Changes In Storage Research Articles

Estimation of groundwater storage loss using surface–subsurface hydrologic modeling in an irrigated agricultural region

In the Mississippi alluvial plain (MAP) area, the demand for groundwater resources from the alluvial aquifer for agricultural irrigation has led to significant reductions in groundwater-level elevation over time. In this study, we use the hydrologic model SWAT + to quantify long-term changes in groundwater storage within the MAP in United States, wherein groundwater is used extensively for irrigation. We apply a linear quantile regression method to perform trend analysis for wet, dry, and average conditions for the 1982–2020 period. The SWAT + model uses the gwflow module to simulate groundwater storage and groundwater-surface water interactions in a physically based spatially distributed manner, with groundwater pumping linked to field-based irrigation demand. Results indicate significant trends in storage and groundwater fluxes. In wet conditions, significant decline trends are noted in groundwater head (–18.0 mm/yr.) and groundwater evapotranspiration (–0.7 mm/yr.). Under dry conditions, trends are in groundwater head (–28.0 mm/yr.), recharge (–5.5 mm/yr.), and groundwater discharge (–5.5 mm/yr.). For average conditions, decreases include groundwater head (–20.6 mm/yr.), recharge (–6 mm/yr.), and groundwater discharge (–9.3 mm/yr.). This underscores the significance of local management solutions.

Estimation of Mangrove Gross Primary Productivity Using Sentinel-2 Imagery Data: A Case Study in Ujung Pangkah East Java, Indonesia

Mangrove forests are the main carbon absorption and sequestration source, serving as a typical ecosystem in coastal areas. Despite numerous studies on temporal changes in carbon storage, there is limited information on the examination of gross primary productivity (GPP) in mangrove forests. GPP is the overall quantity of organic matter produced in the vegetation through photosynthesis, including the portion used for respiration. In the context of global warming and climate change, GPP is frequently used as an indicator of the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) assimilated by the ecosystem, particularly vegetation. The advancement of geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing methods has enabled the estimation of GPP rates on a spatial-temporal basis. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate and explore the relationship between GPP and vegetation density in the mangrove forest of Ujung Pangkah, Indonesia. Multi-temporal Sentinel-2 image data from 2018 to 2022 were used for analysis, while the Vegetation Production Model (VPM) was applied to calculate GPP. The results showed a steady increase in average GPP from 1997.91 grC m-2 yr-1 in 2018 to 2290.09 grC m-2 yr-1 in 2022. The increase showed significant improvement in the condition of the Ujung Pangkah mangrove forest. This was further confirmed by the strong relationship between GPP and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which was used to determine vegetation density (R2>0.9, p<0.05).

A novel generative adversarial network and downscaling scheme for GRACE/GRACE-FO products: Exemplified by the Yangtze and Nile River Basins.

A novel generative adversarial network and downscaling scheme for GRACE/GRACE-FO products: Exemplified by the Yangtze and Nile River Basins.

A parsimonious daily water balance model based on the proportionality hypothesis

A parsimonious daily water balance model based on the proportionality hypothesis

Insights Into Nature‐Based Climate Solutions: Managing Forests for Climate Resilience and Carbon Stability

AbstractSuccessful implementation of forest management as a nature‐based climate solution is dependent on the durability of management‐induced changes in forest carbon storage and sequestration. As forests face unprecedented stability risks in the face of ongoing climate change, much remains unknown regarding how management will impact forest stability, or how interactions with climate might shift the response of forests to management across spatiotemporal scales. Here, we used a process‐based model to simulate multidecadal projections of forest dynamics in response to changes in management and climate. Simulations were conducted across gradients in forest type, edaphic factors, and management intensity under two alternate radiative forcing scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). This allowed for the quantification of forest stability shifts in response to climate change, and the role of management in modulating that response, where ecosystem stability is characterized as the resilience and temporal stability of net primary production, aboveground biomass, and soil carbon. Our results indicate that forest structure is primarily shaped by management, but the same management strategy often produced divergent structures over time, due to interactions with regional climate change. We found that management can be used to increase stability and minimize the release of stored carbon by reducing mortality, but also highlight the regional dependency of management‐induced changes in resilience to climate change.

