growth rates of international trade pose new challenges to standardisation. In these conditions, standards become the main economic tool for rationalisation and harmonisation of international trade as an integrated expression of the effective economic development of the country. Harmonisation of domestic standards with international and regional standards creates the necessary conditions for the creation of competitive products based on the updating of the current stock of state and interstate standards; development of technical legislation (technical regulations) regulating issues of safety of products and services for life and health of people, environment; formation of a system of standards of information interaction, in which electronic means of communication make it possible to strengthen international technical cooperation in all spheres of human activity. Certain aspects of improving the quality and competitiveness of products, including by means of standardisation, have been considered in the works of domestic and foreign scientists. However, there are practically no scientific works devoted to ensuring the competitiveness of processes of transportation and storage of petroleum products by means of harmonisation of national standards. The importance of the considered problem and its insufficient development for the economy of Ukraine, its industries and enterprises determine the relevance of the research topic. In this scientific work the analysis of different approaches to the determination of the loss of petroleum products was carried out with the help of regulatory documents approved at the state level. A comparative analysis of the document used for a long time in the post-Soviet space and the document that replaced it in Ukraine was carried out. The approach to determining the loss of organic liquids from tanks of various designs in the USA was analysed, in particular, the possibilities and limitations of using the functions of the TANK 4.0 program to calculate the loss of oil products by evaporation from tanks were studied

Spatial Distribution of Service Stations and Access to Fuel in the Municipality of Bohicon in Benin

The mobility of people and things is a necessity in the life of populations. It generates various modes of movement. Also fuel consumption becomes an obligation for the proper functioning of the machines. The availability of fuel and its accessibility arises in the municipality of Bohicon . The objective of this research is to evaluate access to fuel, in particular gasoline from service stations in this municipality. The methodological approach used consisted in carrying out enough documentary research followed by various field work using different tools and materials such as survey questionnaires, interview guides, a notepad and a GPS. This is followed by the processing of the data collected and then the presentation of the results using Word, Excel and QGis; A total of 24 service stations and 10 points of sale in the municipality as well as to understand the behavior consumers. However, it is noted the unbalanced distribution of the various service stations and points of sale. Also it is noted that there are only 18% of consumers who get their gasoline at the service station against 82% who prefer adulterated gasoline for various reasons although they are aware of the quality of that of service stations. Hence the need to revise the policies of this sector and a proposal for a development plan for service stations for an upgrade of sector of Petroleum Products Storage and Distribution Infrastructures (ISDPP).

The secret of September: The 1949 oil agreements between the United States and South Korea

AbstractAfter the Second World War, the US government established a new oil order, forming close ties with three major oil companies—Standard Vacuum, Shell, and California-Texas—referred to as the ‘Three Sisters’ in Korea, which was newly liberated from Japanese colonialism. Even after the South Korean government was established, the US government and the Three Sisters worked to maintain the order. Using the carrot of the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) funds, in 1949 the US government pressured the South Korean government into oil agreements that would facilitate the supply of petroleum products to the country. The 1949 oil agreements were completed after three rounds of negotiations. The process of signing the agreements was not limited to the import, storage, and sale of petroleum products in exchange for US aid to South Korea. It also sought to respond to the various interests of Koreans who wanted to create an independent economic structure in the midst of establishing a new government. This article explores the three rounds of negotiations for the 1949 oil agreements whereby the symbiotic relationship between the US government and the Three Sisters was realized in partnership with the interests of the South Korean government. Furthermore, it seeks to broaden the research on the history of Korean oil by promoting an understanding of how US oil policy affected Korea immediately after its liberation from Japanese colonial rule.

FIRE SAFETY ANALYSIS IN A TANK FARM

One of the urgent problems at oil-producing enterprises is the increase in man-made accidents and catastrophes caused by explosions of various oil and gas equipment, including tanks storing explosive, toxic petroleum products and raw materials.This article analyzes the accident statistics at oil and gas enterprises for the period 1953–2022. The main share of accidents belongs to ground tanks with storage of petroleum products. The main cause of accidents on tanks are poor-quality welds. The fire risk of the tank farm has been calculated, namely, an assessment of the individual and potential risk of the tank farm territory has been made. The calculation of forces and means for tank extinguishing has been carried out.