Changes in wood density, growth, and carbon storage of the main stem of planted white spruce (Picea glauca) after commercial thinning

Changes in wood density, growth, and carbon storage of the main stem of planted white spruce (Picea glauca) after commercial thinning

Automated calibration of Noah-MP land surface model for improved irrigation representation in the North China Plain

Automated calibration of Noah-MP land surface model for improved irrigation representation in the North China Plain

Hydrological Load and a Review of Hydro-Mechanical Behaviour of the Bengal Aquifer System

In traditional hydrogeologic interpretation, the contribution of loading impacts and the associated hydro-mechanical aquifer behaviour are usually ignored. In certain circumstances however, they may have significant implications for water budget studies, groundwater monitoring and therefore resource assessment. Hydrological loading influences on groundwater in the Bengal Aquifer System (BAS) have recently been recognized at individual sites in Bangladesh. This review accumulates evidences to extend knowledge of BAS hydro-mechanical behaviour, to establish the significance of these coupled processes which under-pin groundwater variations in this environment. From the review, it may be realized that aquifer hydro-mechanical behaviour needs to be more fully considered in the BAS to interpret groundwater level data and groundwater storage changes. Therefore, further investigation of the scale and implications of hydro-mechanical coupling in specific hydrogeological settings and in the context of specific loading sources are needed, so that the effects may be properly recognized. The Dhaka University Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 13(2), 2024, P 17-30

Developing and testing the predictive validity of household firearm storage measures: insights from rural Alaska

IntroductionMeasuring change in firearm storage is paramount to evaluating if interventions influence storage. Yet, there is little empirical basis for how to measure this change. This methodology study compared three...

A mathematical model to improve water storage of glacial lake prediction towards addressing glacial lake outburst floods

Abstract. Moraine-dammed glacial lakes (MDLs) are not only vital sources of freshwater but also a hazard to mountain communities if they drain in sudden glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). Accurately measuring the water storage of these lakes is crucial to ensure sustainable use and safeguard mountain communities downstream. However, thousands of glacial lakes still lack a robust estimate of their water storages because bathymetric surveys in remote regions are difficult and expensive. Here we geometrically approximate the shape and depths of moraine-dammed lakes and provide a cost-effective model to improve lake water storage estimation. Our model uses the outline and the terrain surrounding a glacier lake as input data, assuming a parabolic lake bottom and constant hillslope angles. We initially validate our model using data from four newly surveyed glacial lakes on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Subsequently, we incorporate data from 40 additional measured lakes as a sample set to compare and evaluate the model's performance against other existing models. Our model overcomes the autocorrelation issue inherent in earlier area/depth–water storage relationships and incorporates an automated calculation process based on the topography and geometrical parameters specific to moraine-dammed lakes. Compared to other models, our model achieved the lowest average relative error of approximately 14 % when analyzing a dataset of 44 observed lakes, surpassing the > 44 % average relative error from alternative models. Finally, the model is used to calculate the water storage change in moraine-dammed lakes in the past 30 years in High-mountain Asia. The model has been proven to be robust and can be utilized to update the water storage of lake water for conducting further management of glacial lakes with the potential for outburst floods in the world.

Prediction of Land Use Change and Carbon Storage in Lijiang River Basin Based on InVEST-PLUS Model and SSP-RCP Scenario

Global climate change and changes in land use structures during rapid urbanization have profoundly impacted ecosystem carbon storage. Previous studies have not combined different climate scenarios and land use patterns to predict carbon storage. Using scenarios from both the InVEST-PLUS model and SSP-RCP, combined with multi-source remote sensing data, this study takes the Lijiang River Basin as the study area to explore the dynamic changes in land use and carbon storage under different climate scenarios. The findings are as follows: (1) From 2000 to 2020, cultivated and construction land increased, while forest land significantly decreased, lowering from 4331.404 km2 to 4111.936 km2. This land use change mainly manifests in the significant transformation of forest land into cultivated and construction lands. Under different climate scenarios, the cultivated and construction lands will continue to expand, the forest land will decrease, and the grassland area will increase. (2) Total carbon storage decreased significantly from 2000 to 2020, with forest carbon storage changing the most significantly, for a total reduction of 5,540,612.13 tons, followed by grassland and water area. Regardless of the future scenario, the total carbon storage in the Lijiang River Basin will experience a decreasing trend; the decline in carbon reserves is most significant in the SSP585 scenario and smallest in the SSP126 scenario, with slight increases even appearing in some regions. (3) From the perspective of land use change, the large-scale expansion of construction land in the process of rapid urbanization has occupied a large amount of ecological land, such as forests and grasslands, and this is the main reason for the reduction in total carbon storage in the basin. From the perspective of climate change scenarios, a global temperature increase caused by a high-emission scenario (SSP585) may exceed the optimal growth temperature for some plants, inhibit the carbon absorption capacity of vegetation, and thus reduce the carbon fixation capacity of forest land and grassland. Therefore, to maintain long-term climate goals and sustainable development, the SSP126 scenario should be prioritized to strengthen the protection of forest resources in the northern and central regions of the Lijiang River Basin, balance the relationship between ecological protection and urbanization, avoid the occupation of ecological land by excessive urbanization, and improve the carbon sink potential of the basin. These research results can provide a scientific basis for the optimization of land spatial patterns, ecological restoration and protection, and the enhancement of carbon sink potential in the Lijiang River Basin under the “double carbon” goal.

Impacts of land use change on carbon storage in the Guangxi Beibu Gulf Economic Zone based on the PLUS-InVEST model

Under the vision of the ‘dual-carbon’ goal, land-use changes and their impact on carbon stocks are studied,to providing a reference for regional carbon balance. Taking the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone of Guangxi as an example, based on the data on land use and carbon density, the PLUS and InVEST models were applied to analyze the pattern of land use change from 1980 to 2020, simulate the spatial pattern of land use under three scenarios in 2030, and assess the carbon stock and its spatial and temporal change characteristics during the 50 years. The results show that: (1) From 1980 to 2020, the land use type of Guangxi Beibu Gulf Economic Zone was dominated by forest land, but the construction land continued to expand, and a large number of other land types were occupied. The formation of a changing trend of "one increase, many decreases" in which construction land increases and other land types decrease. (2) The carbon storage in the Guangxi Beibu Gulf Economic Zone is dominated by forest land, followed by cultivated land. (3) In 2030, there are differences in carbon storage under different development scenarios, and the transformation of land use types related to forest land and construction land dominates the change of carbon storage, and the carbon storage under the natural development scenario and cultivated land protection scenario will decrease to varying degrees, and only the carbon storage will increase under the ecological protection scenario. In 2030, the carbon storage in the ecological protection scenario will be 12.6916 × 108t, an increase of 0.0936 × 108t or 0.7429% compared with 2020. (4) In the past 50 years, the large expansion of construction land in the Guangxi Beibu Gulf Economic Zone has led to a downward trend in carbon storage, and the low-value areas of carbon storage in this area are mainly distributed in the urban areas of various cities and the coastal areas of "Qinbeifang". Hence, the carbon storage has obvious heterogeneity in spatial distribution, showing the characteristics of "low in the middle and high in the periphery".

Water Security Under Climate Change: Challenges and Solutions Across 43 Countries

Different countries face significant challenges in managing water-related natural hazards, such as floods and shortages, while ensuring adequate water quality and quantity to satisfy human needs and preserve ecosystems. Climate change projections exacerbate this situation by intensifying the hydrological cycle, resulting in substantial changes in precipitation patterns, evapotranspiration, and groundwater storage. This study reviews water security challenges across 43 countries, drawing on 128 articles obtained from databases including EBSCOHOST, Scopus and ResearchGate, as well as specific journals. Key search terms included “water security”, “water security and climate change”, “water scarcity”, “water risk index”, “water balance”, “water assessment”, and “land use and land cover change”. The analysis reveals the main water security issues present in 43 countries (flash floods, drought and water quality), and the response measures identified these challenges to water security. All the countries studied face one or more critical water-related effects. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, and Mexico were identified as the most severely affected, dealing with a combination of water scarcity, flooding, and water pollution. The most suggested strategies for improving water security include sustainable urban planning, improving consumption efficiency, strategic land-use planning, applying technologies to predict availability of water resources and planning according to variations in resource availability over time. In addition, other general actions include enhancing water storage infrastructure, improving consumption efficiency and adopting sustainable urban planning.