Legal and Socio-economic Issues Concerning Black Marketer's Activities of Petroleum Products in Nigeria

Petroleum is an essential commodity that is highly demanded by the populace of the world because it is the major and predominant source of energy in the world. Given that there could be an abuse of petroleum products in Nigeria, Section 4 of the Petroleum Act further prohibits the storage and sale of petroleum products by black marketers in Nigerian communities. However, it is unfortunate that due to poor implementation of the Petroleum Act, there has been a constant increase in the activities of black marketers of petroleum products in Nigeria. This study embarks on a hybrid method of studying the activities of black marketers in the Nigerian petroleum industry. In this regard, 322 questionnaires were distributed to respondents residing in Nigeria, and descriptive and analytical methods were adopted to examine the results. The study found that the incidence of black market activities is often caused by legal and socioeconomic challenges, such as poor implementation of the legal framework, petroleum scarcity, poverty, and unemployment. It was therefore concluded that to curtail the activities of black marketers in Nigeria's petroleum industry, there should be a due implementation of the Petroleum Act, provision of petroleum products, and prosecution of persons involved in black market activities in Nigeria's petroleum industry.

Mechanical and Corrosion Protection Characteristics of CNTs/epoxy resin Nanocomposite Coating on Buried API 5L X65 Steel Storage Tank

The storage of petroleum products in buried metal tanks to ensure safety is common practice. However, the integrity of these tanks could be compromised by soil corrosion with economic and environmental consequences. This study examines carbon nanotubes mechanical and anti-corrosive capabilities (CNTs) and epoxy resin coating on steel tanks. The presence of corrosive ions, resistivity, and pH values were all tested in the soil sample. CNT was mixed in proportions of 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 weight percent of epoxy resin to create the coatings. The morphology of uncoated steel, epoxy, and CNTs/ epoxy resin-coated steel specimens was studied using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) equipment with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used for corrosion analysis, and the morphological result was established. The average ions content soil samples showed 272 mg/kg chloride, 467.20 mg/kg sulphate and 167.40 Ω-m for the average resistivity value. The sample’s pH was acidic because it fell within 6.11–7.48. The tensile strength, hardness, and tensile modulus of epoxy resin with CNTs increase with CNTs. The addition of 3.5% CNTs has the best effect on the mechanical strength of the composite. The nanocomposite coatings exhibited considerably superior conductors, according to the EIS investigation. Thus, the hybrid of epoxy and CNTs increases the hydrophobicity of the coated surface.

Determination of Requirements for the Improvement of Occupational Safety in the Cleaning of Vertical Tanks of Petroleum Products

Since the beginning of the second industrial revolution, the use of tanks for the storage of petroleum products ensured the permanent supply of equipment that depended on fossil fuel derived from petroleum, either for direct consumption or as an element for power generation. For correct operation, periodic cleaning of these confined spaces was required, being a common practice for the direct exposure of operators to explosive atmospheres. Currently, there are many industries that keep this kind of deposit, and cleaning works are considered of high occupational risk. In this context, the question arises as to whether human–machine collaboration thanks to the technologies that compose Industry 5.0 can mitigate these risks while generating a sustainable balance by optimizing costs and protecting the environment. In the present work, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method is used to prioritize the requirements that should be compiled to establish safe protocols in tank cleaning works, solving the multi-criteria problem. Results prove that a couple of alternatives improve the working conditions of the people involved in this process: the chemical cleaning and the robotic cleaning, which approximately accounts for two thirds of the decision. These requirements are aligned with the Industry 5.0 paradigm, encouraging the use of robots for high-risk processes, and influencing human behavior. In addition, cost reduction is achieved without compromising on quality of service or delivery schedule, thus enabling a circular economy that promotes occupational safety in company policies.

OPTIMAL DESIGN OF OIL TANKS ACCORDING TO ECONOMIC CRITERIA WITH CONSIDERATION OF RELIABILITY

Problem statement. According to state regulations, the main method of ensuring the reliability of steel vertical above-ground tanks for long-term storage of oil and petroleum products is the limit states method. This method ensures the reliability of tanks under the conditions and modes of operation envisaged by the relevant standards. However, issues relating to the reliability of tanks whose service life exceeds the normative one, as well as the economic efficiency of project decisions, require further scientific study. In this article, in accordance with the normative documents regulating the oil tanks design, the general method of oil storage tanks optimal design according to the criterion of minimum total expected costs while ensuring the required reliability level during a specified operation period is considered. Within the framework of this methodology, a model of optimal tanks design is formulated and an algorithm for its numerical realization is proposed. The results of numerical experiments using this model are given. The dependence of the rational values of the structural elements thickness for the tank with a volume of 5 000 cubic meters on the required level of reliability is investigated. The purpose of the article is to develop a method of making economically justified design decisions that ensure the required reliability level of oil tanks during a specified operation period, taking into account the current design standards. Conclusions. This article proposes an optimal oil tank design model formulated in terms of a non-linear mathematical programming problem with integer variables. With this model, rational design decisions can be made based on the criterion of the minimum total expected costs while ensuring the required reliability level during a specified operation period. The components of this model are the calculation models for assessing the reliability of the tanks, the parameters of which are determined based on the available results of statistical data processing from field surveys of similar objects. A special “greedy” algorithm was developed for the numerical realization of the proposed optimal design model. The obtained results show, in particular, that ensuring the oil tanks reliability is mainly related to ensuring the strength of the two lower wall belts and the tightness of the bottom. At the same time, the strength of the 1st belt has a key role. All this is in good agreement with the available data of field surveys and statistics of oil tanks capital repairs, which confirms the reliability of the obtained results.

Management Concerns Regarding Storage and Sale of Petroleum Products by “gaddafi” in Kinshasa/DRC

This study focuses on the handling of petroleum products (petrol and gasoline) by traders commonly called “Gaddafi”: storage and sale in Kinshasa. Despite the fact that the country officially has many ways of petroleum products supply and a distribution system, there are parallel supply and distribution. The handling of the parallel system represents a concern for the population and the environment, and even the engines using the products. Cases of ignition and fire due to mismanagement of petroleum products have been observed in the DRC. Many suburbs of Kinshasa, where petroleum products are stored, are characterized by houses built without standard and the lack of security infrastructure for flames; the study has led to finding that the business of the so-called “Gaddafi” is carried out without typical regulation and carelessly.

Анализ нормативного метода оценки доли перелившейся через ограждение жидкости при квазимгновенном разрушении резервуара

Purpose. When assessing fire risks at oil and petroleum product storage facilities, it is necessary, alongside, to consider the scenario of a liquid spill in case of quasi-explosive tank destruction. The breakthrough wave formed in this case is able to overflow through safety enclosure. The normative method allows assessing the proportion of overflowing liquid only through the enclosure in the form of vertical protective walls, while earth dikes of trapezoidal shape with different slope angles have become most widespread at the specified objects of protection. The article justifies the relevance of continuing the research on assessing the proportion of liquid overflowing through enclosures of various geometric shapes in case of quasi-explosive destruction of the tank. Methods. Statistical data analysis methods on actual quasi-explosive tank failures at production facilities in Russia and abroad have been used, including a full-scale experiment on the destruction of VST-700 with water, as well as observations, comparisons, descriptions, and generalizations. Findings. It is shown that the definition of the term quasi-explosive tank failure requires additions and clarifications based on statistical data analysis on the destruction of vertical steel tanks. The mechanism for opening the wall of a vertical steel tank has been clarified, which leads to the occurrence of a breakthrough wave, and its characteristics has been given. The application limitations of the existing method for estimating the proportion of overflowing liquid only through the enclosures in the form of vertical protective walls have been justified. Research application field. The results of the study can be used for developing the tenets of the method for determining fire risk design values at production facilities when considering a scenario related to a liquid spill in case of quasi-explosive destruction of a vertical steel tank. Conclusions. Based on the analysis results of the tenets of the method under consideration, the necessity to continue studies aimed at assessing the proportion of liquid overflowing through enclosures of various geometrical shapes during tank destruction, the value of which is needed for quantitative assessment of fire risks at production facilities, has been justified.