Assessment of hydrological loading displacement from GNSS and GRACE data using deep learning algorithms

This work introduces a novel method for estimating hydrological loading displacement using 3D Convolutional Neural Networks (3D-CNN). This approach utilizes vertical displacement time series data from 41 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations across Yunnan Province, China, and its adjacent areas, coupled with spatiotemporal variations in terrestrial water storage derived from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellites (GRACE). The 3D-CNN method demonstrates markedly higher inversion precision compared to conventional load Green’s function inversion techniques. This improvement is evidenced by substantial reductions in deviations from GNSS observations across various statistical metrics: the maximum deviation decreased by 1.34 millimeters, the absolute minimum deviation by 1.47 millimeters, the absolute mean deviation by 79.6%, and the standard deviation by 31.4%. An in-depth analysis of terrestrial water storage and loading displacement from 2019 to 2022 in Yunnan Province revealed distinct seasonal fluctuations, primarily driven by dominant annual and semi-annual cycles, and these periodic signals accounted for over 90% of the variance. The spatial distribution of terrestrial water loading displacement is strongly associated with regional precipitation patterns, showing smaller amplitudes in the northeast and northwest and larger amplitudes in the southwest. The research findings presented in this paper offer a novel perspective on the spatiotemporal variations of environmental load effects, particularly those related to the terrestrial water loading deformation with significant spatial heterogeneity. Accurate assessment of the effects of terrestrial water loading displacement (TWLD) is of considerable importance for precise geodetic observations, as well as for the establishment and maintenance of high-precision dynamic reference frames. Furthermore, the development of TWLD model that integrates GRACE and GNSS data provides valuable data support for the higher-precision inversion of changes in terrestrial water storage.

Leaf Water Storage Capacity Among Eight US Hardwood Tree Species: Differences in Seasonality and Methodology

Canopy hydrology and forest water inputs are directly linked to the physical properties of tree crowns (e.g., foliar and woody surfaces), which determine a tree’s capacity to intercept and retain incident rainfall. The changing forest structure, notably the decline of oak’s (Quercus) dominance and encroachment of non-oak species in much of the upland hardwood forests of the eastern United States, challenges our understanding of how species-level traits scale up to control the forest hydrologic budget. The objective of this study was to determine how the leaf water storage capacity varies across species and canopy layers, and how these relationships change throughout the growing season. We measured the leaf water storage capacity of overstory and midstory trees of native deciduous oaks (Q. alba, Q. falcata, Q. stellata) and non-oak species (Carya tomentosa, Acer rubrum, Ulmus alata, Liquidambar styraciflua, Nyssa sylvatica) using two methods (water displacement and rainfall simulation). Overstory Q. alba leaves retained 0.5 times less water per unit leaf area than other overstory species (p < 0.001) in the early growing season, while in the late growing season, C. tomentosa leaves had the lowest storage capacity (p = 0.024). Quercus falcata leaves displayed a minimal change in storage between seasons, while Q. alba and Q. stellata leaves had higher water storage in the late growing season. Midstory U. alata leaves had 3.5 times higher water storage capacity in the early growing season compared to all the other species (p < 0.001), but this difference diminished in the late growing season. Furthermore, the water storage capacities from the simulated rainfall experiments were up to two times higher than those in the water displacement experiments, particularly during the early growing season. These results underscore the complexity of leaf water storage dynamics, the methodology, and the implications for forest hydrology and species interactions. Broader efforts to understand species-level controls on canopy water portioning through leaf and other crown characteristics are necessary.

Terrestrial water storage changes in the Bug river transboundary catchment observed by GRACE and water balance analysis

Terrestrial water storage changes in the Bug river transboundary catchment observed by GRACE and water balance analysis

Modeling Lake Titicaca's water balance: the dominant roles of precipitation and evaporation

Abstract. In the face of climate change and increasing anthropogenic pressures, a reliable water balance is crucial for understanding the drivers of water level fluctuations in large lakes. However, in poorly gauged hydrosystems such as Lake Titicaca, most components of the water balance are not measured directly. Previous estimates for this lake have relied on scaling factors to close the water balance, which introduces additional uncertainty. This study presents an integrated modeling framework based on conceptual models to quantify natural hydrological processes and net irrigation consumption. It was implemented in the Water Evaluation and Planning System (WEAP) platform at a daily time step for the period 1982–2016, considering the following terms of the water balance: upstream inflows, direct precipitation and evaporation over the lake, and downstream outflows. To estimate upstream inflows, we evaluated the impact of snow and ice processes and net irrigation withdrawals on predicted streamflow and lake water levels. We also evaluated the role of heat storage change in evaporation from the lake. The results showed that the proposed modeling framework makes it possible to simulate lake water levels ranging from 3808 to 3812 m a.s.l. with good accuracy (RMSE = 0.32 m d−1) over a wide range of long-term hydroclimatic conditions. The estimated water balance of Lake Titicaca shows that upstream inflows account for 56 % (958 mm yr−1) and direct precipitation over the lake for 44 % (744 mm yr−1) of the total inflows, while 93 % (1616 mm yr−1) of the total outflows are due to evaporation and the remaining 7 % (121 mm yr−1) to downstream outflows. The water balance closure has an error of −15 mm yr−1 without applying scaling factors. Snow and ice processes, together with net irrigation withdrawals, had a minimal impact on variations in the lake water level. Thus, Lake Titicaca is primarily driven by variations in precipitation and high evaporation rates. These results will be useful for supporting decision-making in water resource management. We demonstrate that a simple representation of hydrological processes and irrigation enables accurate simulation of water levels. The proposed modeling framework could be replicated in other poorly gauged large lakes because it is relatively easy to implement, requires few data, and is computationally inexpensive.

Simulated Multi-Scenario Analysis of Land Use and Carbon Stock Dynamics in the Yiluo River Basin Using the PLUS-InVEST Model

Rapid human development has altered land use types, significantly impacting carbon stock, and poor land use will lead to an increase in carbon emissions and exacerbate climate change. Understanding the relationship between land use changes and carbon storage is critical for developing sustainable land management strategies that support carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation. In this study, we analyzed and processed the land use transition changes from 1990 to 2020 and calculated the corresponding carbon storage. Based on the patterns of change and influencing factors (elevation, slope, soil type, GDP, population density, etc.), we predicted the future changes in land use and carbon storage in the Yiluo River Basin under different social development scenarios. It was found that due to the severe impact of natural factors, from 1990 to 2020, the area of cultivated land and grassland decreased by 1150.04 km2 and 936.66 km2, respectively, and the area of forested land and built-up area expanded by 1087.84 km2 and 969.26 km2, respectively. Carbon stocks in the region decreased between 1990 and 2010, followed by a modest recovery from 2010 to 2020, resulting in a total reduction of approximately 2.188 × 106 t. Spatially, carbon stocks diminished in the eastern part but increased in the western part. To assess the long-term sustainability implications, the study simulated four future development scenarios for human society: natural development, urban development, ecological protection, and water conservation. The results showed that in the urban expansion scenario, the proportion of construction land increased significantly, while the ecological protection scenario led to a substantial expansion of forested areas. Notably, carbon stocks showed a significant increase only under the ecological protection scenario, whereas they exhibited a declining trend in all other scenarios.

Estimation of water storage changes in a tropical lake-floodplain system through remote sensing

Estimation of water storage changes in a tropical lake-floodplain system through remote sensing

Hotspots of Global Water Resource Changes and Their Causes

AbstractIn recent decades, terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA) has experienced systematic shifts. Despite these observations, debates continue regarding the hotspots where terrestrial water storage changes dramatically and their causes. This study aims to address these controversies. Utilizing four TWSA products, this research analyzes TWSA's changing patterns and identifies hotspots of significant shifts from 1982 to 2019. The study employed the Bayesian Three‐Cornered Hat method to synthesize the best‐quality TWSA from original four TWSA products and the trends consistent method to identify regions with highly consistent trends. Subsequently, the elasticity coefficient method was used to reveal the causes of TWSA's dramatic changes in hotspots. Results show that TWSA has a declining trend over 66.1% global terrestrial areas during 1982–2019, with an average rate of −0.5 mm/y. The study identified six regions where marked changes in TWSA occurred, including Northern China, Southern Canada, Northern India, Central‐Southern Europe, Southwestern Africa, and Northeastern South America. Attribution analysis reveals that the leaf area index is the predominant factor affecting TWSA changes, dominating in 40.3% of global regions. Potential evapotranspiration (PET) follows closely, dominating in 39.8% of global regions. Meanwhile, only 13.1% and 6.8% of global regions are primarily influenced by precipitation and cropland density respectively. The dominant factor varies in different latitudes. Vegetation greening primarily controls TWSA changes in the high‐latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere. This study identified hotspots of TWSA changes and investigated the causes of these variations. Those results will offer direction for prioritizing areas in future water resource management.