Анализ методов оценки площади пролива жидкости при квазимгновенном разрушении резервуара

Introduction. The normative method provides for the estimation of the spill area of flammable liquid in the case of quasi-instantaneous destruction of a vertical steel tank taking into account its spread both within the boundaries of the fence and outside it with a possible partial overflow with spreading over the surface depending on the spill factor. At the same time, the shape of the area of the liquid spill outside the fence is conservatively taken to be equally distributed along its entire perimeter, acquiring the outlines of a super ellipse. However, an analysis of the statistics of destruction of vertical steel tank showed that the actual areas of the straits had geometric shapes that differed significantly from the normative ones, and their quantitative value was mainly influenced by the slope of the terrain, which is not taken into account in the method. Thus, it is relevant to analyze the results of the assessment of the desired shape and area of the liquid spill, obtained on the basis of the normative method and the proposed alternative, which is based on the processing of statistical data on tank failures. Goals and objectives. To propose an alternative method for estimating the area of the spillage of flammable liquid and its shape in the quasi-instantaneous destruction of vertical steel tank. To develop a computer program "RVS - Wave". do a verification of the method based on a comparative analysis of the results with the actual area of the strait during the destruction of vertical steel tank RVS-2000 with bitumen. Methods. To develop an alternative method, data on the consequences of the destruction of the vertical steel tank at production facilities for the period from 1951 to 2010 were collected, analyzed, summarized and statistically processed. Methods of empirical research were also used: observation, experiment, comparison, description, measurement. Results and discussion. The use of the provisions of the alternative method makes it possible to obtain more reliable results, both in assessing the area of the liquid spill during the destruction of vertical steel tank, and in its geometric shape, and the developed program "RVS - Wave", significantly reduce the time for performing multivariate calculations of the desired parameters, depending on the direction of destruction of vertical steel tank and slope of the terrain. Conclusion. The proposed alternative method can be successfully applied to oil and petroleum product storage facilities in vertical steel tank in the classification of a possible emergency situation, the development of plans for the prevention and elimination of oil or oil spills, fire extinguishing plans, the assessment of fire and industrial risks, including for the purpose of developing additional fire prevention measures in advance and determining the number of forces and means necessary to localize the predicted accident and elimination of its consequences. Keywords: tank; quasi-instantaneous destruction; breakthrough wave; earthen collapse; enclosing wall; overflow; area of the strait; evaluation methods; analysis.

Accurate identification of key VOCs sources contributing to O3 formation along the Liaodong Bay based on emission inventories and ambient observations

In order to achieve the precise control of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) species with high ozone (O3) formation contribution from key sources in Panjin and Yingkou, two coastal industrial cities with severe O3 pollution along the Liaodong Bay, northeast China, the ambient concentrations of 99 VOCs species were measured online at urban-petrochemical (XLT), suburban-industrial (PP), and rural (XRD) sites in July 2019, contemporary monthly anthropogenic VOCs emission inventories were developed. The source contribution of ambient VOCs resolved by positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was comparable with emission inventories, and the location of VOCs sources were speculated by potential source contribution function (PSCF). 17.5 Gg anthropogenic VOCs was emitted in Panjin and Yingkou in July 2019 with potential to form 54.7 Gg-O3 estimated by emission inventories. The average VOC mixing ratios of 47.1, 26.7, and 16.5 ppbv was observed at XLT, PP, and XRD sites, respectively. Petroleum industry (22 %), organic chemical industry (21 %), and mobile vehicle emission (19 %) were identified to be the main sources contributing to O3 formation at XLT site by PMF, while it is organic chemical industry (33 %) and solvent utilization (28 %) contributed the most at PP site. Taking the subdivided source contributions of emission inventories and source locations speculated by PSCF into full consideration, organic raw chemicals manufacturing, structural steel coating, petroleum refining process, petroleum products storage and transport, off-shore vessels, and passenger cars were identified as the key anthropogenic sources. High O3-formation contribution sources, organic chemical industry and solvent utilization were located in the industrial parks at the junction of the two cities and the southeast of Panjin, and petroleum industry distributed in the whole Panjin and offshore areas. These results identify the key VOCs species and sources and speculate the potential geographical location of sources for precisely controlling ground-level O3 along the Liaodong Bay.